不结球白菜BcHSP70-1基因的克隆与进化及其表达分析

利用已报导的拟南芥和甘蓝型油菜同源基因序列设计克隆引物,从不结球白菜中克隆了BcHSP70-1基因。在BcHSP70-1基因测序后,对该基因编码蛋白质的理化性质、亚细胞定位和跨膜结构域等生物信息学分析结果表明,BcHSP70-1编码的蛋白质是亲水蛋白,定位在细胞质中,该基因ORF全长1 950bp,编码649个氨基酸,有1个内含子和2个外显子,内含子为324bp;对BcHSP70-1直系同源基因外显子和内含子比对分析显示,内含子的差异更显著。实时定量PCR表达分析表明,BcHSP70-1的表达量在不同耐热性的栽培种中有较大差异,在不耐热的不结球白菜品种(NHCC002)中未见该基因组成性表达;与38℃高温胁迫相比,4℃低温胁迫下诱导的BcHSP70-1表达量更高。     

不结球白菜BcTuR1基因的克隆及表达

从不结球白菜抗芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)品种‘短白梗'中克隆到一个抗TuMV相关基因,命名为BcTuR1(GenBank登录号FJ600374).该基因核苷酸序列全长1 019 bp,编码162个氨基酸.BcTuR1基因与芥菜抗病毒基因相似性最高为96%,其它没有与该基因相似性高于50%的序列.基因组DNA杂交表明,BcTuR1可能属于一个较小的多基因家族.实时定量PCR检测表明,芜菁花叶病毒能够诱导不结球白菜BcTuR1基因的转录表达,其在不结球白菜叶片中的表达特征说明它可能参与寄主对病毒的抗性.     

不结球白菜BcDF1.2基因克隆与诱导表达

利用RACE技术,获得了不结球白菜防卫素基因全长序列,命名为BcDF1.2(DDBJ登录号AB302891).序列分析发现,BcDF1.2全长532 bp包含1个长度为96 bp的内含子区域,该基因编码79个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,与其他植物的防卫素基因和抗真菌蛋白基因有较高的同源性.系统进化树分析表明,该基因在不同植物间具有高度保守性.基因组DNA杂交表明BcDF1.2属于较小的多基因家族.水杨酸和霜霉病原菌诱导后,该mRNA不仅在诱导的叶片中转录表达增加,而且在未诱导的系统叶片中表达增加.BcDF1.2在不结球白菜叶片中的转录表达特点表明可能参与对霜霉病的抗性反应.     

不结球白菜BcTuRsO基因的克隆及表达

从不结球白菜抗病品种短白梗中克隆到一个抗芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)相关基因,命名为BcTuRsO(Gen-Bank登录号FJ600376).该基因核苷酸序列全长650 bp,编码194个氨基酸,与已克隆的抗病基因有不同程度的同源性.系统进化树分析表明,该基因在不同物种之间具有保守性.基因组DNA杂交表明,BcTuRsO基因可能以单拷贝形式存在,其表达是组成型的.实时定量PCR检测表明,芜菁花叶病毒能够诱导不结球白菜BcTuRsO基因的转录表达,其在不结球白菜叶片中的表达特征说明它可能参与寄主对病毒的抗性.     

不结球白菜晚抽薹BcFLC3基因的克隆及表达分析

根据大白菜BcFLC3基因(GenBank登录号AY036890.1)保守域序列设计引物,扩增不结球白菜晚抽薹BcFLC3基因的核心片段,结合RACE技术获得该基因1 017 bp的全长cDNA序列.序列分析结果表明,该cDNA包含完整开放阅读框,编码197个氨基酸的蛋白质,其分子量为21.62 kD,等电点9.36.荧光定量 PCR分析表明,不结球白菜经4℃低温处理后,BcFLC3基因在叶片中的表达量抽薹前明显高于抽薹后;低温处理后BcFLC3基因在不同部位的表达量存在明显差异,表达量由高到低依次为叶、茎、花蕾、花和根.Southern杂交结果表明,BcFLC3基因在不结球白菜基因组中为多拷贝.     

不结球白菜PR4蛋白基因的克隆与诱导表达分析

从不结球白菜抗病品种‘苏州青’中克隆到一个受SA和病原菌诱导的病程相关蛋白4(PR4)基因,命名为BcPR4(DDBJ登录号:AB325873),该基因核苷酸序列全长593 bp,编码140个氨基酸,与其它植物的PR4蛋白基因具有较高的相似性。系统进化树分析表明,该基因在不同物种之间具有保守性。基因组DNA杂交表明BcPR4属于多基因家族。实时定量PCR(qPCR)检测表明,SA和Peronospora parasitica均能诱导不结球白菜BcPR4转录表达,BcPR4在不结球白菜叶片中的表达特征说明它可能参与寄主对病原菌的抗性。     

不结球白菜BcMPK4基因的分离及表达

为了进一步探讨植物MAPKs(mitogen-activated protein kinases)在植物防卫中的作用,该研究从不结球白菜抗病品种‘苏州青’中克隆到一个抗核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)相关基因,命名为BcMPK4(DDBJ登录号AB557751)。该基因核苷酸序列全长1 334bp,编码373个氨基酸,与已克隆的MPK4基因有不同程度的相似性。系统进化树分析表明,该基因在不同物种之间具有保守性。基因组DNA杂交表明,BcMPK4可能属于一个较小的多基因家族,属组成型表达。实时定量PCR检测表明,核盘菌能够诱导不结球白菜BcMPK4基因的转录表达;BcMPK4基因在不结球白菜叶片中的表达特征说明它可能参与寄主对核盘菌的抗性。     

甜椒细胞质小分子量热激蛋白基因(CaHSP18)的cDNA克隆与表达

用RT-PCR和RACE-PCR技术,从热激处理的甜椒叶片总RNA中扩增出了细胞质小分子量热激蛋白(sHSP)全长779 bp的cDNA基因序列,包含一个480 bp开放阅读框,编码159个氨基酸.Southern杂交结果表明在甜椒基因组中有该基因的小的多基因家族.Northern结果显示该基因在甜椒根、茎、叶中的表达受热激和低温的诱导.原核表达分析表明该基因在高温以及低温条件下可以提高大肠杆菌的生存能力.     

胞质雄性不育相关基因的克隆及其表达分析

根据GenBank中orf224和atp6基因的保守序列设计特异引物,对不结球白菜Pol胞质雄性不育系的基因组DNA进行特异扩增,获得了Pol胞质雄性不育的特异基因orf224和atp6的DNA序列.用Blastn在GenBank中进行同源性比对分析,发现不结球白菜orf224c和atp6c基因与已报道的orf224和atp6基因的同源性高达100%,在GenBank中的登录号依次为DQ400846、DQ412559.运用半定量RT-PCR对orf224c基因在不同器官中的表达水平进行分析,结果表明:不育系花期叶片中该基因的表达量比长度小于0.5 mm蕾和雄蕊中的明显低,在后2个器官中的表达量无明显差异;而在保持系的上述3个器官中的表达量无明显差异.该结果显示orf224基因表达上调与孢原细胞分化受阻相关.     

根肿病胁迫下外源SA对不结球白菜抗性诱导和生理生化的影响

以不结球白菜‘新矮青’为试验材料,采用菌土接种法接种根肿病菌,研究不同浓度(0.2~0.8mmol·L~(-1))的外源水杨酸(SA)对根肿病胁迫下不结球白菜植株抗性诱导和感病植株生长的影响,以及植株叶片和根系中防御酶系统的变化规律,探讨外源SA对防治不结球白菜根肿病的可行性。结果显示:(1)根肿病显著影响不结球白菜的生长,加剧植物的膜脂过氧化程度;适宜浓度的外源SA能不同程度地缓解不结球白菜所受根肿病的侵害,并以0.6mmol·L~(-1) SA处理效果最好。(2)外源SA显著降低了根肿病的发病率和病情指数,提高了抗根肿病的诱抗效果,并缓解感病对不结球白菜的生长抑制,显著促进感病植株的生长。(3)外源SA提高了不结球白菜叶片和根系中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸-过氧化物酶(APX)的抗氧化酶活性,以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的防御酶活性;显著降低了植株叶片和根系中的MDA、H2O2含量及O-·2产生速率。研究表明,外源SA诱导不结球白菜对根肿病的抗性,缓解根肿病的伤害,且具有剂量效应,以根部灌施0.6mmol·L~(-1)SA的效果最好;在根肿病的胁迫下,SA可提高不结球白菜植株抗氧化酶和防御酶的活性,增强渗透调节能力和细胞活性氧清除能力,降低根肿病对植株的伤害,从而促进生长。     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Chiral Separation of G‐type Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents via Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are extremely toxic organophosphorus compounds that contain a chiral phosphorus center. Undirected synthesis of G‐type CWNAs produces stereoisomers of tabun, sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (GA, GB, GD, and GF, respectively). Analytical‐scale methods were developed using a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) system in tandem with a mass spectrometer for the separation, quantitation, and isolation of individual stereoisomers of GA, GB, GD, and GF. Screening various chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the capacity to provide full baseline separation of the CWNAs revealed that a Regis WhelkO1 (SS) column was capable of separating the enantiomers of GA, GB, and GF, with elution of the P(+) enantiomer preceding elution of the corresponding P(–) enantiomer; two WhelkO1 (SS) columns had to be connected in series to achieve complete baseline resolution. The four diastereomers of GD were also resolved using two tandem WhelkO1 (SS) columns, with complete baseline separation of the two P(+) epimers. A single WhelkO1 (RR) column with inverse stereochemistry resulted in baseline separation of the GD P(–) epimers. The analytical methods described can be scaled to allow isolation of individual stereoisomers to assist in screening and development of countermeasures to organophosphorus nerve agents. Chirality 26:817–824, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Chirality published by John Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.     

八种脑-肠肽侧脑室内注射对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响

用乌拉坦麻醉大鼠作急性实验,采用连续灌流胃并收集流出液的方法,观察向侧脑室内注射微量脑-肠肽对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响。实验结果如下:(1)雨蛙肽、八肽胆囊收缩素、促甲状腺素释放激素及四肽胃泌素均使总酸排出量增加;(2)生长抑素、胰多肽、P 物质、胰高血糖素则使总酸排出量减少;(3)上述肽类用侧脑室注射的剂量作肌肉注射,除四肽胃泌素也产生明显的刺激胃酸分泌作用外,对胃酸分泌均无明显影响。以上结果提示,脑内的一些肽类可能以神经递质或调制物的方式,参与中枢对胃酸分泌的调节。     

A chromium-tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land

In this paper, a kind of Typhaceae plant species, Typha angustifolia L, with a high tolerance to Cr is described. Experiments were carried out to examine its ability to tolerant Cr and its physiological response. The results showed that there was no difference in growth, plant height, and biomass response to external Cr (VI) between the plants exposed to 100 microM Cr (VI) and control (0 microM), while increasing Cr levels to 200-800 microM induced a significant decrease in plant height and biomass, but no significant injury was detected, even for the plants exposed to 800 microM Cr. Chromium induced significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Meanwhile, a significantly positive correlation was found between Cr and Mn or Cu in leaves and roots, respectively. The Cr tolerance of the plant appeared to be associated with the enhancement of SOD and POD activities and the improvement in uptake and translocation of the essential microelements.