多食性瓢虫捕食5种蚜虫的统计学比较:实验室研究(英文)

通过食蚜瓢虫Propylea dissecta(Mulsant)的捕食统计学参数的比较,尝试回答瓢虫是如何克服食物基础季节性的变动问题。在实验室中饲养五世代的瓢虫从五种蚜虫(Rhopalosiphum maidis(Fitch),Aphis craccivora Kock,Aphis gossypii Glover,Uroleucon compositae(Theobald)和Lipaphis erysimi(Kalt))为食物来源获得营养。相对适合的猎物次序是A.gossypii,A.craccivora,R.maidis,U.compositae和L.erysimi。新生幼虫的死亡率最高,其次是卵。统计表明,净生殖率、内懔增长率和有限增长率为(407.18,0.2274天-1,1.2553天-1)最高的在A.gossypii和最低的(176.02,0.1533天-1,1.1657天-1)在L.erysimi,一个世代时间最短的26.43天是捕食A.gossypii;而最长的33.73天为捕食L.erysimi。本研究为P.dissecta捕食A.gossypii高发生提供一种解释,因为它经历了高内懔增长率和统计参数最佳值。     

Temperature-dependent life attributes of an aphidophagous ladybird, Propylea dissecta

Reproductive attributes, age-specific fecundity and natality based life-tables of an aphidophagous ladybird, Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) were investigated at five temperatures, using aphid, Aphis gossypii as prey. Pre-oviposition period decreased significantly with increase in temperature up to 27°C and thereafter increased at a slower rate. Egg viability dropped significantly at temperature extremes. Females lived longer than males; however, longevity decreased significantly with increase in temperature. The predicted total fecundity and oviposition rate were 952.54 eggs and 35.15 eggs per day at 27°C predicted by a mathematical model compared to empirical estimates of 856.00±30.00 eggs and 39.7±2.26 eggs per day. Age-specific fecundity was triangular and temperature dependent. The peak in oviposition rate occurred earlier at higher temperatures. The highest values of net reproductive rate (R_o=431.1), intrinsic rate of increase (r_m=0.2134 day^-1) and finite rate of increase (λ=1.2379 day^-1) were recorded at 27°C, which suggests it is the optimum temperature for the mass rearing of P. dissecta.     

Demographic parameters of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover （Homoptera： Aphididae） on five cotton cultivars

Life table parameters of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were estimated on five cotton cultivars （‘ Sealand＇ ,‘Siokra＇ ,＇ Vararnin＇ ,‘ Bakhtegan＇ and ‘ Sahel＇ ）. Demographic parameters of the cotton aphid were assessed at 27.5 ± 1 ℃, 65% ＋ 10% RH and a photoperiod of 14：10 （L： D）h. The shortest developmental time for the nymphal stages was 5.5 days on ‘Siokra＇ and the longest was 6.1 days on‘ Sealand＇. The highest offspring per female was 29.6 on ‘Sahel＇ and the lowest was 15.3 on ‘Sealand＇. The rm values varied from 0.272 on ‘Sealand＇ to 0.382 （day^-1） on ‘Varamin＇. Jackknife estimates of the A. gossypii parameters on these cultivars indicated the greatest developmental rate and fecundity on ‘ Varamin＇ and the poorest on ‘ Sealand＇ cultivar.     

Prey-Dependent Life Attributes of an Aphidophagous Ladybird Beetle, Propylea dissecta (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Predation potential, development, immature survival and reproduction of an aphidophagous ladybeetle, Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) was studied when fed on seven aphid prey, viz. Aphis gossypii, Aphis craccivora, Lipaphis erysimi, Uroleucon compositae, Brevicoryne brassicae, Rhopalosiphum maidis and Myzus persicae. A. gossypii was most suitable and consumed by the larvae and adults of P. dissecta, while M. persicae, the least. Pre-imaginal development of P. dissecta was fastest (0.080 day^-1) when A. gossypii was used as prey, whilst slowest (0.061 day^-1) on M. persicae. The immature survival, adult emergence, adult male and female longevity of P. dissecta was maximal (i.e., 77.10±0.04 and 93.21±0.79%, 57.10±1.62 and 62.40±1.93 days, respectively) on A. gossypii and minimal (i.e., 63.01±1.87 and 81.73±1.79%, 42.50±1.21 and 49.40±2.32 days, respectively) when M. persicae was provided as prey. Oviposition period, fecundity, percent egg viability and mean reproductive rate was maximum (i.e., 50.30±2.03 days, 856.00±30.00 eggs, 96.40±0.31% and 17.02 eggs per day) on A. gossypii, and minimum (i.e., 18.00±1.40 days, 212.00±18.21 eggs, 72.46±2.81% and 11.78 eggs per day) on M. persicae. Adult weight and developmental rate of P. dissecta have a positive correlation, which suggests that if immature stages of ladybeetle developed faster, they should grow into heavier adults. Female longevity and fecundity also have a positive correlation. The findings also reveal that all seven aphid species tested are essential food. Rank order of prey species was consistent in all experimental parameters.     

Quality of different aphids as hosts of the parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae)

Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) has a broad aphid host range; however the quality of these preys may interfere in its biological feature. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of three Macrosiphini, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and three Aphidini Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Aphis gossypii Glover as hosts to L. testaceipes and to determine the relation possible of host preference, of size and quality of the host. The tests were carried out in climatic chamber at 25 +/- 1 degrees C, RH 70 +/- 10% and 12h photophase. The parasitoid did not oviposite in B. brassicae and L. erysimi, while the other species were nutritionally suitable to the parasitoid. L. testaceipes showed preference for aphids from tribe Aphidini and these hosts presented better quality to the parasitoid when compared to Macrosiphini. Interactions among size, preference and quality between the Aphidini were found. L testaceipes showed preference (parasitism rate 76.7%) for R. maidis, the bigger host (hind tibia with 0.281 mm). This host provided bigger size (hind tibia with 0.49 mm) and higher emergence rate (95.6%) to the parasitoid when compared to A. gossypii (parasitism rate of 55.7%). Also the smaller host A. gossypii (0.266 mm) provided smaller size hind tibia (0.45 mm) and higher mortality of the parasitoid (emergence rate 72.1%). However, the development time was shorter and the longevity was higher in A. gossypii (6.3 and 5.4 days, respectively) when compared to the host R. maidis (6.7 and 3.8 days, respectively), and not been related to host size.     

Seasonal patterns in water, sodium and energy turnover in free-living echidnas, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Mammalia: Monotremata)

The energetics of an egg-laying mammal, the echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ), were studied in the wild by means of isotope turnover techniques. Water and sodium influx rates were highest in summer (47.7±15.3 ml kg^-1 day^-1 and 1.20±0.52 mmol kg^-1 day^-1, respectively) and associated with high metabolic rates (0.509±0.048 ml CO₂ g^-1 h^-1). Water and sodium influxes and metabolic rates were lowest in May and June (7.8±6.4 ml H₂O kg^-1 day^-1, 0.21±0.12 mmol Na kg^-1 day^-1 and 0.205±0.129 ml CO₂ g^-1 h^-1, respectively). These low rates in late autumn/early winter are associated with reduced activity, the animals spending substantial periods of time in torpor. The comparatively low isotope turnover rates of echidnas are a consequence of their diet; ants and termites which have low mass-specific energy contents.     

Differences in temperature conditions and somatic growth rate of larval and early juvenile spring-spawned herring from the Vistula Lagoon, Baltic Sea manifested in the otolith to fish size relationship

Larval and juvenile herring Clupea harengus collected in the Polish part of the Vistula Lagoon in May-July 1997 had hatched between 17 April and 9 June and originated from three cohorts. The spawning season began on 1 March at 3·8° C and was completed on 3 June at 12·7° C. Mortality among larvae was high in the first 2 weeks of April, probably associated with significant temperature decrease at the beginning of the spawning season. The growth of 10–48 mm L _S herring was linear, highest for larvae and juveniles from the first cohort (0·58 mm mm^-1 day^-1), slower for the second cohort (0·55 mm mm^-1 day^-1) and the slowest for the third cohort (0·45 mm mm day^-1). Temperature effects on the growth were inconclusive and potentially unfavourable feeding conditions in June might have been responsible for the relatively slow growth of third cohort larvae and juveniles.
Relationships between otolith size (perimeter, length, width, area, and weight) and fish size ( L _S) differed among the three cohorts, related mostly to the positive temperature effect on otolith growth, individuals growing in warmer water had larger otoliths. Although a negative growth rate effect was observed as well, it was less significant.     

萝卜蚜和豆蚜染色体C-带带型比较与分析

本研究利用C-带技术,显示出萝卜蚜和豆蚜的染色体C-带带型,并进行了初步分析。萝卜蚜与豆蚜的染色体在组型上只有第4对染色体稍有区别;在带型上两者有很明显的差异。萝卜蚜有2对散漫着丝粒染色体,豆蚜没有该种染色体。豆蚜的第4对染色体在端部缺少-C带带纹。萝卜蚜的第2对染色体与豆蚜的第2对染色体带型相似。根据萝卜蚜和豆蚜的C-带带型,讨论了二者在进化中的亲缘关系。     

Influence of six aphid prey species on development and reproduction of a ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata

Pre-imaginal development, immaturesurvival, and reproduction of a ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, werestudied in response to six aphid species, Aphiscraccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover,Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe,Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), Myzuspersicae (Sulzer) and Uroleuconcompositae (Theobald) to quantify theirrelative suitability as prey. Pre-adultdevelopment was shortest (13.93 ± 0.12 days)when fed on L. erysimi and longest(22.85 ± 0.10 days) on A. nerii. Immaturesurvival, adult emergence, growth index,relative growth rate, development rate, maleand female longevity, oviposition period,fecundity and hatching percent were maximal, i.e. 73.47 ± 0.89%, 90.07 ± 1.43%,8.62 ± 0.23, 1.52 ± 0.02, 0.07,81.10 ± 1.26 days, 85.70 ± 1.45 days,69.80 ± 1.32 days, 1764.10 ± 8.46,and 87.88 ± 1.05, respectively when C.septempunctata were fed on L. erysimi.The same parameters were minimal, i.e.43.86 ± 1.33%, 71.65 ± 2.75%,2.02 ± 0.08, 0.49 ± 0.02, 0.04,44.40 ± 1.39 days, 53.50 ± 1.00 days,16.40 ± 0.60 days, 203.20 ± 11.83, and48.68 ± 2.06, respectively on A. nerii. Theweights of different ladybird life stages weremaximal after feeding on L. erysimi and minimalon A. nerii. Regression analyses of thedata revealed linear relationships betweendevelopment rate and weight of adult; dailyprey consumption and relative growth rate; logweight of adult male and female; and longevityand fecundity of female. On the basis of thesefindings, the order of suitability of aphidspecies for C. septempunctata is L. erysimi >M. persicae > A. craccivora > A. gossypii >U. compositae > A. nerii. Thus, the presentinformation can be utilized for the massrearing of C. septempunctata by supplyingthe best food and can also help in theprediction of the relative abundance of theladybird on different aphid infestations in thefields.     

A community of epiphytic diatoms living on low irradiances

22 samples of the benthic plant Nitella flexilis collected fortnightly in Grane Langsø from July 1959 to June 1960 were examined for epiphytic diatoms. The relative abundance of every taxon was determined by counting 400 valves from each of the Nitella samples. The species composition of the diatom assemblages seemed unchanged throughout the year. A clear seasonal periodicity in relative abundance could not be proved for any of the diatoms in spite of a variation in the irradiance from about 8–10 cal.cm^-2 day^-1 in June-July to 0.1–0.2 cal.cm^-2 day^-1 in February. The diatoms were living on a yearly PAR-irradiance of only 1000 cal.cm^-2 year^-1, which is 2.2% of that at the lake surface. The seasonal fluctuations in C0₂ and pH in 11.25 m subsurface depth are shown by diagrams. Diatom inferred pH is compared with measured pH.     

Temporal patterns of milk production in Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella)

The timing of milk production in Antarctic fur seals was studied at Bird Island, South Georgia. Like all lactating otariid seals (Pinnipedia: Otariidae), Antarctic fur seal females alternate between short nursing periods ashore and regular foraging trips to sea. Females do not necessarily return to the colony with full mammae, which indicates that mammary volume capacity is unlikely to limit foraging trip duration. Upon arrival at the colony, milk fat (r²= 0.33, P < 0.04) and protein (r²= 0.60, P < 0.002) content were positively correlated to the time spent at sea. A similar trend was observed in the milk produced on land. The rate of milk energy production was much lower at sea (5.02 ± 0.05 MJ day^-1) than on land (23.66 ± 4.4 MJ^-1 day^-1). The rate of milk energy production during the foraging trip was negatively correlated to the time spent at sea (r²= 0.29, P < 0.05), whereas the rate of milk energy production on land was positively correlated (r²= 0.61, P < 0.001) to the duration of the preceding foraging trip. The total amount of milk energy delivered to the pup during each twoday nursing period was positively correlated (r²= 0.60, P < 0.002) to the duration of the previous foraging trip. The overall rate of milk energy delivery, however, was independent of foraging trip duration. This accords with previous observations that the growth rates of Antarctic fur seal pups are unaffected by maternal foraging trip duration patterns.     

Reproductive performance of four aphidophagous ladybirds on cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch

Abstract:  This study investigated prey consumption, egg production, percent progeny loss, reproductive, pre- and post-reproductive periods, reproductive time ratio, reproductive rate and bioconversion efficiency of four aphidophagous ladybirds, viz. Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, Coccinella transversalis Fabricius and Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) on Dolichos lablab Linnaeus infested with cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. C. sexmaculata had the highest bioconversion efficiency, reproductive rate and reproductive time ratio followed in rank order by P. dissecta , C. transversalis and C. septempunctata . This study indicates that C. sexmaculata has a narrow ecological relationship with A. craccivora . The increased allocation of resources to reproduction as indicated through a high reproductive time ratio and high bioconversion efficiency of C. sexmaculata and P. dissecta suggest that they may be better adapted to compete for this prey with larger species like C. transversalis and C. septempunctata .     

Biological control of Aphis gossypii on pepper plant using Coccinella algerica

To calibrate biological control in pepper plant against Aphis gossypii using Coccinella algerica different experimentation were made. The consumption of C. algerica during the larval stage was enumerated in laboratory conditions. The densities (1, 4, 8 larvae/plant) to L2 stage of C. algerica necessarily to decrease aphid's populations were determined in plant pepper and the daily consumption in the pepper plant at the different densities was calculated. The density with 8 larvae at semi natural conditions is higher significantly. In protected crop of pepper, different releases to C. algerica were made with eggs, second stage larva and with ladybird before infestation with A. gossypii. A strategy to introduce L2 stage is preferred than the release with punters of C. algerica at different densities. At the same, the Introduce L2 stage is compared to release the C. algerica ladybird before the infestation of A. gossypii in the protected crops. The activity of ladybird has been maintained in the protected crop and it was shown when the infestation appeared.     

The use of honeydew in foraging for aphids by larvae of the ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Abstract.  1. To clarify the use of honeydew in foraging for aphids by larvae of the ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L., searching behaviour of ladybird larvae for Aphis craccivora Koch and Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris and the abundance of honeydew under aphid colonies were examined in laboratory experiments.
2. More larvae responded by climbing the plants with aphids than responded to plants without aphids. When the plants were replaced with sticks, in order to exclude visual and olfactory cues from plants and aphids, more larvae of C. septempunctata climbed sticks above the area that contained honeydew than climbed sticks above the area that did not contain honeydew. Then, ladybird larvae use honeydew as a contact kairomone when foraging for aphids.
3.  Aphis craccivora deposited a larger number of honeydew droplets beneath the plants than did similar numbers of A. pisum. Thus, C. septempunctata larvae licked more frequently the honeydew of A. craccivora than that of A. pisum and spent longer searching on the area containing honeydew of A. craccivora than that of A. pisum . Consequently, a larger number of larvae climbed a stick above honeydew of A. craccivora than that of A. pisum.
4. It may be also considered that C. septempunctata larvae can distinguish honeydew of the two aphid species and respond more strongly to A. craccivora than A. pisum.     

OLFACTORY ORIENTATION OF THE PARASITOID WASP LYSIPHLEBUS FABARUM TO ITS HOST FOOD PLANTS1)

Abstract  Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) is a generalist parasitic wasp species which can oviposit in several aphid species, including the bean aphid, Aphis craccivora (Homoptera Aphidinae), and the soybean aphid, A. glycines . The response of female L. fabarum and one of its host aphid species, A. glycines , to odors of undamaged host food plant (UD), mechanically damaged host food plant (MD), aphid-damaged plant (AD+, with aphid on, and AD˜, aphid washed off), and host aphid alone were studied in a wind tunnel. The positive orientation frequency of L. fabarum , which emerged from Aphis craccivora , to AD+ and AD^˜ was significantly greater than to the UD, MD. Similarily, L. fabarum that emerged from A. glycines significantly flew more often to AD+ than to UD and aphid alone. And there was no significant difference among the positive response frequency of L. fabarurn to UD, MD, and aphid alone. All these suggested that herbivore feeding induced the attraction of the damaged plant to natural enemy of herbivore. It is also found that the condition of soybean seedling, being damaged or undamaged, did not have direct impact on host plant location of aphid.     

Biooxidation of a gold-bearing pyrite-arsenopyrite concentrate

Abstract: Two years of BIOX pilot plant data have been examined for steady state conditions and then correlated using logistic kinetics. It was found that the logistic equation not only predicted the performance of individual stages but also the degree of biooxidation across the entire cascade of bioreactors. It was found that the rate constant was 1.3 day^-1 in the first three stages and 0.3 day^-1 in the fourth stage. The maximum removal constant was 0.90 in stage 1 and 0.99 in the remaining stages. Plant retention time ranged from 4 to 12 days with corresponding sulphide oxidation varying from 82 to 98% respectively, and primary stage removal rates varying from 8.9 to 4.4 kg m^-3 day^-l, respectively. In addition, batch biooxidation data were obtained. The biooxidation rate was found to be about half that for the continuous bioreactors. This is in agreement with the findings of several other workers. The specific rates of bioxidation of pyrite and arsenopyrite were very similar for the bulk concentrate at about 0.15 day^-1. However, it was significant that the biooxidation of arsenopyrite in the mixed mineral preceded that of pyrite, suggesting a sequential mechanism. Gold liberation was found to be linearly related to arsenopyrite biooxidation but oxidation of pyrite appears to be preferential in the gold-rich regions.     

Growth and Grazing Rates of the Marine Planktonic Ciliate Strombidinopsis sp. on Red-Tide and Toxic Dinoflagellates

ABSTRACT We investigated growth and grazing rates of Strombidinopsis sp. when feeding on several species of red-tide and/or toxic dinoflagellates. Strombidinopsis sp. one of the largest aloricate choreotrichs so far reported, grew well on Lingulodinium polyedrum, Gymnodinium sanguineum, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Cochlodinium polykrikoides , and Prorocentrum minimum , but failed to grow on Amphidinium carterae. Specific growth rates of Strombidinopsis sp. increased rapidly with increasing prey density up to ca. 100 ng C ml^-1, but were saturated or increased slightly at higher concentrations. Maximum specific growth rates of Strombidinopsis sp. on various prey species were 1.38 day^-1 for C. polykrikoides , 1.27 for G. sanguineum , 1.06 for P. minimum , 0.83 for L. polyedrum , and 0.67 for S. trochoidea. Threshold prey concentrations (where net growth = 0) were 12–38 ng C ml^-1. Maximum ingestion and clearance rates of Strombidinopsis sp. were 353 ng C grazer^-1 day^-1 and 110 μ, l grazer^-1 h^-1, respectively. Strombidinopsis sp. exhibited higher maximum growth, ingestion, and clearance rates than the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Fragilidium cf. mexicanum or the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Protoperidinium cf. divergens and P. crassipes , when grown on the same prey species. In addition, the sequence of prey species arranged according to growth response of Strombidinopsis sp. differed considerably from those of Fragilidium cf. mexicanum, Protoperidinium cf. divergens , and P. crassipes.     

Age-specific survival and fecundity and their effects on the intrinsic rate of increase of Aphelinus gossypii (Hym., Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of Aphis gossypii (Hom., Aphididae)

Abstract: The age-specific survival and fecundity of female adults of the aphidophagous parasitoid, Aphelinus gossypii Timberlake (Hym., Aphelinidae), were determined at a host density of 50 Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) per leaf of Ageratum houstonianum Mill each day at 25°C. The age-specific mummy production, emergence rate and sex ratio of progeny were calculated. The implication of these results in terms of potential population growth of A. gossypii and related species is discussed. The age-specific survival curve ( l _x ) of females exhibited a Type I pattern, which resulted in little difference between Σ m _x and Σ l _x   m _x . The l _x curve of males exhibited a Type II pattern, and their survival time was much shorter than that of females. Each mated female produced on average 598.9 ± 64.0 aphid mummies, and preyed on 87.9±6.2 aphids. Most of the biological performance parameters were not different significantly between mated and virgin females. The highly female-biased sex ratio of offspring produced by mated females soon after their emergence resulted in a high fecundity rate ( m _x ) during the early reproductive period. Therefore, although the sex ratio of progeny was male-biased during the entire reproductive period, the intrinsic rate of increase estimated using age-specific sex ratios was larger than that estimated using a constant sex ratio of 0.5. These results indicate that the high survival and the adaptation of producing mostly female offspring during the early reproductive period contribute much to the population increase potential of this parasitoid.     

Respiratory energy requirements of roots vary with the potential growth rate of a plant species

The rates of growth, net rate of nitrate uptake and root respiration of 24 wild species were compared under conditions of optimum nutrient supply. The relative growth rate (RGR)of the roots of these species varied between 110 and 370 mg g^-1 day^-1 and the net rate of nitrate uptake between 1 and 7 mmol (g root dry weight)^-1 day^-1. The rate of root respiration was positively correlated with the RGR of the roots. Root respiration was also calculated from the measured rate of growth and nitrate uptake, using previously determined values for the costs of maintenance, growth and ion uptake of two slow-growing species. The calculated rate of respiration was slightly lower than the measured one for slow-growing species, but twice as high as measured rates for rapid-growing species. This discrepancy was not due to a relatively smaller electron flow through the alternative pathway and, consequently, a more efficient ATP production in the fast-growing species. Neither could variation in specific costs for root growth or maintenance explain these differences. Therefore, we conclude that fast-growing species have lower specific respiratory costs for ion uptake than slow-growing ones. Due partly to these lower specific costs of nutrient uptake, the fraction of respiration that rapid-growing species spend on anion uptake is lower than that of slow-growing species, in spite of the much higher rate of ion uptake of the fast-growing ones.     

植物乙醇提取物对蔬菜蚜虫和蚜茧蜂的影响

用药膜法测定8种常见植物的乙醇提取物对桃蚜(Myzus persicae)、瓜蚜(Aphis gossypii)和萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)的忌避和控制作用,以及时蚜虫重要天敌--菜蚜茧蜂(Aphidius gifuensis)和菜少脉蚜茧蜂(Diaeretiella rapae)存活的影响．结果表明,供试的8种植物乙醇提取物对3种蚜虫都有一定的忌避作用,其中效果最好的是白花非洲山毛豆(Tephrosia vogelli)和樟树(Cinnamomum camphora),对桃蚜、瓜蚜和萝卜蚜的忌避率分另达0、414、0．729、0．547和0、549、0．690、0．729;除黄素馨(Jasminum mesuyi)和草胡椒(Peperomia pellucida)外,其余6种植物乙醇提取物对桃蚜、瓜蚜、萝卜蚜都有较好的控制作用,其中山毛豆、樟树对蚜虫的控制效果最佳,鸡矢藤(Paederia scandena)和芒箕(Dicranopteris dichotoma)仅次于前2种植物,白兰花(Michelia alba)对瓜蚜和萝卜蚜也有较好的控制作用;鱼藤精稀释1000倍对萝卜蚜效果很好,对桃蚜控制作用较差．8种提取物中,山毛豆对蚜茧蜂有较强的毒性,4h死亡率达63．33％,仅次于鱼藤酮精稀释100倍(4h的死亡率达80％),而樟树、羊蹄甲(Bauhinia variegata)、黄素馨、白兰花和草胡椒的乙醇提取物与对照没有差异,对蚜茧蜂安全、无毒．