中国肖齿舟蛾属分类研究（鳞翅目：舟娥科）

本文系统整理了肖齿舟蛾属Odontosina Gaede,1933的全部中国种类,共4种,包括1新种：陕甘肖齿舟蛾O．shaanganensis Wu et Fang.文中提供了分种检索表、新种形态描述和外生殖器特征图,模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国羽齿舟蛾属分类研究(鳞翅目,舟蛾科)

系统整理了中国羽齿舟蛾属Ptilodon Huebner．1811的全部种类，共11种，包括1新种：长突羽齿舟蛾P．longexsertus Wu et Fang。文中提供分种检索表、新种形态描述和所有种的外生殖器特征图，模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国纡舟蛾属分类研究(鳞翅目,舟蛾科)

系统整理了中国纡舟蛾属Periergos Kiriakoff的全部种类,共8种,包括1新种：黄纡舟蛾Periergos luridus sp．nov．。文中提供分种检索表,新种形态描述和外生殖器特征图,模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国舟蛾属分类研究(鳞翅目,舟蛾科)

系统整理了中国舟蛾属Notodonta Ochsenheimer,1810的全部种类,共9种,包括l新种：黑色舟蛾N.nigra Wu et Fang和l新纪录亚种：黄白舟蛾中亚亚种Notodonta ziczac pallida Grunberg,1912。文中提供分种检索表,新种形态描述和外生殖器特征图,模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国胯舟蛾属分类研究 （鳞翅目：舟蛾科）

系统整理了中国胯舟蛾属（Syntypistis Turner）的全部种类共20种,包括1新种黑胯舟蛾Syntypistis melana Wu et Fang,sp. Nov. 和2中国新记录种：篱胯舟蛾 Syntypistis hercules (Schintlmeister) comb. Nov.与防胯舟蛾 Syntypistis defector (Schintlmeister) comb. Nov.,后2种均为新组合。文中提供了分种检索表,新种形态描述和外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国广舟蛾属分类研究(鳞翅目,舟蛾科)

整理了中国广舟蛾属P,atychasma Butler,1881,共2种，包括1新种：黄带广舟蛾Platychasma flavida sp.nov，文中提供分种检索表，新种形态描述和外生殖器特征图，模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

褐巢蛾属分类修订(鳞翅目,巢蛾科,巢蛾亚科)

对褐巢蛾属 Metanomeuta Meyrick进行了修订,重新描述了模式种,讨论了其形态变异;记述2个新种,即岳西褐巢蛾 Metanomeuta yuexiensis sp.nov.和疏刺褐巢蛾 Metanomeutaspinisparsula sp.nov..文中提供了成虫和外生殖器特征图,给出了分种检索表及分布图.模式标本保存在南开大学昆虫标本室.岳西褐巢蛾,新种 Metanomeuta yuexiensis sp.nov.(图3,10,13)该种与金冠褐巢蛾 Metanomeuta fulvicrinis Meyrick外部相似,但可通过外生殖器特征区别:颚形突卵圆形,末端钝圆;雌性后阴片中部微凹,前阴片不明显,囊导管基部2/3具瘤突,交配囊长卵形.正模♂,安徽岳西温泉(30°52'N,116°22'E),1995-08-08,胡祥富采,外生殖器玻片号JQ07191.副模：8♂♂,1♀,安徽岳西温泉,1995-07-25～08-22,胡祥富采. 疏刺褐巢蛾,新种Metanomeuta spinisparsula sp.nov.(图4,11,14)该种与金冠褐巢蛾Metanomeuta fulvicrinis 相似,区别在于:体为深褐色,翅面无任何斑纹;雄性颚形突略呈舌状,末端突出,抱器腹除端部有一枚较大刺突外,无明显小刺或小刺束;雌性导管端片小且非杯状,囊导管仅基部1/2 具瘤突.正模♂,湖南石门县壶瓶山江坪(29°35'N,111°22'E;480m),2002-01-05,于海丽采,外生殖器玻片号JQO6091;副模1♀,采集资料同正模.     

中国拟皮舟蛾属分类研究（鳞翅目：舟蛾科）

系统整理了中国拟皮舟蛾属（Mimopydna Matsumura, 1924）的全部种类,共4种,包括1新种：尖拟皮舟蛾Minopydna cuspidata Wu et Fang, sp. Nov.,并将黄拟皮舟蛾秦岭亚种M. sikkima stueningi Schintlmeister作为指名亚种Minopydna sikkima sikkima (Moore)的异名处理。文中提供分种检索表,新种形态描述和外生殖器特征图,模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国小舟蛾属分类研究 （鳞翅目：舟蛾科）

系统整理了小舟蛾属Micromelalopha Nagano, 1916的全部中国种类共10种,包括2新种异小舟蛾M. variata Wu et Fang 和细小舟蛾M.ralla Wu et Fang; 并将M.flavomaculata Tshistjakov 作为邻小舟蛾M.vicina Kiriakoff的亚种,赭小舟蛾秦岭亚种M.aemorrhoidalis cinereibasis Kiriakoff作为指名亚种M.Haemorrhoidalis haemorrhoidalis Kiriakoff的异名处理。文中提供了分种检索表、新种形态描述和外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

锦织蛾属二新种和中国二新纪录种(鳞翅目,织蛾科)(英文)

记述锦织蛾属PromalactisMeyrick4个种,包括新种掌锦织蛾P.palmata sp.nov.和仿丽头锦织蛾P.subcolacephala sp.nov.,中国新纪录种西锦织蛾P.sineviLvovsky,1986和斯锦织蛾P.svetlanaeLvovsky,1985。文中提供了每个种的成虫和外生殖器特征图。掌锦织蛾,新种Promalactis palmata sp.nov.(图1,5,9)本种外形和外生殖器特征与显锦织蛾P.epistactaMeyrick,1908近似,但本种雄性外生殖器抱器背基部突起呈叶状,抱器瓣端部1/3近似掌状,阳茎基环侧叶末端达背兜2/3处,阳茎具2枚角状器。显锦织蛾P.epistacta雄性外生殖器抱器背基部突起柳条状,抱器瓣端部钩状,阳茎基环侧叶不明显,阳茎具1枚角状器。正模♂,贵州省绥阳县宽阔水保护区,海拔1500m,2010-08-12,杨琳琳采,外生殖器玻片号DZH10243。副模:2♂♂,3♀♀,2010-08-10~13,其它资料同正模,1♂,1♀,2010-08-16,杜喜翠采,采集地点同正模(外生殖器玻片号DZH10244♀,DZH10245♀,DZH10247♂,DZH10249♀,DZH10250♂)。分布:中国(贵州)。仿丽头锦织蛾,新种Promalactis subcolacephala sp.nov.(图2,6)本种与丽头锦织蛾P.colacephalaWang,LietZheng,2000非常近似,但雄性外生殖器抱器瓣末端背面有1钩状突起,阳茎末端无刺状突起。丽头锦织蛾P.colacephala雄性外生殖器抱器瓣末端背面有1直的突起,阳茎末端有1弯曲的刺状突起。正模♂,贵州省绥阳县宽阔水保护区,海拔840m,2010-06-09,杨琳琳采,外生殖器玻片号DZH10335。副模1♂,2010-06-08,其它资料同正模(外生殖器玻片号DZH10253)。分布:中国(贵州)。西锦织蛾Promalactis sineviLvovsky,1986中国新纪录(图3,7,10)Promalactis sineviLvovsky,1986:39.分布:中国(北京、河北、山西、辽宁);俄罗斯(远东)。斯锦织蛾Promalactis svetlanaeLvovsky,1985中国新纪录(图4,8,11)Promalactis svetlanae Lvovsky,1985:101;ParketPark,1998:57.分布:中国(黑龙江);俄罗斯(远东)。     

Co-occurrence of species with various geographical ranges, and correlation between area size and number of species in geographical scale

Co-occurrence of species of various geographical ranges is important to correct endemism evaluation. This co-occurrence is shown as non-hazardous. Influence of area size on species richness is assumed to be different with respect to endemic and non-endemic species. The territory of Israel and Sinai is subdivided into twenty biotic provinces. We segregated three hundred and twenty-five tenebrionid species inhabiting this territory into endemic, regional and ubiquitous species. Regression of the number of endemic species on the number of regional species is non-linear. Two distinct regression lines correspond to hot and cool areas. The number of ubiquitous species depends positively on numbers of both endemic and regional species, and negatively on their product. Ubiquitous species are predominantly synanthropic, and inability to tolerate competition with other tenebrionids is assumed as the basis of numerical relationships with other species. Correlation between numbers of endemic and non-endemic species of bird and mammal and size of area is analysed at the broad geographical scale. Relationships between area size evaluation and the numbers of endemic and non-endemic species are always different. The square root of the area km² is always more important in species richness determination than area itself. This variable is a linear characteristic of the area and its significance is discussed. Possible ecological interactions between species of various geographical ranges are also considered. A new method of evaluation of the level of faunal endemism is proposed.     

Infusing considerations of trophic dependencies into species distribution modelling

Community ecology involves studying the interdependence of species with each other and their environment to predict their geographical distribution and abundance. Modern species distribution analyses characterise species‐environment dependency well, but offer only crude approximations of species interdependency. Typically, the dependency between focal species and other species is characterised using other species’ point occurrences as spatial covariates to constrain the focal species’ predicted range. This implicitly assumes that the strength of interdependency is homogeneous across space, which is not generally supported by analyses of species interactions. This discrepancy has an important bearing on the accuracy of inferences about habitat suitability for species. We introduce a framework that integrates principles from consumer–resource analyses, resource selection theory and species distribution modelling to enhance quantitative prediction of species geographical distributions. We show how to apply the framework using a case study of lynx and snowshoe hare interactions with each other and their environment. The analysis shows how the framework offers a spatially refined understanding of species distribution that is sensitive to nuances in biophysical attributes of the environment that determine the location and strength of species interactions.     

Exploring taxonomic filtering in urban environments

Question: Several mechanisms have been proposed that control the spatio‐temporal pattern of species coexistence. Among others, the species pool hypothesis states that the large‐scale species pool is an important factor in controlling small‐scale species richness through filtering of species that can persist within a species assemblage on the basis of their tolerance of the abiotic environment. Because of the process of environmental filtering, co‐occurring species that experience similar environmental conditions are likely to be more taxonomically similar than ecologically distant species. This is because, due to the conservatism of many species traits during evolutionary diversification, the ability of species to colonize the same ecological space is thought to depend at least partially on their taxonomic similarity. The question for this study is: Under the assumption of trait conservatism, does environmental filtering lead to nonrandom species assemblages with respect to their taxonomic structure? Methods: The significance of taxonomic filtering in regulating species coexistence is tested using data from 15 local species assemblages from the urban flora of Rome (Italy). To find out whether the taxonomic structure of the selected’ local’ species assemblages was significantly different from random, we used a Monte Carlo simulation in which for each local species assemblage, the actual taxonomic diversity was compared to the taxonomic diversity of 1000 virtual species lists of the same size extracted at random from a larger ‘regional’ species pool. Results: We found that in most cases the local species assemblages have a higher degree of taxonomic similarity than would be expected by chance showing a phenomenon of ‘species condensation’ in a small number of higher‐level taxa. Conclusions: Our observations support the species pool hypothesis and imply that environmental filtering is an important mechanism in shaping the taxonomic structure of species assemblages. Therefore, the incorporation of taxonomic diversity into landscape and community ecology may be beneficial for a better understanding of the processes that regulate species coexistence.     

稀有种和常见种对植物群落物种丰富度格局的相对贡献

物种丰富度格局的形成不仅依赖于群落的构建过程, 同样也依赖于群落中的物种组成(如稀有种和常见种)。本文以黄土高原子午岭林区的辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林为研究对象, 根据频度大小对物种进行排序, 形成稀有-常见种和常见-稀有种两条物种序列, 通过逐一添加(去除)物种, 分析引起的总体物种丰富度及其成分(α多样性和β多样性)的变化, 确定稀有种和常见种对物种丰富度格局的相对贡献。结果表明: (1)常见-稀有种序列与群落总体物种丰富度的相关性呈先剧增后平稳的对数增长曲线, 而稀有-常见种序列与群落总体的相关性与前者刚好相反, 呈先平稳后剧增的指数增长曲线; (2) α多样性在常见-稀有种序列中呈明显的对数变化曲线, 而在稀有-常见种序列中呈指数增长曲线; (3)与α多样性变化相反, β多样性在常见-稀有种序列中随物种的进入先迅速降低后逐渐平稳, 而在稀有-常见种序列中先平稳后急剧降低。可以看出, 常见种不仅主导群落的总体物种丰富度格局, 同时也是α多样性和β多样性格局的重要贡献者。因此, 常见种是群落物种丰富度格局的指示者, 也应该是优先保护的物种。     

庐山蛾类区系研究

庐山,地处中亚热带北沿,北纬29.35°,东经115.59°,属亚热带东部季风区域。庐山襟江带湖,雨量充沛,植物种类繁多,种子植物有1800余种,隶属158科642属。因此,庐山蛾类也较丰富。笔者于1975年5月开始,对庐山蛾类进行了调查,共鉴定出蛾类455种。现将庐山蛾类区系报告如下。 区系分析 庐山蛾类已鉴定出32科340届455种。区系情况如表。 从表可以看出:     

Food web structure and interaction strength pave the way for vulnerability to extinction

This paper focuses on how food web structure and interactions among species affects the vulnerability, due to environmental variability, to extinction of species at different positions in model food webs. Vulnerability is here not measured by a traditional extinction threshold but is instead inspired by the IUCN criteria for endangered species: an observed rapid decline in population abundance. Using model webs influenced by stochasticity with zero autocorrelation, we investigate the ecological determinants of species vulnerability, i.e. the trophic interactions between species and food web structure and how these interact with the risk of sudden drops in abundance of species. We find that (i) producers fulfil the criterion of vulnerable species more frequently than other species, (ii) food web structure is related to vulnerability, and (iii) the vulnerability of species is greater when involved in a strong trophic interaction than when not. We note that our result on the relationship between extinction risk and trophic position of species contradict previous suggestions and argue that the main reason for the discrepancy probably is due to the fact that we study the vulnerability to environmental stochasticity and not extinction risk due to overexploitation, habitat destruction or interactions with introduced species. Thus, we suggest that the vulnerability of species to environmental stochasticity may be differently related to trophic position than the vulnerability of species to other factors. Earlier research on species extinctions has looked for intrinsic traits of species that correlate with increased vulnerability to extinction. However, to fully understand the extinction process we must also consider that species interactions may affect vulnerability and that not all extinctions are the result of long, gradual reductions in species abundances. Under environmental stochasticity (which importance frequently is assumed to increase as a result of climate change) and direct and indirect interactions with other species some extinctions may occur rapidly and apparently unexpectedly. To identify the first declines of population abundances that may escalate and lead to extinctions as early as possible, we need to recognize which species are at greatest risk of entering such dangerous routes and under what circumstances. This new perspective may contribute to our understanding of the processes leading to extinction of populations and eventually species. This is especially urgent in the light of the current biodiversity crisis where a large fraction of the world's biodiversity is threatened.     

白水江自然保护区藻类名录初报

白水江国家级自然保护区是甘肃省生物多样性最为丰富的地区,但是境内的藻类资源状况未见报道过。在实地调查取样的基础上,初步鉴定出白水江国家级自然保护区境内的藻类共4个门60属161种:硅藻门种类最多,有91种,占总种数的56.5%;绿藻门次之,有41种,占25.5%,其次是蓝藻门,有26种,占16.1%;裸藻门最少,共3种,占1.9%。从分布上看,铁楼的种类最多,有81种,然后依次是刘家坪有73种,邱家坝61种,石林谷48种,碧口47种。我们的名录对于了解该保护区的生物多样性提供了基础材料。     

Species: the concept, category and taxon

The term species by itself is vague because it refers to the species concept, the species category and the species taxon, all of which are distinct although related to one another. The species concept is not primarily a part of systematics, but has always been an integral part of basic biological theory, It is based on evolutionary theory and applies only to sexually reproducing organisms. The species concept and the phyletic lineage concept are quite distinct although they are related to one another. The important aspect of the species concept is lack of gene flow between different species, and hence the defining criterion of the species is genetic isolation. The species concept is often considered as non‐dimensional, both in time and space. Species possess three different major properties, namely genetic isolation, reproductive isolation and ecological isolation; these properties evolve at different times and under the effect of different causes during the speciation process. Speciation requires an external isolating barrier during the initial allopatric phase in which genetic isolation evolves and must reach 100% efficiency. The subsequent sympatric phase of speciation occurs after the disappearance of the external isolating barrier when members of the two newly evolved species can interact with one another and exert mutual selective demands on one another. Much of the reproductive and ecological isolation evolves during this secondary sympatric phase. The species category is a rank in the taxonomic hierarchy and serves as the basis on which the diversity of organisms is described; it is not the same as the species concept. The species category applied to all organisms, sexually and asexually reproducing. The species taxon is the practical application of the species category in systematics with the recognition of species taxa requiring many arbitrary decisions. No single set of rules exist by which the species category can be applied to all organisms. Recognition of species taxa in asexually reproducing organisms is based on amount of variation and gaps in the variation of phenotypic features associated with ecological attributes of these organisms as compared with similar attributes in sympatric species taxa of sexually reproducing organisms. Species taxa are multidimensional in that they exist over space–time and often have fuzzy borders. Because recognition of species taxa, including those in sexually reproducing organisms, depends on many arbitrary decisions especially when dealing with broad geographical and temporal ranges, species taxa cannot be used as the foundation for developing and testing theoretical concepts in evolutionary theory which can only be done with the non‐dimensional species concept.     

Correlated Non-native Species Richness of Birds, Mammals, Herptiles and Plants: Scale Effects of Area, Human Population and Native Plants

Several extrinsic factors (area, native species diversity, human population size and latitude) significantly influence the non-native species richness of plants, over several orders of magnitude. Using several data sets, I examine the role of these factors in non-native species richness of several animal groups: birds, mammals and herptiles (amphibians, reptiles). I also examine if non-native species richness is correlated among these groups. I find, in agreement with Sax [2001, Journal of Biogeography 28: 139–150], that latitude is inversely correlated with non-native species richness of many groups. Once latitude is accounted for, area, human population size and native plant species richness are shown to be important extrinsic factors influencing non-native animal species. Of these extrinsic factors, human population size and native plant species richness are the best predictors of non-native animal species richness. Area, human population size and native plant species richness are highly intercorrelated, along with non-native species richness of all taxa. Indeed a factor analysis shows that a single multivariate axis explains over half of the variation for all variables among the groups. One reason for this covariation is that humans tend to most densely occupy the most productive and diverse habitats where native plant species richness is very high. It is thus difficult to disentangle the effects of human population size and native species richness on non-native species richness. However, it seems likely that these two factors may combine to increase non-native species richness in a synergistic way: high native species richness reflects greater habitat variety available for non-native species, and dense human populations (that preferentially occupy areas rich in native species) increase non-native species importation and disturbance of local habitats.