建兰花叶病毒运动蛋白基因克隆及序列分析

从建兰花叶病毒 (CyMV)石斛兰分离物中提取病毒RNA ,用反转录———聚合酶链式反应 (RT PCR)方法获得约 5 0 0bp的运动蛋白基因片断 ,插入 pGEM T载体克隆并测序。序列分析表明 ,该基因片断由 474个核苷酸组成 ,和CyMV美国夏威夷分离物、新加坡分离物相应基因核甘酸序列分别具有 97.8%同源性 ;根据核酸序列推导该片断含有 3个部分重叠的开放阅读框架 (ORF) ,分别编码 14kD、12kD和 10kD的多肽     

建兰花叶病毒运动蛋白基因克隆及序列分析

从建兰花叶病毒（CyMV）石斛兰分离物中提取病毒RNA,用反转录——聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法获得约500bp的运动蛋白基因片断,插入pGEM-T载体克隆并测序。序列分析表明,该基因片断由474个核苷酸组成,和CyMV美国夏威夷分离物、新加坡分离物相应基因核甘酸序列分别具有97.8%同源性;根据核酸序列推导该片断含有3个部分重叠的开放阅读框架（ORF）,分别编码14kD、12kD和10kD的多肽。     

建兰花哇病毒运动蛋白基因克隆及序列分析

从建兰花叶病毒（CyMV）石斛兰分离物中提取病毒RNA,用反转录－－聚合酶链式反就（RT－PCR）方法获得约500bp的运动蛋白基因片段,插入pGEM-T载体克隆并测序,序列分析表明,该基因片数由474个核苷酸组成,和CyMV美国夏威夷分离物、新加坡分离物相应基因核甘酸序列分别具有97.8%同源性;根据核酸序列推导该片断含有3个部分重叠的开放阅读框架（ORF）,分别编码14kD、12kD和10kD的多肽。     

广东地区两种兰花病毒病害的分子鉴定及检测

根据已报道的建兰花叶病毒(CyMV)和齿兰环斑病毒(ORSV)基因组核苷酸序列,在其cp基因上下游设计PCR引物.CyMV预计扩增产物784bp,ORSV预计扩增产物604bp.以采集自广东省顺德的墨兰和文心兰表现病毒病症状的病株叶组织总RNA为模板,进行RT-PCR扩增.对预期大小的5个扩增产物进行克隆和测序,结果表明,来源于不同兰种或同一兰种不同兰场的病样CyMV引物扩增产物核苷酸序列存在少量差异,但均与世界各地的CyMV分离物cp基因高度同源;而来源于不同兰种的病样ORSV引物扩增产物核苷酸序列完全相同,与世界各地的ORSV分离物cp基因高度同源.因此可将侵染广东兰花的两种病毒鉴定为CyMV和ORSV.混合上述两种病毒的 PCR引物,采用双重RT-PCR扩增,对采自广东顺德23个兰场共153份样品进行病毒检测,76份(49.7%)检出CyMV,52份(34.0%)检出ORSV,2份(1.3%)同时检出CyMV和ORSV.     

广东地区两种兰花病毒病害的分子鉴定及检测

根据已报道的建兰花叶病毒(CyMV)和齿兰环斑病毒(ORSV)基因组核苷酸序列,在其cp基因上下游设计PCR引物。CyMV预计扩增产物784bp,ORSV预计扩增产物604bp。以采集自广东省顺德的墨兰和文心兰表现病毒病症状的病株叶组织总RNA为模板,进行RT—PCR扩增。对预期大小的5个扩增产物进行克隆和测序,结果表明,来源于不同兰种或同一兰种不同兰场的病样CyMV引物扩增产物核苷酸序列存在少量差异,但均与世界各地的CyMV分离物cp基因高度同源;而来源于不同兰种的病样ORSV引物扩增产物核苷酸序列完全相同,与世界各地的ORSV分离物cp基因高度同源。因此可将侵染广东兰花的两种病毒鉴定为CyMV和ORSV。混合上述两种病毒的PCR引物,采用双重RT—PCR扩增,对采自广东顺德23个兰场共153份样品进行病毒检测,76份(49．7％)检出CyMV,52份(34．0％)检出ORSV,2份(1．3％)同时检出CyMV和ORSV。     

一个引起玉米矮花叶病的甘蔗花叶病毒基因组全序列测定及其结构分析

测定了从浙江省呈现矮花叶病症状的玉米上分离得到的一个马铃薯Y病毒属病毒RNA的核苷酸全序列. 该病毒分离物的RNA基因组由9596个核苷酸组成(不包括polyA尾). 单一的ORF由9192个核苷酸组成, 编码一个分子量为346.1 ku的聚合蛋白. 该蛋白结构特征与高粱花叶病毒(SrMV)中国甘蔗分离物和一个玉米矮花叶病毒(MDMV)保加利亚分离物基因组编码的蛋白非常相似. 序列分析表明, 该病毒分离物与甘蔗花叶病毒(SCMV)各分离物(已报道的仅为基因组3′末端序列)同源性最高, 与SrMV和MDMV同源性次之, 而与约翰逊草花叶病毒(JGMV)同源性最低. 根据马铃薯Y病毒属区分不同病毒和株系的分类标准, 报道的玉米病毒分离物应当鉴定为SCMV的一个株系. 然而, 该分离物在HC-Pro, P3和CI蛋白区域和SrMV中国甘蔗分离物具有极高的氨基酸同源性.     

马铃薯X病毒湖南分离物的鉴定与分组研究

从湖南石门采集表现重花叶症状的马铃薯叶片中分离纯化到一株线状病毒HN021.经双链RNA(ds-RNA)抽提、寄主反应测定、病毒粒子和内含体的形状观察, 初步确定该病毒为马铃薯X病毒 (Potato virus X).以ds-RNA作为模板,用相应引物对HN021分离物的ORF4-UTR-ORF5片段进行RT-PCR,得到1kb左右的双链cDNA片段.对该片段进行克隆和测序,并将测序所得的核苷酸序列与Genbank登录的11株不同分离物的相应片段的核苷酸序列进行同源性比较和分析.结果表明,HN021与分离自南美洲的三株分离物(COAT,KPA和HB)的同源性为78.4%~79.4%,与其它8株(分离自亚洲、欧洲、大洋州和北美洲)分离物的同源性为96.4%-97.8%.从氨基酸水平比较,HN021与COAT,KPA和HB三者CP和8kDa蛋白氨基酸序列同源性分别为86.5%~89.0%和74.3%~75.7%,相应地与其它8株分离物的同源性分别为97.1%-98.7% 和97.1%-100%.序列分析的结果证实了HN021分离物为马铃薯X病毒,同时表明PVX明显存在两个组(组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ),HN021和其它来自亚洲、欧洲、大洋州、北美洲分离物的组II,3个南美洲分离物属于组I.     

侵染稀硷的中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒及其卫星DNA全基因组结构特征

从云南红河稀硷上分离到病毒分离物Y64,全序列测定表明,Y64 DNA_A全长2730个核苷酸。基因组比较发现,Y64 DNA_A与中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒Y38分离物（TYLCCNV_［Y38］）同源性最高（99％）,与中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒广西分离物（TYLCCNV）的同源性次之（96％）,而与亚洲地区的其它双生病毒的同源性均在83％以下, 表明稀硷上的分离物Y64是TYLCCNV的1个分离物。利用DNAβ的特异性引物beta01和beta02,在病毒分离物Y64中扩增到卫星DNA分子（Y64β）。序列分析表明,Y64β全长1340个核苷酸,至少在其互补链上编码1个有功能的ORF（C1）。Y64β的全序列与TYLCCNV的各个分离物的卫星分子（Y38β、Y36β和Y8β）的同源性最高,分别为99.5％、99.5％和99.3％;与其它已报道的卫星DNAβ的同源性均低于66.4％。系统关系树研究表明,卫星DNAβ分子与其辅助病毒是共同进化的。     

马铃薯X病毒湖南分离物的鉴定与分组研究

从湖南石门采集表现重花叶症状的马铃薯叶片中分离纯化到一株线状病毒HN021。经双链RNA(ds—RNA)抽提、寄主反应测定、病毒粒子和内含体的形状观察,初步确定该病毒为马铃薯X病毒(Potato virus X)。以ds—RNA作为模板,用相应引物对HN021分离物的ORF4-UTR-ORF5片段进行RT—PCRP得到1kb左右的双链cDNA片段。对该片段进行克隆和测序,并将测序所得的核苷酸序列与Genbank(登录的11株不同分离物的相应片段的核苷酸序列进行同源性比较和分析。结果表明,HN021与分离自南美洲的三株分离物(COAT,KPA和HB)的同源性为78．4％—79．4％,与其它8株(分离自亚洲、欧洲、大洋洲和北美洲)分离物的同源性为96．4％—97．8％。从氨基酸水平比较,HN021与COAT,KPA和HB三者CP和8kDa蛋白氨基酸序列同源性分别为86．5％—89．0％和74．3％—75．7％,相应地与其它8株分离物的同源性分别为97．1％—98．7％和97．1％—100％。序列分析的结果证实了HN021分离物为马铃薯X病毒,同时表明PVX明显存在两个组(组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ),HN021和其它来自亚洲、欧洲、大洋洲、北美洲分离物的组Ⅱ,3个南美洲分离物属于组Ⅰ。     

山东省玉米矮花叶病毒的生物学特性及基因组全序列测定

对山东省玉米矮花叶病毒原分离物(SD)进行了寄主范围、血清学等普通生物学鉴定,测定了该病毒的基因组核苷酸全序列。该病毒基因组RNA由9596个核苷酸组成(不包括3’—polyA的长度),整个基因组按一个ORF编码一个3063个氨基酸的多聚蛋白。序列比较表明,该病毒分离物(SD)与玉米矮花叶病河南分离物(HN,EMBL登录号：AF94510)核苷酸全序列同源性最高,为98．2％,与已报道的甘蔗花叶病毒(SCMV)7个分离物同源性也高达79．5％-98．2％,但与玉米矮花叶病毒保加利亚分离物(MDMV—B8,AJ001691)和高梁花叶病毒萧山甘蔗分离物(SrMV—XoS,AJ310197)的同源性仅为67．8％和69．3％,与约翰逊草花叶病毒(226920,JGMV)差异最大。系统进化树分析也表明,该病毒与SCMV分离物位于同一进化簇,而与MDMV进化关系很远。     

Widespread mycorrhizal specificity correlates to mycorrhizal function in the neotropical, epiphytic orchid Ionopsis utricularioides (Orchidaceae)

Tropical orchids constitute the greater part of orchid diversity, but little is known about their obligate mycorrhizal relationships. The specificity of these interactions and associated fungal distributions could influence orchid distributions and diversity. We investigated the mycorrhizal specificity of the tropical epiphytic orchid Ionopsis utricularioides across an extensive geographical range. DNA ITS sequence variation was surveyed in both plants and mycorrhizal fungi. Phylogeographic relationships were estimated for the mycorrhizal fungi. Orchid functional outcomes were determined through in vitro seed germination and seedling growth with a broad phylogenetic representation of fungi. Most fungal isolates derived from one clade of Ceratobasidium (anamorphs assignable to Ceratorhiza), with 78% within a narrower phylogenetic group, clade B. No correlation was found between the distributions of orchid and fungal genotypes. All fungal isolates significantly enhanced seed germination, while fungi in clade B significantly enhanced seedling growth. These results show that I. utricularioides associates with a phylogenetically narrow, effective fungal clade over a broad distribution. This preference for a widespread mycorrhizae may partly explain the ample distribution and abundance of I. utricularioides and contrasts with local mycorrhizal diversification seen in some nonphotosynthetic orchids. Enhanced orchid function with a particular fungal subclade suggests mycorrhizal specificity can increase orchid fitness.     

Donkey Orchid Symptomless Virus: A Viral ‘Platypus’ from Australian Terrestrial Orchids

Complete and partial genome sequences of two isolates of an unusual new plant virus, designated Donkey orchid symptomless virus (DOSV) were identified using a high-throughput sequencing approach. The virus was identified from asymptomatic plants of Australian terrestrial orchid Diuris longifolia (Common donkey orchid) growing in a remnant forest patch near Perth, western Australia. DOSV was identified from two D. longifolia plants of 264 tested, and from at least one plant of 129 Caladenia latifolia (pink fairy orchid) plants tested. Phylogenetic analysis of the genome revealed open reading frames (ORF) encoding seven putative proteins of apparently disparate origins. A 69-kDa protein (ORF1) that overlapped the replicase shared low identity with MPs of plant tymoviruses (Tymoviridae). A 157-kDa replicase (ORF2) and 22-kDa coat protein (ORF4) shared 32% and 40% amino acid identity, respectively, with homologous proteins encoded by members of the plant virus family Alphaflexiviridae. A 44-kDa protein (ORF3) shared low identity with myosin and an autophagy protein from Squirrelpox virus. A 27-kDa protein (ORF5) shared no identity with described proteins. A 14-kDa protein (ORF6) shared limited sequence identity (26%) over a limited region of the envelope glycoprotein precursor of mammal-infecting Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Bunyaviridae). The putative 25-kDa movement protein (MP) (ORF7) shared limited (27%) identity with 3A-like MPs of members of the plant-infecting Tombusviridae and Virgaviridae. Transmissibility was shown when DOSV systemically infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Structure and organization of the domains within the putative replicase of DOSV suggests a common evolutionary origin with ‘potexvirus-like’ replicases of viruses within the Alphaflexiviridae and Tymoviridae, and the CP appears to be ancestral to CPs of allexiviruses (Alphaflexiviridae). The MP shares an evolutionary history with MPs of dianthoviruses, but the other putative proteins are distant from plant viruses. DOSV is not readily classified in current lower order virus taxa.     

Orchid Fleck Virus Infecting Orchids in Paraguay: First Report and Use of Degenerate Primers for its Detection

The presence of Orchid fleck virus (OFV) in Paraguay was confirmed in orchid plants collected during a survey carried out in 2013. Leaves displayed ringspot and fleck symptoms, and in infected tissues, non‐enveloped, short, rodlike viral particles were observed. Partial OFV N and L genes were amplified using specific and degenerate primers, respectively; the nucleotide sequences demonstrated high identities (98%) with other OFV isolates. Degenerate primers for the L gene were designed considering conserved regions within all of the available OFV sequences and those from the closely related isolates citrus leprosis virus nuclear type (CiLV‐N) and citrus necrotic spot virus. Degenerate primers were also successfully used for the detection of CiLV‐N from infected citrus samples.     

Detection by ELISA of Two Tobamoviruses in Orchids Using Monoclonal Antibodies

Five monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) were raised to the tobamovirus, odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV). All five McAbs reacted with the virus in double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA but not in an ELISA using virus-coated plates. All the McAbs recognized a panel of ORSV strains and isolates, although one of the antibodies reacted better with some isolates and another reacted less with certain isolates than with type ORSV. It was possible to use the same McAbs both as coating and as biotinylated antibody in DAS-ELISA. None of the five McAbs was able to bind to orchid strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). In order to detect strains of both viruses, ORSV and TMV, in infected orchids it was necessary to include also McAbs raised against TMV in the immunoassays. The use of a mixed polyclonal-monoclonal antibody DAS-ELISA system is advocated for detecting both tobamoviruses in orchids.     

Characterization and taxonomic placement of Rhizoctonia-like endophytes from orchid roots

Twenty-one Rhizoctonia-like fungal strains were isolated from the roots of four terrestrial orchid species from various locations in Hong Kong. The cultural morphology, nuclear number of the hyphal cell, pore ultrastructure, and RAPD and CAPS analyses of rDNA fragments revealed that most of these isolates were associated with the genera Ceratorhiza and Epulorhiza. RAPD analysis showed the presence of genetic diversity between the isolates from different hosts and locations. The compatibility between a selection of these Ceratorhiza and Epulorhiza isolates and 14 orchid species was determined using a symbiotic germination method. The germination and development of three orchid species, Arundina chinensis, Spathoglottis pubescens, and Spiranthes hongkongensis, were strongly stimulated by the Epulorhiza isolates. Habenaria dentata was found to form symbionts successfully with a Ceratorhiza isolate.     

Sequence Analysis and Detection Using Immunocapture-PCR of Cymbidium Mosaic Virus and Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus in Hawaiian Orchids

A Hawaiian isolate of Cymbidium mosaic virus (CyMV-H) was purified from Dendrobium orchid, and a cDNA library was constructed. Clones containing the coat protein (CP) gene and movement protein (MP) gene were identified by colony hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Hawaiian isolate of Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSVH) was purified from Cattleya orchid. The CyMV CP gene was PCR amplified from a cDNA done. The ORSV CP and 54 kDa putative replicase genes and CyMV-MP gene were cloned by RT-PCR Sequences of these genes of CyMV-H and ORSV-H were compared with those of CyMV and ORSV from Singapore, Japan. Korea, and Germany. The high degree of sequence identity (91–99%) at the nucleotide level for all gene sequences analysed, shows that CyMV and ORSV from different countries are closely related. Sequence comparison results show that CyMV strains can be divided into two groups based on differences in amino acid sequences of the coat protein gene: CyMV-H closely resembles CyMV-SI while CyMV-S2 resembles CyMV-K, A sensitive, rapid, and reliable immunocapture PCR (ICPCR) assay was developed to detect both viruses, CyMV was detected from dilutions equivalent to 100 mg of orchid material and ORSV was detected from dilutions equivalent to 10 μg of orchid material. IC-PCR was compared with direct binding PCR (DB-PCR) and ELISA for their sensitivities.     

侵染广西烟草的中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒及其伴随的卫星DNA分子的基因组特征

从中国广西靖西的烟草病株上分离到病毒分离物G102和G103,用双生病毒特异性引物均扩增出约500bp的片段,两者序列同源性达99%。对G102基因组DNA-A全序列测定表明,其全长为2728个核苷酸,与中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCCNV)同源性最高,达96.5%。进一步研究发现,G102和G103都伴随有长为1342个核苷酸的卫星DNA分子(DNAβ),这两个DNAβ分子的全序列与TYLCCNV的DNAβ同源性最高,分别为92.9%和93.4%。这是首次明确广西分离的TYLCCNV也伴随有卫星分子。     

Strain variation, based on the hemagglutinin gene, in Norwegian ISA virus isolates collected from 1987 to 2001: indications of recombination.

Infectious salmon anemia (ISA) is caused by a virus that probably belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae and was first recorded in Norway in 1984. The disease has since spread along the Norwegian coast and has later been found in Canada, Scotland, the Faroe Islands, Chile, and the USA. This study presents sequence variation of the hemagglutinin gene from 37 ISA virus isolates, viz. one isolate from Scotland, one from Canada and 35 from Norway. The hemagglutinin gene contains a highly polymorphic region (HPR), which together with the rest of the gene sequence provides a good tool for studies of epizootics. The gene shows temporal and geographical sequence variation, where certain areas are dominated by distinct groups of isolates. Evidence of transmission of ISA virus isolates within and between regions is given. It is suggested that the hemagglutinin gene from different isolates may recombine. Possible recombination sites are found within the HPR and in the 5'-end flanking region close to the HPR.     

Comparison of the sequence of the gene encoding African swine fever virus attachment protein p12 from field virus isolates and viruses passaged in tissue culture.

Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the African swine fever virus attachment protein p12 from different field virus isolates, deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the gene, revealed a high degree of conservation. No mutations were found after adaptation to Vero cells, and a polypeptide with similar characteristics was present in an IBRS2-adapted virus. The sequence of the 5' flanking region was conserved among the isolates, whereas sequences downstream of the gene were highly variable in length and contained direct repeats in tandem that may account for the deletions found in different isolates. Protein p12 was synthesized in swine macrophages infected with all of the viruses tested.