Cloning, characterization, and inactivation of the Bacillus brevis lon gene.

A gene of Bacillus brevis HPD31 analogous to the Escherichia coli lon gene has been cloned and characterized. The cloned gene (B. brevis lon gene) encodes a polypeptide of 779 amino acids with a molecular weight of 87,400 which resembles E. coli protease La, the lon gene product. Fifty-two percent of the amino acid residues of the two polypeptides were identical. The ATP-binding sequences found in E. coli protease La were highly conserved. The promoter of the B. brevis lon gene resembled that recognized by the major RNA polymerase of Bacillus subtilis and did not contain sequences homologous to the E. coli heat shock promoters. The B. brevis lon gene was inactivated by insertion of the neomycin resistance gene. A mutant B. brevis carrying the inactivated lon gene showed diminished ability for the degradation of abnormal polypeptides synthesized in the presence of puromycin.     

Cloning of a large gene cluster involved in Erwinia amylovora CFBP1430 virulence

Phage MudIIPR13 insertional mutagenesis of Erwinia amylovora CFBP1430 allowed us to isolate 6900 independent CmR mutants. The frequencies of different auxotrophs in this population indicated that MudIIPR13 had inserted randomly in E. amylovora. Screening of 3500 CmR mutants on (i) apple calli and (ii) pear and apple seedlings led to the isolation of 19 non-pathogenic prototrophic single mutants, four of which expressed a LacZ+ hybrid protein. Expression of the fusion proteins was temperature sensitive. The 19 mutants could be separated into two classes according to their behaviour on tobacco: 13 were unable to elicit the hypersensitive response on tobacco (Hrp-) while six still could (Dsp-). The 19 MudIIPR13 insertions all mapped in the same virulence region. The MudIIPR13 insertions of Hrp- mutants were all clustered on the left part of this region, while the MudIIPR13 insertions of Dsp- mutants were located on the right part. All of the mutants except one, which proved to have a large deletion of the entire virulence region, could be complemented functionally by cosmids from an E. amylovora CFBP1430 genomic library. No hybridization was observed between the cosmid pPV130, which complemented 12 hrp::MudIIPR13 mutations, and the hrp genes from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Lindgren et al., 1986), P. syringae pv. tomato (N.J. Panopoulos, unpublished data) or P. solanacearum (Boucher et al., 1987). Further analysis of the large virulence region will allow mapping of the border of the virulence region and facilitate the study of the function and regulation of the hrp and dsp genes.     

Molecular characterization of a protease secreted by Erwinia amylovora.

A protease with a molecular mass of 48 kDa is secreted by the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora in minimal medium. We characterized this activity as a metalloprotease, since the enzyme was inhibited by EDTA and o -phenanthroline. A gene cluster was determined to encode four genes connected to protease expression, including a structural gene (prtA) and three genes (prtD, prtE, prtF) for secretion of the protease, which are transcribed in the same direction. The organization of the protease gene cluster in E. amylovora is different from that in other Gram-negative bacteria, such as Erwinia chrysanthemi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens. On the basis of the conservative motif of metalloproteases, PrtA was identified to be a member of the metzincin subfamily of zinc-binding metalloproteases, and was confirmed to be the 48 kDa protease on gels by sequencing of tryptic peptide fragments derived from the protein. The protease is apparently secreted into the external medium through the type I secretion pathway via PrtD, PrtE and PrtF which share more than 90% identity with the secretion apparatus for lipase of S. marcescens. A protease mutant was created by Tn 5 -insertions, and the mutation localized in the prtD gene. The lack of protease reduced colonization of an E. amylovora secretion mutant labelled with the gene for the green fluorescent protein (gfp) in the parenchyma of apple leaves.     

Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the Bacillus subtilis lon gene.

The lon gene of Escherichia coli encodes the ATP-dependent serine protease La and belongs to the family of sigma 32-dependent heat shock genes. In this paper, we report the cloning and characterization of the lon gene from the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The nucleotide sequence of the lon locus, which is localized upstream of the hemAXCDBL operon, was determined. The lon gene codes for an 87-kDa protein consisting of 774 amino acid residues. A comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with previously described lon gene products from E. coli, Bacillus brevis, and Myxococcus xanthus revealed strong homologies among all known bacterial Lon proteins. Like the E. coli lon gene, the B. subtilis lon gene is induced by heat shock. Furthermore, the amount of lon-specific mRNA is increased after salt, ethanol, and oxidative stress as well as after treatment with puromycin. The potential promoter region does not show similarities to promoters recognized by sigma 32 of E. coli but contains sequences which resemble promoters recognized by the vegetative RNA polymerase E sigma A of B. subtilis. A second gene designated orfX is suggested to be transcribed together with lon and encodes a protein with 195 amino acid residues and a calculated molecular weight of 22,000.     

A gene cluster for amylovoran synthesis in Erwinia amylovora: characterization and relationship to cps genes in Erwinia stewartii

A large ams gene cluster required for production of the acidic extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) amylovoran by the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora was cloned. Tn5 mutagenesis and gene replacement were used to construct chromosomal ams mutants. Five complementation groups, essential for amylovoran synthesis and virulence in E. amylovora, were identified and designated amsA-E. The ams gene cluster is about 7 kb in size and functionally equivalent to the cps gene cluster involved in EPS synthesis by the related pathogen Erwinia stewartii. Mucoidy and virulence were restored to E. stewartii mutants in four cps complementation groups by the cloned E. amylovora ams genes. Conversely, the E. stewartii cps gene cluster was able to complement mutations in E. amylovora ams genes. Correspondence was found between the amsA-E complementation groups and the cpsB-D region, but the arrangement of the genes appears to be different. EPS production and virulence were also restored to E. amylovora amsE and E. stewartii cpsD mutants by clones containing the Rhizobium meliloti exoA gene.     

Cloning and characterization of a phospholipase gene from Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16.

A single gene (plcA) was cloned from a cosmid library of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 DNA that encoded an extracellular phospholipase. The gene was subcloned and DNA sequence data showed the presence of a single open reading frame encoding a protein with a predicted size of 39kDa. The coding region was G+C-rich and the protein had a predicted basic isoelectric point. The protein showed no significant homology with others in the PIR library, including other phospholipases. When overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells, the plcA gene directed production of a c. 39kDa protein that was largely localized in the periplasm, but its N-terminal amino acid sequence was that of the native protein predicted from DNA sequence data. Unlike the wild-type bacterium, an E. chrysanthemi EC16 marker exchange mutant of the plcA gene did not secrete extracellular phospholipase activity into the medium. However, no detectable change was observed in terms of the virulence of the mutant strain on potato tubers or chrysanthemum stems.     

Isolation and characterization of five Erwinia amylovora bacteriophages and assessment of phage resistance in strains of Erwinia amylovora

Phages able to infect the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora were isolated from apple, pear, and raspberry tissues and from soil samples collected at sites displaying fire blight symptoms. Among a collection of 50 phage isolates, 5 distinct phages, including relatives of the previously described phages phiEa1 and phiEa7 and 3 novel phages named phiEa100, phiEa125, and phiEa116C, were identified based on differences in genome size and restriction fragment pattern. phiEa1, the phage distributed most widely, had an approximately 46-kb genome which exhibited some restriction site variability between isolates. Phages phiEa100, phiEa7, and phiEa125 each had genomes of approximately 35 kb and could be distinguished by their EcoRI restriction fragment patterns. phiEa116C contained an approximately 75-kb genome. phiEa1, phiEa7, phiEa100, phiEa125, and phiEa116C were able to infect 39, 36, 16, 20, and 40, respectively, of 40 E. amylovora strains isolated from apple orchards in Michigan and 8, 12, 10, 10, and 12, respectively, of 12 E. amylovora strains isolated from raspberry fields (Rubus spp.) in Michigan. Only 22 of 52 strains were sensitive to all five phages, and 23 strains exhibited resistance to more than one phage. phiEa116C was more effective than the other phages at lysing E. amylovora strain Ea110 in liquid culture, reducing the final titer of Ea110 by >95% when added at a ratio of 1 PFU per 10 CFU and by 58 to 90% at 1 PFU per 10(5) CFU.     

Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Myxococcus xanthus lon gene: indispensability of lon for vegetative growth.

The lon gene of Escherichia coli is known to encode protease La, an ATP-dependent protease associated with cellular protein degradation. A lon gene homolog from Myxococcus xanthus, a soil bacterium which differentiates to form fruiting bodies upon nutrient starvation, was cloned and characterized by use of the lon gene of E. coli as a probe. The nucleotide sequence of the M. xanthus lon gene was determined. It contains an open reading frame that encodes a 92-kDa protein consisting of 817 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of the M. xanthus lon gene product showed 60 and 56% identity with those of the E. coli and Bacillus brevis lon gene products, respectively. Analysis of an M. xanthus strain carrying a lon-lacZ operon fusion suggested that the lon gene is similarly expressed during vegetative growth and development in M. xanthus. In contrast to that of E. coli, the M. xanthus lon gene was shown to be essential for cell growth, since a null mutant could not be isolated.     

Isolation and characterization of Hfr strains of Erwinia amylovora

Hfr strains (Hfr 159 and its derivatives, Hfr 160 and Hfr 161) were constructed from Erwinia amylovora ICPB EA178 by introducing an Escherichia coli F'his+ plasmid and then selecting for integration of F'his+ after treatment with acridine orange. The Hfr strains were relatively stable upon repeated transfers on nonselective media. Interrupted mating experiments and analyses of inheritance of unselected markers showed that his+ is transferred by Hfr 159 as the proximal marker at a relatively high frequency (about 5 x 10(-4) recombinants per input donor cell), followed by ilv+, orn+, arg+, pro+, rbs+, met+, trp+, leu+, ser+, and thr+ (not necessarily in that precise order). The donor strains, previously constructed in E. amylovora by integration of F'lac+ from E. coli transfer cys+ as the proximal marker followed by ser+. Further analysis of one of those earlier donor strains, Hfr99, showed that ser+ is followed by arg+, orn+, met+, pro+, leu+, ilv+, rbs+, his+, trp+, and thr+ (not necessarily in that precise order). Thus, the Hfr strains constructed by integration of F'his+ are different, in terms of origin and direction of transfer, from those derived from integration of F'lac+. The applicability of these Hfr strains to mapping the genes on the E. amylovora chromosome is indicated.     

胡萝卜软腐欧文氏菌中信号分子合成酶expI基因的克隆、表达及其分析

用PCR方法从胡萝卜软腐欧文氏菌的基因组DNA中扩增出信号分子合成酶expI基因,将其克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体pET-28α(+)上,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),获得高效表达expI基因的重组大肠杆菌BL21(pET28α-expI).重组菌经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE检测表达蛋白相对分子质量约为24.8kD,与预期分子量相符.经薄层层析和高效液相色谱分析发现该重组菌产生的信号分子种类为N-3-羰基己酰高丝氨酸内酯和N-己酰高丝氨酸内酯与胡萝卜软腐欧文氏菌产生的一致.     

Cloning and characterization of the gene for a new epithelial beta-defensin. Genomic structure, chromosomal localization, and evidence for its constitutive expression.

Mammalian beta-defensins are endogenous cysteine-rich peptide antibiotics that are produced either by epithelial cells lining the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts or by granulocytes and macrophages. A growing body of evidence has implicated these peptides in host defense, particularly mucosal innate immunity. We previously reported the cloning of the full-length cDNA for a porcine beta-defensin (pBD-1), which was found to be expressed throughout the airway and oral mucosa. Here, we provide the structural organization of the pBD-1 gene, showing that the entire gene spans approximately 1.9 kilobases with two short exons separated by a 1.5-kilobase intron. Fluorescence in situ hybridization mapped the pBD-1 gene to porcine chromosome 15q14-q15. 1 within a region of conserved synteny to the chromosomal locations of human and mouse alpha- and beta-defensins. We also provide several independent lines of evidence showing that the pBD-1 gene is expressed constitutively during inflammation and infection, despite its resemblance to many inducible epithelial beta-defensins in amino acid sequence, genomic structure, and sites of expression. First, stimulation of primary porcine tongue epithelial cells with lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin (IL)-1beta failed to up-regulate the expression of pBD-1 mRNA. Second, pBD-1 gene expression was not enhanced in either digestive or respiratory mucosa of pigs following a 2-day infection with Salmonella typhimurium or Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Last, direct transfection of the pBD-1 gene promoter into NIH/3T3 cells showed no difference in reporter gene activity in response to stimulation by lipopolysaccharide and IL-1beta. The constitutive expression of pBD-1 in airway and oral mucosa, which is consistent with a lack of consensus binding sites for nuclear factor-kappaB or NF-IL-6 in its promoter region, suggests that it may play a surveillance role in maintaining the steady state of microflora on mucosal surfaces.     

Cloning, structure and expression of the full-size lon gene in Escherichia coli coding for ATP-dependent La-proteinase

Assembly of the full Escherichia coli K-12 lon gene from the EcoRI--SphI fragment of the bacterial DNA ("modified" gene) cloned and sequenced earlier and the PstI fragment of the same DNA containing 3'-terminal region of the lon gene has been performed. Both "modified" and full genes showed all phenotype properties of lon gene. The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene (2770 bp) coding for the 784 amino acid sequence of protease La was determined. Location of catalytically active serine, histidine and aspartic acid residues was suggested, and ATP-binding site found. The lon gene and protease La structures we found are compared with those described independently and differences observed are discussed.     

Cloning, expression and structure of the functionally active shortened lon gene in Escherichia coli

Lon gene of E. coli has been cloned into the plasmid pBR327. Full nucleotide sequence of the gene has been established. It was shown that the cloned gene does not possess the terminal codon and is somewhat shortened. Nevertheless it retains full phenotypic activity and expresses the C-end modified La proteinase which retains ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.     

PR genes of apple: identification and expression in response to elicitors and inoculation with Erwinia amylovora

Background  

In the past decade, much work has been done to dissect the molecular basis of the defence signalling pathway in plants known as Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). Most of the work has been carried out in model species such as Arabidopsis, with little attention paid to woody plants. However within the range of species examined, components of the pathway seem to be highly conserved. In this study, we attempted to identify downstream components of the SAR pathway in apple to serve as markers for its activation.     

Cloning and expression of the Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase gene in Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora

A genomic library of Erwinia chrysanthemi DNA was constructed in bacteriophage lambda 1059 and recombinants expressing Er. chrysanthemi asparaginase detected using purified anti-asparaginase IgG. The gene was subcloned on a 4.7 kb EcoRI DNA restriction fragment into pUC9 to generate the recombinant plasmid pASN30. The position and orientation of the asparaginase structural gene was determined by subcloning. The enzyme was produced at high levels in Escherichia coli (5% of soluble protein) and was shown to be exported to the periplasmic space. Purified asparaginase from E. coli cells carrying pASN30 was indistinguishable from the Erwinia enzyme on the basis of specific activity [660-700 units (mg protein)-1], pI value (8.5), and subunit molecular weight (32 X 10(3]. Expression of the cloned gene was subject to glucose repression in E. coli but was not significantly repressed by glycerol. Recombinant plasmids, containing the asparaginase gene, when introduced into Erwinia carotovora, caused increased synthesis of the enzyme (2-4 fold higher than the current production strain).