植物细胞培养工程的最新进展

利用植物细胞培养技术进行有用次级代谢物的生产和种苗的快速繁殖,现已取得了一定的市场规模和经济效益,但还存在有待开发的许多潜力。本文着重讨论有关在生物反应器中植物细胞培养的最新研究和开发动态,包括在物质生产和快速繁殖这两个应用方面有关的生物反应器结构和各种培养环境因子的优化以及培养过程的检测、模型化和控制等工程方面的进展。     

利用细胞培养进行药物生产的研究

在植物组织培养研究中,发现培养细胞中含有各种特殊的代谢产物和生物碱,色素、甾体、萜类等药用成份及香精等,其中有些是微生物和人工不能合成的,有些则是在整体植物中含量甚微或是整株资源十分缺乏。而在培养的细胞中这些成份的含量有时却很高,如柠檬叶鸡眼滕（Morindacitrifolia）的培养细胞中蒽酿含量比完整植株中高10倍。Staba报道的呋哺香豆素衍生物Visadin在种子愈伤组织中的含量为0．1～0。31％,而在种子中含量仅为0．of～0．06％。因此,以培养细胞生产这些有用成份受到生物学和医学工作者的极大重视。一、细胞培养物及其产…     

转基因植物生产药用蛋白研究进展

转基因植物作为生物反应器能生产医学上有生物活性的药用蛋白,该文对转基因植物生产医药蛋白的种类、途径及优缺点、改进措施进行了阐述。     

植物细胞培养生产重组蛋白

用植物细胞培养生产重组蛋白,集合了微生物发酵的快速性、动物细胞培养产物的多样性和完整植株培养系统的安全性,近年来引起了广泛的关注。虽然还未有用植物细胞培养来进行重组蛋白的商业生产,但是它的生产原则较规范,下游处理过程较简单,具有潜在商业生产的可行性。     

利用转基因植物生产药用蛋白研究进展

简要评述了国内外利用转基因植物生产药用蛋白的研究现状、发展趋势,以及转基因植物生产药用蛋白的基本方法、应用研究等。尽管目前植物作为药用蛋白的生物反应器受到诸多因素限制,优点与问题并存,但利用转基因植物生产药用蛋白是植物基因工程研究领域的一个新的发展趋势。     

哺乳动物硒蛋白的研究进展

硒是哺乳动物和人必需的微是元素。硒的生物学功能主要是以硒蛋白的形式表现的。到目前为止,已经克隆并测定ｃＤＮＡ顺序的哺乳动物硒蛋白有９种停,它们是细胞内谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、细胞外谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、磷脂氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、胃肠谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、Ｉ型碘化甲状腺原氨酸５′脱碘酶、Ⅱ型碘化甲状腺原氨酸５′脱磺酶、Ⅲ型碘化甲状腺原氨酸５′脱碘酶、硒蛋白Ｐ和硒蛋白Ｗ。这些硒蛋白中硒参入到蛋白分子是通过硒半     

转基因植物生产药用蛋白的研究进展

利用转基因植物作为生物反应器生产具有重要价值的多肽和蛋白质,包括抗体、疫苗、药用蛋白等较之其他生产系统具有很多优越性,已成为当前植物医药基因工程和药物生物技术领域中的研究热点,本文着重就这一领域近年采国内外的研究现状、发展趋势以及目前存在的问题及对策进行综述。     

昆虫杆状病毒载体的细胞培养和重组蛋白生产

利用杆状病毒载体和昆虫细胞生产重组蛋白的研究日益增多,本文就杆状病毒的宿主细胞种类、培养条件、大规模培养方法和虫体表达以及昆虫细胞对表达产物的翻译后修饰加工的研究现况进行了概述。     

植物生物反应器生产药用蛋白

以转基因植物作为生物反应器规模化生产药用蛋白已经成为国际上植物基因工程一个新的发展趋势。本文综述了这一领域的现状、优势、存在的问题及发展前景。     

Freezing mammalian cells for production of biopharmaceuticals

Cryopreservation techniques utilize very low temperatures to preserve the structure and function of living cells. Various strategies have been developed for freezing mammalian cells of biological and medical significance. This paper highlights the importance and application of cryopreservation for recombinant mammalian cells used in the biopharmaceutical industry to produce high-value protein therapeutics. It is a primer that aims to give insight into the basic principles of cell freezing for the benefit of biopharmaceutical researchers with limited or no prior experience in cryobiology. For the more familiar researchers, key cell banking parameters such as the cell density and hold conditions have been reviewed to possibly help optimize their specific cell freezing protocols. It is important to understand the mechanisms underlying the freezing of complex and sensitive cellular entities as we implement best practices around the techniques and strategies used for cryopreservation.     

Downstream process for the production of yeast extract using brewer's yeast cells

A downstream process was developed for the production of yeast extract from brewer's yeast cells. Various downstream processing conditions including clarification, debittering, and the Maillard reaction were considered in the development of the process. This simple and economic clarification process used flocculating agents, specifically calcium chloride (1%). After the clarification step, a Maillard reaction is initiated as a flavor-enhancing step. By investigating the effects of several operation parameters, including the type of sugar added, sugar dosage, glycine addition, and temperature, on the degree of browning (DB), glucose addition and reaction temperature were found to have significant effects on DB. A synthetic adsorption resin (HP20) was used for the debittering process, which induced a compositional change of the hydrophobic amino acids in the yeast hydrolysate, thereby reducing the bitter taste. The overall dry matter yield and protein yield for the entire process, including the downstream process proposed for the production of brewer's yeast extract were 50 and 50%, respectively.     

Translational control of ribosomal protein production in mammalian cells

Mammalian ribosomal protein (rp) mRNAs are subject to translational control, as illustrated by their selective release from polyribosomes in growth-arrested cells and their under-representation in polyribosomes of normally growing cells. Recent studies have localized the translational regulatory element to the 5' end of the rp mRNA and have demonstrated that an oligopyrimidine tract, which adjoins the cap structure in all known vertebrate rp mRNAs, is an essential part of this element. Possible factors that might interact with the oligopyrimidine tract are discussed.     

Genetic optimization of recombinant glycoprotein production by mammalian cells

Genetically modified mammalian cells are the preferred system for the production of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins. Other applications include engineering of cell lines for drug screening and cell-based therapies, and the construction of recombinant viruses for gene therapy. This article highlights contemporary core genetic technologies and emerging strategies for genetically engineering mammalian cells for optimal recombinant-protein expression.     

Heat production of mammalian cells at different cell-cycle phases

1. 1.|Heat production of Reuber H35 rat hepatoma cells and murine C1300 neuroblastoma cells at different stages of the cell cycle were measured microcalorimetrically.

2. 2.|Reuber H35 monolayer cultures of G1-phase cells and cells in S-phase were trypsinized, reincubated in suspension culture and immediately used for microcalorimetric measurements. There was a remrkable difference in the heat evolution of H35-cells in suspension derived from a monolayer culture of G1-phase cells and that of cells in S-phase of the cell cycle. Heat production of G1-cells was relatively continuous during the experiment, in contrast to S-phase cells that showed a decrease in heat production after an initial maximum.

3. 3.|Neuroblastoma cells synchronized by mitotic shake-off and cultured in suspension progressed through their cell cycle. They showed maximal heat production shortly before and durign mitosis.

Plant rac proteins induce superoxide production in mammalian cells

The small GTP-binding protein family including Rac proteins represents a paradigm for signaling molecules shared by animal and plants. In mammalian cells, Rac induces the activation of NADPH oxidase leading to superoxide production. In plants, evidence suggests that resistance to pathogens depends on superoxide that is generated via NADPH oxidase-like enzymes. We have identified four closely related Rho/Rac genes from Zea mays that exhibit a high degree of homology to the human Rac. We hypothesized that these plant Rac proteins could function as their mammalian counterpart and activate an enzymatic complex that leads to superoxide production. Here, we show that like human Rac1, activated Zea mays Rac genes can induce superoxide production, when expressed in a mammalian system: NIH 3T3 cells. Our results suggest that in plants, Rac proteins can function as activators of oxidative burst and indicate the remarkable functional and structural conservation of Rho/Rac proteins between plant and animal kingdoms during evolution.     

Isomaltulose production using immobilized cells

Three strains of Erwinia rhapontici especially suitable for use in the form of nongrowing immobilized cells were selected by screening strains of cells for high activity and operational stability in an immobilized form. Immobilization in calcium alginate gel pellets was easily the best method of immobilizing E. rhapontici. Much greater operational stabilities were obtained than when other immobilization methods were used. Conditions of operation which optimize the activity, stability, and yield and the ease of operation of the immobilized cell columns working in a steady state are described. These include the effects of substrate concentration, diffusional restrictions and water activity, the concentration of cells immobilized, and the type of reactor used. Thus, the immobilized cells produce about 1500 times their own weight of isomaltulose during one half-life of use (ca. 1 year). Loss of activity was most closely correlated with the volume of substrate processed and so presumably is due to the presence of low concentrations of a cummulative inhibitor in the substrate. Methods for regenerating the activity of the immobilized cells by the periodic administration of nutrients, of forming isomaltulose by continuously supplying nutrients to growing immobilized cells, and of crystallizing isomaltulose from the column eluate are also described.