氰戊菊酯在香蕉及蕉园土壤中的残留动态与安全性评价

采用气相色谱(GC-ECD)及田间试验方法,研究氰戊菊酯在香蕉及蕉园土壤中的残留降解动态。结果表明,氰戊菊酯在香蕉上的原始残留沉积量因不同施药处理有所差异,香蕉及蕉园土壤上的降解速度较缓慢,降解规律符合“C＝C₀·^e-kt”一级动力学关系。在香蕉上,相关系数r = 0.9722～0.9980(P＜0.01),降解系数k = 0.0703～0.0767,半衰期T_1/2 = 9.1～9.9 d,降解99%所需要时间T_0.99 = 60.1～65.6 d;在土壤中,k = 0.0821,T_1/2 = 8.5 d,T_0.99 = 56.1 d。距第2次施药后62～68 d,最终香蕉的残留量＜0.01 mg·kg^-1,土壤中为0.015～0.020 mg·kg^-1。在福建蕉区,氰戊菊酯的常规施药方法是间隔期7 d连续2次施用有效剂量112.50 g·hm^-2,采样前安全间隔期可推荐为＞13.6 d,产品质量最终可符合GB/T 2763-2012、NY/T 750-2011的要求。     

氯氰菊酯在香蕉、土壤上的残留动态及安全性评价

采用气相色谱法及田间试验法研究氯氰菊酯在香蕉及蕉园土壤上的残留降解动态。结果表明,氯氰菊酯在香蕉上的原始沉积量较低,不同施药剂量有明显的差异。氯氰菊酯在香蕉及蕉园土壤上降解速度较缓慢,残留降解规律均符合一级动力学关系,在香蕉上两种施药剂量的降解速率相接近,半衰（T1/2）为12.1～12.8 d、降解99%需时（T0.99）为80.3～85.1 d;在蕉园土壤上T1/2、T0.99分别为8.0 d、52.9 d。在香蕉上距第2次施药后62～70 d最终产品残留量＜0.01 mg/kg。在福建蕉区氯氰菊酯按常规施药方法,间隔期7 d连续施用有效剂量56.25 g/hm2两次,施药安全间隔期可推荐为＞7 d,最终产品质量符合NY/T 750-2011规定的MRL要求。     

茚虫威在豇豆中残留动态及安全使用技术研究

采用气相色谱(GC-ECD)分析法,研究15%茚虫威(安打)乳油在豇豆中的残留消解动态和安全使用技术。该方法最小检出量为0.01ng,最低检出浓度为0.005mg/kg;添加回收率分别为84.7%~92.8%,RSD为3.43%~5.27%。残留消解动态表明,茚虫威在豇豆中的原始沉积量间隔7d连续施用2次>施用1次;残留消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,茚虫威施用1次的消解动态方程为C=2.7180·e^-0.2500t,半衰期(DT₅₀)为2.8d,消解99%所需时间T_0.99为18.4d;施用2次的消解动态方程为C=2.3712·e^-0.2404t,DT₅₀为2.9d,T_0.99为19.2d。在豇豆采收期施用茚虫威有效成分48.21g/hm² 1次,或间隔7d连续施用2次,在末次施药后11d采集豆荚样品检测,残留量均<0.2mg/kg,平均残留量分别为0.103mg/kg和0.111mg/kg,产品质量安全水平符合日本最高残留限量(MRL)的要求。     

森草净杀灭薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)及其安全性

在深圳市内伶仃岛薇甘菊危害的不同群落生境中,设立9块样地81个小样方,用森草净(即70%嘧碘降水溶性粉剂)杀灭样地中的薇甘菊施量为0.0001～0.02g.m-2,结果表明:各浓度的森草净杀灭效果均较好,杀灭率随着用药量的增加而提高;在坡地和溪谷生境中,森草净用药量分别为0.05～0.1g.m-2、>0.2g.m-2能较彻底地杀灭薇甘菊。应用HPLC法检测样地土壤中嘧磺隆残留量,溪谷土壤中嘧磺隆半衰期C=C0.e-0.083T,T1/2=8.4,施药后37d消解95.9%,坡地高浓度级半衰期C=C0.e-0.046T,T1/2=15.1d,施药后37d消解85.0%,坡地低浓度级半衰期C=C0.e-0.090T,T1/2=7.7d,施药后15d消解74.2%。不同浓度森草净处理样地,施药后7、15、37d均可检测到嘧磺隆,并且含量越来越小,但施药后68d的土样,均未检测到嘧磺隆的存在。     

辛硫磷在柚园土壤中的残留动态研究

按沙田柚园上桔实雷瘿蚊的防治期适期喷施40%辛硫磷乳油(3.75kg/hm2),其在不同果园土壤中的原始沉积量为81.65～132.96mg/kg,半衰期为2.7～4.5d,药后7d各处理点辛硫磷的消解率均在90%以上.     

红火蚁防治区农药残留动态规律研究

【目的】红火蚁Solenopsis invicta目前的主要防治方法为化学防治,了解红火蚁防治常用的药剂在绿地环境中的残留动态将有助于我们合理使用药剂。【方法】应用气相色谱建立了红火蚁常用药剂残留的测定方法,并测定了不同施用类型药剂防治草坪上的红火蚁种群后,药剂在土壤和草样中的残留动态。【结果】结果表明4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油2 000倍液在土壤中的原始沉积量分别是1.903 mg/kg,草坪草上的沉积量为7.806 mg/kg。在土壤中的半衰期为6.31 d,在草样中的半衰期为4.86 d。0.096%氟虫腈粉剂30 g/巢在土壤中的原始沉积量分别是0.073 mg/kg,草坪草上的沉积量为0.135 mg/kg;在土壤中的半衰期为5.57 d,在草样中的半衰期为2.96 d。0.015%多杀菌素35 g/巢施用后,未检测出土壤中有多杀菌素的残留。【结论】残留测定结果表明高效氯氰菊酯乳油和0.096%氟虫腈粉剂在施用后,一段时间内会在草坪上有残留,从而导致对草坪上的非靶标节肢动物造成伤害,而施用0.015%多杀菌素饵剂则不会对节肢动物群落产生较大的影响。     

韭菜和土壤中毒死蜱的残留与降解动态

在大棚和露地栽培条件下,研究了不同浓度的毒死蜱灌根施药后土壤和韭菜中毒死蜱的残留与降解动态.结果表明:韭菜中毒死蜱的降解速度比土壤中快,平均半衰期分别为3.41 d和7.40 d;在大棚和露地栽培条件下,韭菜中毒死蜱的降解速率差异不大,平均降解半衰期分别为3.37和3.44 d.施药灌根后第21天,韭菜中毒死蜱的残留量(0.021 ～0.102mg·kg-1)基本低于GB 2763-2005规定的最大残留限量标准(≤0.1 mg·kg-1).新生韭菜中仍残留少量毒死蜱,但明显低于药后第一次刈割.土壤中残留的毒死蜱对韭菜中的农药残留量有显著影响.     

土壤盐渍化对尿素与磷酸脲氨挥发的影响

氨挥发是肥料氮素损失的重要途径之一,肥料类型、土壤类型、肥料用量以及土壤全盐量均影响氨挥发损失率及挥发特征。本文采用通气法测定了磷酸脲和尿素两种肥料六个施肥量处理分别施入六个不同盐渍化程度（1.7、9.9、16.4、23.2、29.1、37.9 g/kg）的土壤后氨挥发累积状况和动力学特性,以及土壤氨挥发累积量与土壤电导值之间的相关性。结果表明：（1）在土壤总盐介于1.66 -37.9 g/kg的范围内,随着土壤含盐量增加,尿素与磷酸脲处理的氨挥发累积量显著增加;土壤含盐量对氨挥发速率有显著的促进作用。（2）各处理二次线性函数拟合的二项式系数a均为负值,表明：在不同盐渍化条件下肥料的挥发速率是随着时间增长而降低的;一次线性函数和Elovich 方程的斜率a随土壤含盐量增加而增大,表明：土壤盐渍化将加剧土壤的氨挥发速率。（3）土壤氨挥发累积量与电导值拟合结果符合logistic方程（︱R︱分别为0.9732,0.9815,0.965,0.9182,0.9817,0.9971︱R︱>r0.01=0.9172, n=6）,氨挥发累积量随土壤电导值呈“S”型增长。     

五种类型农药不同剂量与施药时期对麦蚜防治效果及麦粒农药残留的影响

采用喷雾法,研究了辛硫磷、高效氯氰菊酯、抗蚜威、阿维菌素和吡虫啉5种类型农药的3种剂量在不同施药时期对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)的防治效果、防后对小麦千粒重的影响和籽粒中农药残留分析。结果表明,不同剂量的各种药剂,第1次施药药后1d对麦长管蚜与禾谷缢管蚜的防治效果均在80%以上,药后3d防效分别在90%和84%以上,药后5d防效分别在95%和92%以上;不同种类或不同剂量处理的防治效果之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。第2次施药后1～5d对麦长管蚜的防效均在90%以上。与对照比较,施药1次小麦千粒重增加率为2.02%～11.93%;施药2次,千粒重增加率为8.01%～15.87%。农药残留检测结果显示,不同种类不同剂量浓度下在冬小麦扬花末期喷施1次农药和间隔5d的灌浆中期第2次农药,以及春小麦田相似农药处理,其籽粒中农药残留均有一定程度的检出,但均未超出限定标准;而在小麦乳熟期(与第1次施药间隔10d,距离成熟收获15d)喷施第2次农药,其中高效氯氰菊酯和吡虫啉已经达到或超出残留限量标准。     

稻草易地还土对丘陵红壤有机质和主要物理性质的影响

选取新垦坡地和熟化旱地2种典型土地利用类型,研究了稻草易地还土对丘陵红壤有机质含量和主要物理性质的影响,并探讨了土壤有机质、田间持水量、容重、孔隙度间的相关性.结果表明稻草易地还土可提高丘陵红壤有机质含量,改良土壤物理性质,增强土壤蓄水性能.与不施肥或化肥处理相比,稻草易地还土提高了耕层(0～20 cm)土壤有机质含量5.8%～28.9%和＞0.25 mm水稳性大团聚体含量;降低了亚表层(10～15 cm)土壤容重,降低幅度为4.5%～7.5%,提高了亚表层土壤的田间持水量和孔隙度,提高幅度分别为6.8%～16.2%和4.8%～7.7%(P＜0.05).相关分析表明,土壤有机质含量(0～20 cm)与亚表层土壤容重(r=-0.799)、孔隙度(r=0.803)、田间持水量(r=0.844)呈极显著相关(P＜0.01);表层、亚表层土壤田间持水量与土壤容重(r=-0.638)、孔隙度(r=0.664)呈显著相关(P＜0.05).     

Kinetics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Degradation in Long-term Polluted Soils during Bioremediation

Bioremediation experiments with ten different soil samples from former industrial sites which were long-term polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were carried out using outdoor pot trials. The degradation of 15 PAHs according to the US EPA was investigated for 168 weeks through repeated soil sampling and determination of the total PAH concentration. On average, degradation was largest for acenaphthene (88%; 63 to 99%) and smallest for anthracene (22%; no significant degradation to 89%). For most of the PAH single substances, degradation kinetics were characterised by a first initial phase of fast degradation. In a subsequent second phase, degradation diminished and residual PAH concentrations were approached within 168 weeks, resulting in a similar PAH pattern in the ten soil samples. Degradation kinetics was calculated through the selection of the appropriate differential rate equation from a set of seven equations. Kinetics of PAH degradation was best fitted by single and two coupled first order exponential equations with median R2 of 0.71 (0.01 to 1.00). Degradation rate constants of the rapid phase (k ₁) ranged from 0.05×10⁻² week⁻¹ for benzo[k]fluoranthene to 18.3 week⁻¹ for naphthalene and for the subsequent slow degradation phase (k ₂) they ranged from 0.01×10⁻² week⁻¹ for benzo[a]anthracene to 2.3×10⁻² week⁻¹ for fluoranthene. Degradation was governed by desorption and diffusion processes of different rates, while microbial activity did not influence the kinetics. Median disappearance times (DT₅₀) ranged from 6.1 weeks for naphthalene to 522 weeks for benzo[k]fluoranthene. With the exception of the 6-ring PAHs dibenzo[ah]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, this sequence followed the PAHs’ degree of condensation. The total initial PAH concentration and the residual concentration were correlated with R2 of 0.69, with larger initial PAH concentrations leading to larger residual concentrations and degradation rates.     

2,4-二氯苯酚在土壤与河流底泥中降解动力学

以南京化学工业园内四柳河沿岸土壤与河流底泥为研究对象,通过土壤灭菌、温度与污染物初始浓度调控,研究了2,4-二氯苯酚在土壤与河流底泥中降解动力学及其影响因子。结果表明:微生物对2,4-二氯苯酚降解起主导作用,在45d内,非灭菌土壤和河流底泥的降解率分别是灭菌条件下的1.5～3倍、1.4～2.8倍,土壤和河流底泥中的2,4-二氯苯酚微生物降解量分别为0.128～0.599和0.113～0.718mg·kg-1,非灭菌处理半衰期时间短于灭菌处理;(10±1)℃～(30±1)℃范围内,随着温度的增高,2,4-二氯苯酚降解加快,在(30±1)℃土壤与河流底泥中残留量最小,分别为0.305和0.203mg·kg-1,半衰期也最短;土壤与河流底泥中的2,4-二氯苯酚均在其浓度为0.5mg·kg-1时降解最快,随着初始浓度的增加,2,4-二氯苯酚降解速度呈现递减趋势,半衰期增长。     

Effect of various amendments on heavy mineral oil bioremediation and soil microbial activity

To examine the effects of amendments on the degradation of heavy mineral oil, we conducted a pilot-scale experiment in the field for 105 days. During the experiment, soil samples were collected and analyzed periodically to determine the amount of residual hydrocarbons and evaluate the effects of the amendments on microbial activity. After 105 days, the initial level of contamination (7490+/-480 mg hydrocarbon kg(-1) soil) was reduced by 18-40% in amended soils, whereas it was only reduced by 9% in nonamended soil. Heavy mineral oil degradation was much faster and more complete in compost-amended soil than in hay-, sawdust-, and mineral nutrient-amended soils. The enhanced degradation of heavy mineral oil in compost-amended soil may be a result of the significantly higher microbial activity in this soil. Among the studied microbial parameters, soil dehydrogenase, lipase, and urease activities were strongly and negatively correlated with heavy mineral oil biodegradation (P<0.01) in compost-amended soil.     

乙草胺的微生物降解及其对土壤磷脂脂肪酸特性的影响

通过监测不同培养条件下（灭菌、加选择抑菌剂、未灭菌）土壤中乙草胺残留数量和培养期间微生物标识物磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）含量的变化,探讨了以田间推荐量施用乙草胺时,不同微生物群落对乙草胺降解的相对贡献以及乙草胺对黑土微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明：乙草胺易于被微生物降解,其中,细菌对乙草胺的降解作用显著大于真菌,而真菌对乙草胺有更强的耐受能力.施入乙草胺后,各磷脂脂肪酸数量发生了显著变化,C14∶0、C16∶0和C18∶0所指示的土壤微生物量均有所下降;细菌PLFAs数量在培养初期显著降低,而后与对照的差异显著减小,表明细菌活性随着乙草胺的降解有所恢复;在施用乙草胺后的整个培养过程中,土壤真菌PLFAs数量始终低于对照,暗示着乙草胺对真菌的抑制可能是长期而不可逆的.     

TECHNICAL NOTE: NITROGEN FERTILIZATION EFFECTS ON THE DEGRADATION OF AGED DIESEL OIL IN COMPOSTED DRILLING WASTES

Hydrocarbon-contaminated wastes generated from oil and gas drilling activities may be used as a soil amendment once composted and further decomposition of residual hydrocarbons can be accomplished after the composts are applied to soils. To test if N fertilization may enhance hydrocarbon decomposition, we investigated the effects of N application on hydrocarbon degradation in different-aged composts (1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old composts, coded as 1Y, 2Y, 3Y, and 4Y composts, respectively) through a pot experiment planted with white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) seedlings. The percentage degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH, C11 to C40) in the composts without N fertilization was correlated to initial NH₄ ⁺ concentrations (R = 0.99, P < 0.001). The percentage degradation of TPH was highest in the 3Y compost (41.1%) that had an initial level of 325.3 mg NH₄ ⁺-N kg^?1 and the lowest in the 1Y compost (9.3%) that had an initial level of 8.3 mg NH₄ ⁺-N kg^?1. The degradation of TPH was enhanced by N fertilization in the 1Y (from 9.3 to 15.3%) and 4Y composts (from 14.3 to 22.6%) that had low initial NH₄ ⁺ concentrations. Our results show that application of NH₄ ⁺-based fertilizers may enhance the degradation of TPH when initial NH₄ ⁺ concentrations in the compost are low.     

硫丹在茶叶中的残留动态与用药安全性评价

硫丹在茶叶中的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,在茶叶中的残留量随着施用剂量的增加而增加。硫丹在乌龙茶中的消解速率显著低于绿茶,同一环境下,35％硫丹乳油500倍、1000倍、1500倍、2000倍液处理在乌龙茶和绿茶中的半衰期分别为2．15-2．84d和1．65-1．98d,药后7d残留量分别为4．21mg／kg-12．04mg／kg和2．81mg／kg～8．98mg／kg。同时,由于气候差异,同一浓度处理的残留量和半衰期不同地区间的差异也较大。不同茶区,无论乌龙茶或绿茶品种,药后7d,1000倍、1500倍、2000倍液处理的残留量均在10．0mg／kg以下,而500倍的个别超过10．0mg／kg,但在20．0mg／kg以下,所以,按欧盟最高限量30．0mg／kg标准计,目前茶园施用该药安全间隔期为7d是合理的。本分析方法采用微型层析柱法净化,具有操作时间短,试剂用量省、净化效果好的优点,最低检出量为0．0006ng,最小检出浓度为0．0064g／g,该技术指标完全满足残留分析的要求。     

Lignin and nitrogen in the decomposition of leaf litter in a sub-tropical forest ecosystem at Shiroy hills in north-eastern India

The effect of the initial lignin and nitrogen contents of the leaves of five tree species, on their decomposition dynamics, was studied in the sub-tropical forest ecosystem existing at Shiroy hills. The decomposition dynamics of litter materials are described by inverse linear relationships between the percentage of the original biomass remaining and the nitrogen concentration in the residual material. Initial lignin and nitrogen were highly correlated with remaining biomass (r=0.94 and 0.77). The rate constants (K), for the annual leaf mass loss, ranged from −0.18 to −0.56. The values for initial lignin (%), initial nitrogen (%), the ratio between initial lignin, initial nitrogen and the annual decomposition rate constants were compared with similar results from other studies in various climatic zones of the world.