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1.
Thomas W. Cronin Roy L. Caldwell Mark V. Erdmann 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2002,188(3):179-186
Visual pigments in many animal species, including stomatopod crustaceans, are adapted to the photic environments inhabited by that species. However, some species occupy a diversity of environments as adults (such as a range of depths in the ocean), and a single set of visual pigments would not be equally adaptive for all habitats in which individuals live. We characterized the visual pigment complements of three species of stomatopod crustaceans, Haptosquilla trispinosa, Gonodactylellus affinis, and Gonodactylopsis spongicola, which are unusual for this group in that each lives at depths from the subtidal to several tens of meters. Using microspectrophotometry, we determined the visual pigments in all classes of main rhabdoms in individuals of each species from shallow or deep habitats. Each species expressed the typical diversity of visual pigments commonly found in stomatopods, but there was little or no evidence of differential expression of visual pigments in animals of any species collected from different depths. Vision in these species, therefore, is not tuned to spectral characteristics of the photic environment by varying the assemblages of visual pigments appearing in their retinas. 相似文献
2.
Spectral tuning and the visual ecology of mantis shrimps 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Cronin TW Marshall NJ Caldwell RL 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2000,355(1401):1263-1267
The compound eyes of mantis shrimps (stomatopod crustaceans) include an unparalleled diversity of visual pigments and spectral receptor classes in retinas of each species. We compared the visual pigment and spectral receptor classes of 12 species of gonodactyloid stomatopods from a variety of photic environments, from intertidal to deep water (> 50 m), to learn how spectral tuning in the different photoreceptor types is modified within different photic environments. Results show that receptors of the peripheral photoreceptors, those outside the midband which are responsible for standard visual tasks such as spatial vision and motion detection, reveal the well-known pattern of decreasing lambdamax with increasing depth. Receptors of midband rows 5 and 6, which are specialized for polarization vision, are similar in all species, having visual lambdamax-values near 500nm, independent of depth. Finally, the spectral receptors of midband rows 1 to 4 are tuned for maximum coverage of the spectrum of irradiance available in the habitat of each species. The quality of the visual worlds experienced by each species we studied must vary considerably, but all appear to exploit the full capabilities offered by their complex visual systems. 相似文献
3.
Thomas W. Cronin Michael J. Bok N. Justin Marshall Roy L. Caldwell 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2014,369(1636)
Stomatopod crustaceans have the most complex and diverse assortment of retinal photoreceptors of any animals, with 16 functional classes. The receptor classes are subdivided into sets responsible for ultraviolet vision, spatial vision, colour vision and polarization vision. Many of these receptor classes are spectrally tuned by filtering pigments located in photoreceptors or overlying optical elements. At visible wavelengths, carotenoproteins or similar substances are packed into vesicles used either as serial, intrarhabdomal filters or lateral filters. A single retina may contain a diversity of these filtering pigments paired with specific photoreceptors, and the pigments used vary between and within species both taxonomically and ecologically. Ultraviolet-filtering pigments in the crystalline cones serve to tune ultraviolet vision in these animals as well, and some ultraviolet receptors themselves act as birefringent filters to enable circular polarization vision. Stomatopods have reached an evolutionary extreme in their use of filter mechanisms to tune photoreception to habitat and behaviour, allowing them to extend the spectral range of their vision both deeper into the ultraviolet and further into the red. 相似文献
4.
T. W. Cronin N. J. Marshall R. L. Caldwell 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1993,172(3):339-350
1. | We examined the retinas of 2 species of stomatopods in the superfamily Squilloidea, Cloridopsis dubia and Squilla empusa, and 2 species of the super-family Lysiosquilloidea, Coronis scolopendra and Lysiosquilla sulcata, using microspectrophotometry in the visible region of the spectrum. |
2. | Retinas of all species included numerous photostable pigments, such as green reflecting pigment, hemocyanin, colored oil droplets, and vesicles. Both lysiosquilloid species also had intrarhabdomal filters within specialized photoreceptors of the midband. |
3. | Squilloid species contained a single visual pigment throughout all photoreceptors, with peak absorption at medium wavelengths (near 515nm). Retinas of lysiosquilloids contained a diversity of visual pigments, with estimated max values ranging from 397 to 551 nm. |
4. | Spectral sensitivity functions were estimated for the lysiosquilloid species based on estimates of visual pigment nax, photoreceptor dimensions, and specific absorbances of the visual pigments and intrarhabdomal filters. Ommatidia of midband Rows 1 to 4 contained pairs of narrowly tuned spectral receptors, appropriate for spectral discrimination, while ommatidia of midband Rows 5 and 6, and all peripheral ommatidia, had broad spectral sensitivity functions. |
5. | Lysiosquilloid stomatopods have retinas that closely resemble those of gonodactyloids both structurally and in their visual pigment diversity. In contrast, squilloids have retinas that are much simpler. These differences appear to be related to the habitats and activity cycles of species belonging to the 3 major superfamilies of stomatopod crustaceans. |
5.
S. L. Kondrashev 《Russian Journal of Marine Biology》2010,36(6):443-451
The spectral sensitivity of the retinal photoreceptors in 31 fish species belonging to five families from the Sea of Japan
was studied by microspectrophotometry. All species inhabit the subtidal zone, often occurring at shallow depths. The photoreceptors
of more than half the species had porphyropsin, which makes the retina more sensitive to long-wave light. Some species displayed
a remarkable shift of spectral sensitivity to the long-wave end, which is correlated with life in shallow waters and with
the presence of optically dense orange corneal filters. The results further support the notion that the presence of porphyropsin
in the retina is necessary for not only freshwater fishes. 相似文献
6.
T. W. Cronin N. J. Marshall R. L. Caldwell 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1994,174(5):607-619
1. | We examined microspectrophotometrically the retinas of 3 species of stomatopods in the superfamily Gonodactyloidea, all of which live in environments that are reduced both in the intensity and spectral range of natural illumination. Species examined were Odontodactylus brevirostris, O. scyllarus, and Hemisquilla ensigera. |
2. | All 3 species had the typical gonodactyloid diversity of visual pigments, with 8 different photopigments residing in the 4 tiered rows of the midband and 2 additional types in the untiered classes of photoreceptors in the midband and peripheral retina. The spectral range covered by the max values of the visual pigments of each species was similar to that of other gonodactyloid and lysiosquilloid species. |
3. | Apparent retinal adaptations in species of Odontodactylus for vision in dimly lit, spectrally narrow photic environments were seen primarily as specializations of the intrarhabdomal filters. These were of reduced diversity, and had reduced absorption at long wavelengths compared to the filters of other gonodactyloid stomatopods. Retinas of H. ensigera lacked both proximal classes of intrarhabdomal filter, and had the smallest total range of visual pigment max yet observed in mantis shrimps. These modifications decrease the spectral range and number of types of narrow-band spectral classes of phooreceptors, while increasing their sensitivity. |
7.
Colour vision depends on comparison of signals from photoreceptors with different spectral sensitivities. However, response properties of photoreceptor cells may differ in ways other than spectral tuning. In insects, for example, broadband photoreceptors, with a major sensitivity peak in the green region of the spectrum (>500 nm), drive fast visual processes, which are largely blind to chromatic signals from more narrowly-tuned photoreceptors with peak sensitivities in the blue and UV regions of the spectrum. In addition, electrophysiological properties of the photoreceptor membrane may result in differences in response dynamics of photoreceptors of similar spectral class between species, and different spectral classes within a species. We used intracellular electrophysiological techniques to investigate response dynamics of the three spectral classes of photoreceptor underlying trichromatic colour vision in the bumblebee, Bombus impatiens, and we compare these with previously published data from a related species, Bombus terrestris. In both species, we found significantly faster responses in green, compared with blue- or UV-sensitive photoreceptors, although all 3 photoreceptor types are slower in B. impatiens than in B. terrestris. Integration times for light-adapted B. impatiens photoreceptors (estimated from impulse response half-width) were 11.3 ± 1.6 ms for green photoreceptors compared with 18.6 ± 4.4 ms and 15.6 ± 4.4 for blue and UV, respectively. We also measured photoreceptor input resistance in dark- and light-adapted conditions. All photoreceptors showed a decrease in input resistance during light adaptation, but this decrease was considerably larger (declining to about 22% of the dark value) in green photoreceptors, compared to blue and UV (41% and 49%, respectively). Our results suggest that the conductances associated with light adaptation are largest in green photoreceptors, contributing to their greater temporal processing speed. We suggest that the faster temporal processing of green photoreceptors is related to their role in driving fast achromatic visual processes. 相似文献
8.
T. W. Cronin N. J. Marshall R. L. Caldwell 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1996,179(3):371-384
1. | Interspecific diversity in the visual pigments of stomatopod crustaceans was characterized using microspectrophotometry. We examined the 10 visual pigments in main rhabdoms in retinas of 3 species of each of two genera of stomatopod crustaceans of the superfamily Gonodactyloidea, Gonodactylus (G. oerstedii, G. aloha, and G. curacaoensis) and Odontodactylus (O. scyllarus, O. brevirostris, and O. havanensis). Species were selected to provide a matched diversity of habitats. |
2. | In each genus, visual pigments varied in max in several regions of the retina, as revealed by analysis of variance. The variation within closely related species of the same genus implies that visual pigments can evolve rapidly in stomatopods. |
3. | In photoreceptors of the peripheral retina, which are devoted to spatial vision, visual pigment max decreased as the depth range of the various species increased, a typical pattern for marine animals. In contrast, visual pigment max in photoreceptors of retinal regions devoted to polarization vision (midband Rows 5 and 6) is not obviously correlated with the spectral environment, implying that polarization information may be confined to particular spectral ranges. Visual pigments of the tiered rows of the midband, which are committed to spectral analysis, span a larger spectral range in shallow-water than deepwater species. |
9.
Scott Michael Taylor Ellis R. Loew Michael S. Grace 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2011,92(4):513-523
The nature and distributions of photoreceptor cell types were investigated in the retinas of 12 species (5 families) of elopomorph
anguilliform leptocephalus larvae. Anti-opsin immunofluorescence, light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
were used to assess opsin distribution across the retinas and to associate photoreceptor morphology and opsin content. Retinas
of all species were immunoreactive with anti-rhodopsin throughout, while anti-cone opsin immunoreactivity was restricted only
to the ventral region of the retina in all specimens. Rod and cone photoreceptors were morphologically indistinguishable at
low magnifications; TEM revealed that nearly all photoreceptors had rod-like ultrastructure, with only rare examples of cone-like
cells identified in the ventral retina. These results indicate a rhodopsin/rod-dominated retina in leptocephalus larvae of
anguilliform eels in the teleost subdivision Elopomorpha, contrasting with the cone-dominated retinas of nearly all other
species of teleost larvae. This distinctive developmental pattern shared among elopomorph larvae has important evolutionary
and ecological implications, indicating a shared ancestor and/or ecological characteristics that are very different from most
other teleost larvae. 相似文献
10.
Thomas W. Cronin N. Justin Marshall Roy L. Caldwell Dmitriy Pales 《Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology》2013,45(2-4):219-231
Larvae of decapod and stomatopod crustaceans possess paired compound eyes not unlike those of adult crustaceans. However, the visual demands of larval and adult life differ considerably. Furthermore, the eyes of adult stomatopods appear to be far more specialized than those of the larvae. We examined eyes of several stomatopod species just before and after larval metamorphosis. At this time, the entire larval retina is joined by a new, adult‐type retinal array which gradually replaces the remnants of the larval retina. The new retina of the postlarva is anatomically similar to that of the full‐grown adult, and has virtually identical assemblages of intrarhabdomal filters. We determined the photopigments of Gonodactylus aloha, the only species for which we were able to obtain both larval and adult specimens, using microspectrophotometry. The single middle‐wavelength larval rhodopsin (λmax= 499 nm) disappears at metamorphosis; none of the 10 classes of adult rhodopsins has λmax between 473 and 510 nm. This metamorphic change of visual pigment does not occur in a comparison species of decapod crustacean, the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Here, rhodopsins both of the megalops larva and the adult had λmax at 503–504 nm. The difference between these two species can be explained by the varying ecological requirements of their larvae and adults, and more study of visual pigments in retinas of larval and adult crustaceans is warranted. 相似文献
11.
Neville W. Pankhurst 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1987,19(4):269-280
Synopsis Retinae from mesopelagic teleosts with adult ranges in the shallow, mid and deep mesopelagic zones, respectively, were examined by light microscopy. Retinal characteristics were described, and photoreceptor densities, outer segment dimensions, and convergence ratios measured from transverse sections. Juveniles of all species had lower photoreceptor densities, outer segment lengths and convergence ratios than adults. In species with multiple banks of photoreceptors, additional banks were added as the retina increased in size. A positive correlation was found between the degree of retinal specialisation for vision in dim light, and the depth of occurrence. The retina of each specimen was given a rank based on log unit changes in photoreceptor density and convergence ratio, the length of photoreceptor outer segments and the presence or absence of multiple banks of photoreceptors. Higher ranks (indicating greater retinal specialisation) were found among species occurring at greater depths. Among species showing a change in depth preference with growth, there was a corresponding increase in retinal rank. It is suggested that the proposed system of ranks has application in predicting the depth of occurrence of a species with a given pattern of retinal morphology. 相似文献
12.
Visual pigments, oil droplets and photoreceptor types in the retinas of four species of true chameleons have been examined
by microspectrophotometry. The species occupy different photic environments: two species of Chamaeleo are from Madagascar and two species of Furcifer are from Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In addition to double cones, four spectrally distinct classes of single cone were
identified. No rod photoreceptors were observed. The visual pigments appear to be mixtures of rhodopsins and porphyropsins.
Double cones contained a pale oil droplet in the principle member and both outer segments contained a long-wave-sensitive
visual pigment with a spectral maximum between about 555 nm and 610 nm, depending on the rhodopsin/porphyropsin mixture. Long-wave-sensitive
single cones contained a visual pigment spectrally identical to the double cones, but combined with a yellow oil droplet.
The other three classes of single cone contained visual pigments with maxima at about 480–505, 440–450 and 375–385 nm, combined
with yellow, clear and transparent oil droplets respectively. The latter two classes were sparsely distributed. The transmission
of the lens and cornea of C. dilepis was measured and found to be transparent throughout the visible and near ultraviolet, with a cut off at about 350 nm. 相似文献
13.
The distribution of various age classes of salmon and trout was assessed in upland streams by electrofishing. Water depths and site gradients were measured and correlated to fish densities. The fry of both species were significantly more abundant in shallow water; up to 75·3% of salmon fry and 72·2% of trout fry were captured in sites of mean depth < 20 cm. Older trout were found mainly in the deeper areas, with a maximum of 7·4% captured in sites < 20 cm mean depth. Yearling fish were found in all the depth-ranges sampled, but with a tendency for higher numbers in mid-range depths. There were similar correlations in the abundance of each age class with the actual areas of shallow, mid-range and deep water habitat available within sites. Correlations of fish density with gradient indicated that trout were limited in their distribution to areas of lower flow, whereas salmon were not. Since depth and gradient were significantly negatively correlated, there was an apparent preference of trout for slightly deeper habitats than the equivalent year classes of salmon. The observed habitat segregation is discussed in terms of competition and selection. 相似文献
14.
The visual behavior of adult Melanoplus sanguinipesF. (Orthoptera: Acrididae) was investigated by placing individuals in the center of an arena and recording their orientation responses to visual targets at the perimeter of the arena. Targets that reflected more 540- to 570-nm light were approached more frequently; however, when reflectance in the 540 -to 570-nm region was combined with reflectance in the 400- to 520-nm region, orientation responses were reduced significantly. This suggests that spectral discrimination in M. sanguinipesinvolves at least two classes of photoreceptors, which respond to different regions of the wavelength spectrum. In addition, grasshoppers oriented to vertical, but not horizontal, contrasting stripes. However, when vertical stripes were added to targets reflecting 520- to 650-nm light, responses to verticals on these targets were not enhanced relative to verticals presented against a target background of 400- to 520-nm + 520- to 650-nm light. Thus, spectral discrimination and vertical stripe fixation appear to be two distinct visual behaviors, controlled by outputs from two classes of photoreceptors and a single class of photoreceptors, respectively, and may be used in different physiological or ecological contexts. 相似文献
15.
Marina V. Bobkova József Gál Valery V. Zhukov Irina P. Shepeleva V. Benno Meyer-Rochow 《Invertebrate Biology》2004,123(2):101-115
Abstract. The eyes of aquatic pulmonates differ from those of terrestrial pulmonates; the latter, in species such as Cepaea nemoralis and Trichia hispida , possess conventional, cup-shaped retinas, but the aquatic species Lymnaea stagnalis, Radix peregra, Physa fontinalis , and Planorbarius corneus have retinas that are partitioned into dorsal and ventral depressions ("pits"). The pits are separated by an internal ridge, called the "crest", and on account of their pigmentation can be seen in vivo . The dominant cellular components of the retinae of terrestrial as well as aquatic snails are pigmented cells and microvillar photoreceptors, the latter occurring in two morphologically distinct types (I and II). Aquatic snails with preferences for shallow water possess eyes with both type I and type II photoreceptive cells, but Pl. corneus , an inhabitant of deeper water, only has type-I receptors, supporting an earlier finding that type I cells represent dim- and type II cells bright-light receptors. On the basis of histological and optical comparisons, we conclude that the eyes of L. stagnalis and R. peregra , species that are known to escape and seek temporary refuge above the water surface, are well adapted to function in water as well as air, but that the eyes of P. fontinalis and Pl. corneus are less modified from those of their terrestrial ancestors. 相似文献
16.
Sonja Kleinlogel N. Justin Marshall 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2009,195(12):1153-1162
The ommatidia of crustacean eyes typically contain two classes of photoreceptors with orthogonally oriented microvilli. These
receptors provide the basis for two-channel polarisation vision in the blue–green spectrum. The retinae of gonodactyloid stomatopod
crustaceans possess a great variety of structural specialisations for elaborate polarisation vision. One type of specialisation
is found in the small, distally placed R8 cells within the two most ventral rows of the mid-band. These ultraviolet-sensitive
photoreceptors produce parallel microvilli, a feature suggestive for polarisation-sensitive photoreceptors. Here, we show
by means of intracellular recordings combined with dye-injections that in the gonodactyloid species Odontodactylus scyllarus, the R8 cells of mid-band rows 5 and 6 are sensitive to linear polarised ultraviolet light. We show that mid-band row 5 R8
cells respond maximally to light with an e-vector oriented parallel to the mid-band, whereas mid-band row 6 R8 cells respond maximally to light with an e-vector oriented
perpendicular to the mid-band. This orthogonal arrangement of ultraviolet-sensitive receptor cells could support ultraviolet
polarisation vision. R8 cells of rows 5 and 6 are known to act as quarter-wave retarders around 500 nm and thus are the first
photoreceptor type described with a potential dual role in polarisation vision. 相似文献
17.
Antti Vähäkainu Mikko Vähäsöyrinki Matti Weckström 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2013,199(7):629-639
Filtering properties of the membrane form an integral part of the mechanisms producing the light-induced electrical signal in insect photoreceptors. Insect photoreceptors vary in response speed between different species, but recently it has also been shown that different spectral photoreceptor classes within a species possess diverse response characteristics. However, it has not been quantified what roles phototransduction and membrane properties play in such diversity. Here, we use electrophysiological methods in combination with system analysis to study whether the membrane properties could create the variation of the response speed found in the bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) photoreceptors. We recorded intracellular responses from each photoreceptor class to white noise-modulated current stimuli and defined their input resistance and linear filtering properties. We found that green sensitive cells exhibit smaller input resistance and membrane impedance than other cell classes. Since green sensitive cells are the fastest photoreceptor class in the bumblebee retina, our results suggest that the membrane filtering properties are correlated with the speed of light responses across the spectral classes. In general, our results provide a compelling example of filtering at the sensory cell level where the biophysical properties of the membrane are matched to the performance requirements set by visual ecology. 相似文献
18.
Psychophysical methods developed for the investigation of spatial and temporal pathways in human vision have been applied in combination with the two-colour increment threshold technique of W. S. Stiles to study the way in which signals from blue-sensitive cones are transmitted along the visual pathways. A flicker sensitive spatio-temporal filter, designated 'ST2', has been examined by background modulation methods, and spatial filters sensitive to bars of a specific width by grating adaptation methods employing dichoptic presentation of stimuli. It is shown that the blue-sensitive (pi 3) spectral mechanism contributes to both classes of filter response, in a manner similar to that observed for the red-sensitive spectral mechanism. The binocularly driven, bar-sensitive filters have broad-band spectral response characteristics, thus the data demonstrate that signals arising in blue-sensitive cones converge onto a luminance channel. The results of this investigation, together with those previously published for a second (ST1) spatio-temporal filter, describe a variety of post-receptoral responses involving the pi 3 spectral mechanism. 相似文献
19.
Raju V. S. Rajala†‡ Ammaji Rajala‡ Richard S. Brush‡ Nora P. Rotstein§ Luis E. Politi§ 《Journal of neurochemistry》2009,110(5):1648-1660
The insulin receptor (IR) and IR signaling proteins are widely distributed throughout the CNS. IR signaling provides a trophic signal for transformed retinal neurons in culture and we recently reported that deletion of IR in rod photoreceptors by Cre/ lox system resulted in stress-induced photoreceptor degeneration. These studies suggest a neuroprotective role of IR in rod photoreceptor cell function. However, there are no studies available on the role of insulin-induced IR signaling in the development of normal photoreceptors. To examine the role of insulin-induced IR signaling, we analyzed cultured neuronal cells isolated from newborn rodent retinas. In insulin-lacking cultures, photoreceptors from wild-type rat retinas exhibited an abnormal morphology with a wide axon cone and disorganization of the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton. Photoreceptors from IR knockout mouse retinas also exhibited a similar abnormal morphology. A novel finding in this study was that addition of docosahexaenoic acid, a photoreceptor trophic factor, restored normal axonal outgrowth in insulin-lacking cultures. These data suggest that IR signaling pathways regulate actin and tubulin cytoskeletal organization in photoreceptors; they also imply that insulin and docosahexaenoic acid activate at least partially overlapping signaling pathways that are essential for the development of normal photoreceptors. 相似文献
20.
The effect of filtration method on the efficiency of environmental DNA capture and quantification via metabarcoding
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Jianlong Li Lori‐Jayne Lawson Handley Daniel S. Read Bernd Hänfling 《Molecular ecology resources》2018,18(5):1102-1114
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a promising tool for rapid and noninvasive biodiversity monitoring. eDNA density is low in environmental samples, and a capture method, such as filtration, is often required to concentrate eDNA for downstream analyses. In this study, six treatments, with differing filter types and pore sizes for eDNA capture, were compared for their efficiency and accuracy to assess fish community structure with known fish abundance and biomass via eDNA metabarcoding. Our results showed that different filters (with the exception of 20‐μm large‐pore filters) were broadly consistent in their DNA capture ability. The 0.45‐μm filters performed the best in terms of total DNA yield, probability of species detection, repeatability within pond and consistency between ponds. However performance of 0.45‐μm filters was only marginally better than for 0.8‐μm filters, while filtration time was significantly longer. Given this trade‐off, the 0.8‐μm filter is the optimal pore size of membrane filter for turbid, eutrophic and high fish density ponds analysed here. The 0.45‐μm Sterivex enclosed filters performed reasonably well and are suitable in situations where on‐site filtration is required. Finally, prefilters are applied only if absolutely essential for reducing the filtration time or increasing the throughput volume of the capture filters. In summary, we found encouraging similarity in the results obtained from different filtration methods, but the optimal pore size of filter or filter type might strongly depend on the water type under study. 相似文献