高效毛细管电泳在蛋白质分析上的应用

高效毛细管电泳（ＨＰＣＥ）是继高效液相色谱技术之后的又一新型分析及分离技术,本文应用高效毛细管电泳技术对基因工程干扰素、疫苗、动物脏器提取物等蛋白质产品进行了分离分析和纯度鉴定,并与凝胶电泳的分析结果进行对比。实验结果表明,ＨＰＣＥ可以用于生物产品分离、生物遗传研究和医学临床等领域的蛋白质定量分析、组分测定和纯度鉴定,是一种很有应用前途的新技术。     

高效毛细管电泳在蛋白质分析上的应用

高效毛细管电泳（ＨＰＣＥ）是继高效液相色谱技术之后的又一新型分析及分离技术。本文应用高效毛细管电泳技术对基因工程干扰素、疫苗、动物脏器提取物等蛋白质产品进行了分离分析和纯度鉴定,并与凝胶电泳的分析结果进行对比。实验结果表明,ＨＰＣＥ可以用于生物产品分离、生物遗传研究和医学临床等领域的蛋白质定量分析、组分测定和纯度鉴定,是一种很有应用前途的新技术。     

蛋白质组学中的分离检测技术

10多年来,随着基因组学研究取得的巨大成就,蛋白质组学的研究也得到了突飞猛进的发展,并产生了许多先进的分离检测技术,包括与电泳相关的和非电泳的技术。本就蛋白质组学中的分离检测技术,如双向电泳、差异凝胶电泳、毛细管电泳、液相色谱质谱联用、蛋白质芯片等作一综述。     

蛋白质组学研究中的分离分析技术及其研究进展

在后基因组时代,蛋白质组学成为新的研究热点。蛋白质组学的研究目标是为复杂蛋白质样品建立一个高通量、大规模、自动化的分离分析技术平台,从而实现准确、快速地筛选功能蛋白质。蛋白质的分离分析在蛋白组学研究中起着非常重要的作用。本文主要综述在蛋白质组学研究中二维凝胶电泳、毛细管电泳及其与质谱联用、多维液相分离技术及其与质谱联用和蛋白质芯片等高效分离分析技术的应用研究进展。     

毛细管电泳技术在蛋白质翻译后修饰中的应用

蛋白质中翻译后修饰蛋白的鉴定是蛋白质组学研究的主要内容之一。毛细管电泳技术由于其高分辨能力、低样品上样量、易操作性和较少的分析时间等特点,迅速发展成为一种重要的分离技术。通过毛细管电泳与质谱连用,可以得到许多关于蛋白质鉴定、纯化和结构改变方面的十分有价值的信息。对毛细管电泳技术进行了简单介绍,并且就其在蛋白质磷酸化和蛋白质糖基化研究中的应用进行了综述。     

高效毛细管电泳

在过去十年里,应用重组DNA方法生产药用治疗蛋白推动了分析和鉴定生物分子新技术的发展。高效毛细管电泳(HPCE)使生物化学家、分析化学家以及层析工作者产生了极大的兴趣,现已成为一个分辨率极高的分离技术,其分离效率和应用广度胜于高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。人们预计,HPCE将成为生物技术产业,尤其是高度精确地鉴定重组DNA产物的一个重要工具。迄今为止,在此领域里应用最多的仍然是HPLC(蛋白质分析和纯化)和凝胶电泳(蛋白质及核酸分析)。     

液质联用在多肽及蛋白质定性方面的研究进展

随着液质联用技术的不断发展,液相色谱—质谱联用系统广泛应用于药物分析、食品分析、环境分析等多方面,该技术将液相色谱的高分离能力与质谱强大的结构鉴定功能相结合,具备了高分离度、高灵敏度、高选择性以及提供丰富结构信息等一系列优点。这些优点决定了液相色谱—质谱联用系统将在越来越多地相关领域得到应用,尤其是近年来在生物大分子方面开展了大量研究,结合这些研究对液质联用技术在多肽及蛋白质定性方面进行了系统归纳。     

多维液相色谱分离技术在复杂蛋白质组学样品鉴定中的应用

目的：随着蛋白组学技术的发展,液相色谱-串联质谱的联用技术（液质联用）逐渐成为蛋白组学的主流技术。方法：通过结合各种不同原理的色谱分离类型,多维液相色谱分离技术能够极大的提高分离系统的峰容量,达到有效分离复杂程度很高的蛋白质组学样品的目的。结果：最广泛使用的多维液相色谱分离系统是离子交换色谱（IEX）和反相色谱（RP）的二维结合,近年来又发展出了分离能力更强的三维液相色谱分离系统,并且已经在蛋白质组学研究中得到了应用。结论：本文综述了多种多维液相色谱分离方法,在这些方法中,不同的分离原理的色谱类型被用于肽段或蛋白混合物的预分离中,有效促进了样品的充分分离,极大地提高了复杂样品的蛋白组学鉴定能力。     

毛细管电泳在微生物分离与检测中的应用

毛细管电泳在分离与分析无机离子、有机小分子、生物大分子(如蛋白质、核酸)和微生物(细菌、病毒)等方面应用十分广泛。着重论述了毛细管电泳在微生物分离与检测方面的基本原理、早期探索、存在问题和最新进展。     

寡糖分离和结构分析进展

寡糖,尤其是糖缀合物中的寡糖链,在生命过程的细胞识别、信号传导和受体调节现象中扮演着重要的角色.高效液相色谱、毛细管电泳、质谱、核磁共振、荧光标记糖电泳和试剂阵列分析方法等新技术的应用使得寡糖的分离和结构鉴定变得更为快速、简便和准确;同时多种有力工具的联合运用将更深刻地揭示极微量寡糖的结构-功能关系成为可能.     

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis as tool for proteomics studies in combination with protein identification by mass spectrometry

The proteome analysis by 2-DE is one of the most potent methods of analyzing the complete proteome of cells, cell lines, organs and tissues in proteomics studies. It allows a fast overview of changes in cell processes by analysis of the entire protein extracts in any biological and medical research projects. New instrumentation and advanced technologies provide proteomics studies in a wide variety of biological and biomedical questions. Proteomics work is being applied to study antibiotics-resistant strains and human tissues of various brain, lung, and heart diseases. It cumulated in the identification of antigens for the design of new vaccines. These advances in proteomics have been possible through the development of advanced high-resolution 2-DE systems allowing resolution of up to 10 000 protein spots of entire cell lysates in combination with protein identification by new highly sensitive mass spectrometric techniques. The present technological achievements are suited for a high throughput screening of different cell situations. Proteomics may be used to investigate the health effects of radiation and electromagnetic field to clarify possible dangerous alterations in human beings.     

Protein identification with Liquid Chromatography and Matrix Enhanced Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (LC-ME-SIMS)

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) is a well established method for sensitive surface atomic and molecular analysis. Protein analysis with conventional SIMS has been attempted numerous times; however it delivers exclusively fragment peaks assigned to α-amino acids or immonium ions. In this paper we report experiments where direct sequence information could be measured thanks to a combination of HPLC separation with matrix enhanced SIMS (ME-SIMS) on tryptic digests of intact proteins. We employ peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) and protein identification through the detection of HPLC-separated digests of Savinase (Sav.) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), followed by MASCOT search. This is the first time that the possibility of full protein identification using LC-ME-SIMS is demonstrated in a classic proteomics workflow and that a 69kDa protein is identified with SIMS. These results demonstrate both the relevance and the potential of LC-ME-SIMS in future high resolution proteomics studies.     

Experimental evaluation of protein identification by an LC/MALDI/on-target digestion approach

Tryptic digestion of proteins continues to be a workhorse of proteomics. Traditional tryptic digestion requires several hours to generate an adequate protein digest. A number of enhanced accelerated digestion protocols have been developed in recent years. Nonetheless, a need still exists for new digestion strategies that meet the demands of proteomics for high-throughput and rapid detection and identification of proteins. We performed an evaluation of direct tryptic digestion of proteins on a MALDI target plate and the potential for integrating RP HPLC separation of protein with on-target tryptic digestion in order to achieve a rapid and effective identification of proteins in complex biological samples. To this end, we used a Tempo HPLC/MALDI target plate deposition hybrid instrument (ABI). The technique was evaluated using a number of soluble and membrane proteins and an MRC5 cell lysate. We demonstrated that direct deposition of proteins on a MALDI target plate after reverse-phase HPLC separation and subsequent tryptic digestion of the proteins on the target followed by MALDI TOF/TOF analysis provided substantial data (intact protein mass, peptide mass and peptide fragment mass) that allowed a rapid and unambiguous identification of proteins. The rapid protein separation and direct deposition of fractions on a MALDI target plate provided by the RP HPLC combined with off-line interfacing with the MALDI MS is a unique platform for rapid protein identification with improved sequence coverage. This simple and robust approach significantly reduces the sample handling and potential loss in large-scale proteomics experiments. This approach allows combination of peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF), MS/MS peptide fragment fingerprinting (PPF) and whole protein MS for both protein identification and structural analysis of proteins.     

Clinical proteomics: present and future prospects

Advances in proteomics technology offer great promise in the understanding and treatment of the molecular basis of disease. The past decade of proteomics research, the study of dynamic protein expression, post-translational modifications, cellular and sub-cellular protein distribution, and protein-protein interactions, has culminated in the identification of many disease-related biomarkers and potential new drug targets. While proteomics remains the tool of choice for discovery research, new innovations in proteomic technology now offer the potential for proteomic profiling to become standard practice in the clinical laboratory. Indeed, protein profiles can serve as powerful diagnostic markers, and can predict treatment outcome in many diseases, in particular cancer. A number of technical obstacles remain before routine proteomic analysis can be achieved in the clinic; however the standardisation of methodologies and dissemination of proteomic data into publicly available databases is starting to overcome these hurdles. At present the most promising application for proteomics is in the screening of specific subsets of protein biomarkers for certain diseases, rather than large scale full protein profiling. Armed with these technologies the impending era of individualised patient-tailored therapy is imminent. This review summarises the advances in proteomics that has propelled us to this exciting age of clinical proteomics, and highlights the future work that is required for this to become a reality.     

Red Blood Cell (RBC) membrane proteomics — Part II: Comparative proteomics and RBC patho-physiology

Membrane proteomics offers unprecedented possibilities to compare protein expression in health and disease leading potentially to the identification of markers, of targets for therapeutics and to a better understanding of disease mechanisms. From transfusion medicine to infectious diseases, from cardiovascular affections to diabetes, comparative proteomics has made a contribution to the identification of proteins unique to RBCs of patients with specific illnesses shedding light on possible RBC markers for systemic diseases.In this review we will provide a short overview of some of the main achievements obtained by comparative proteomics in the field of RBC-related local and systemic diseases and suggest some additional areas of RBCs research to which comparative proteomics approaches could be fruitfully applied or extended in combination with biochemical techniques.     

The proteomic future: where mass spectrometry should be taking us

A newcomer to the -omics era, proteomics, is a broad instrument-intensive research area that has advanced rapidly since its inception less than 20 years ago. Although the 'wet-bench' aspects of proteomics have undergone a renaissance with the improvement in protein and peptide separation techniques, including various improvements in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and gel-free or off-gel protein focusing, it has been the seminal advances in MS that have led to the ascension of this field. Recent improvements in sensitivity, mass accuracy and fragmentation have led to achievements previously only dreamed of, including whole-proteome identification, and quantification and extensive mapping of specific PTMs (post-translational modifications). With such capabilities at present, one might conclude that proteomics has already reached its zenith; however, 'capability' indicates that the envisioned goals have not yet been achieved. In the present review we focus on what we perceive as the areas requiring more attention to achieve the improvements in workflow and instrumentation that will bridge the gap between capability and achievement for at least most proteomes and PTMs. Additionally, it is essential that we extend our ability to understand protein structures, interactions and localizations. Towards these ends, we briefly focus on selected methods and research areas where we anticipate the next wave of proteomic advances.     

A hybrid LC-Gel-MS method for proteomics research and its application to protease functional pathway mapping

Two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis is the most common protein separation method in proteomics research. It can provide high resolution and high sensitivity. However, 2D gel methods have several limitations, such as labor-intensive procedures, poor reproducibility, and limited dynamic range of detection. In fact, many investigators have returned to couple the one-dimensional (1D) SDS-PAGE with mass spectrometry for protein identification. The limitation of this approach is the increased protein complexity in each one-dimensional gel band. To overcome this problem and provide reproducible quantitative information, we describe here a 2D method for protein mixture separation using a combination of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 1D SDS-PAGE. The study shows that the step-gradient fractionation method we have applied provides excellent reproducibility. In addition, high mass accuracy of LC-FTICR-MS can allow more confident protein identifications by high resolution and ultra-high mass measurement accuracy. This approach was applied to comparative proteomics since protein abundance level changes can be easily visualized with side-by-side vertical comparison in one gel. Furthermore, separation of multi-samples in the same gel significantly reduces run-to-run variation, as is shown with differential image gel electrophoresis (DIGE). Finally, this approach readily incorporates immunological methods to normalize relative abundances of multiple samples within a single gel. This paper presents the results of our developments and our initial application of this strategy for mapping protease function of beta amyloid cleaving enzyme (BACE) in biological systems.     

Characterization of a high field Orbitrap mass spectrometer for proteome analysis

The field of proteomics continues to be driven by improvements in analytical technology, notably in peptide separation, quantitative MS, and informatics. In this study, we have characterized a hybrid linear ion trap high field Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Orbitrap Elite) for proteomic applications. The very high resolution available on this instrument allows 95% of all peptide masses to be measured with sub‐ppm accuracy that in turn improves protein identification by database searching. We further confirm again that mass accuracy in tandem mass spectra is a valuable parameter for improving the success of protein identification. The new CID rapid scan type of the Orbitrap Elite achieves similar performance as higher energy collision induced dissociation fragmentation and both allow the identification of hundreds of proteins from as little as 0.1 ng of protein digest on column. The new instrument outperforms its predecessor the Orbitrap Velos by a considerable margin on each metric assessed that makes it a valuable and versatile tool for MS‐based proteomics.     

胰蛋白酶镜像酶LysargiNase的开发及其在蛋白质组学研究中的应用

蛋白质组学是系统鉴定、定量蛋白质及其翻译后修饰形式,并研究这些蛋白质生物学功能的学科。目前,基于质谱的鸟枪法蛋白质组学技术是蛋白质组学研究的主要手段之一,其技术流程是先将蛋白质组样品经位点特异性蛋白酶消化形成肽组,再进行高效液相色谱分离和质谱检测。而位点特异性蛋白酶对蛋白质样品的消化是质谱检测的前提和基础。随着蛋白质组学研究的深入,多种位点特异性蛋白酶被先后开发利用;而切割发生在相应氨基酸的N端,与传统的C端蛋白酶互为镜像的蛋白酶的鉴定、开发、特性研究和广泛使用更是为蛋白质组学研究提供了新的工具。文中对最近发现的胰蛋白酶的镜像酶——赖氨酸精氨酸N端蛋白酶(LysargiNase)的特点及其应用进行综述,为国内外学者更加广泛的使用创造条件。     

Large-scale protein identification using mass spectrometry

Recent achievements in genomics have created an infrastructure of biological information. The enormous success of genomics promptly induced a subsequent explosion in proteomics technology, the emerging science for systematic study of proteins in complexes, organelles, and cells. Proteomics is developing powerful technologies to identify proteins, to map proteomes in cells, to quantify the differential expression of proteins under different states, and to study aspects of protein-protein interaction. The dynamic nature of protein expression, protein interactions, and protein modifications requires measurement as a function of time and cellular state. These types of studies require many measurements and thus high throughput protein identification is essential. This review will discuss aspects of mass spectrometry with emphasis on methods and applications for large-scale protein identification, a fundamental tool for proteomics.