高等植物叶片中的硝酸还原酶活性稳定因子

从小麦、油菜、浮萍、番茄、烟草的叶片中分离得到NR-SF。不同植物材料中NR及NR-SF能起交叉反应;不同NR-SF影响NR酶动力学性质相同;不同NR-SF的凝胶电泳谱带显示蛋白和糖蛋白性质。NR-SF广泛存在于植物细胞中。     

EFFECT OF AQUEOUS FLUORIDE SOLUTIONS ON RESPIRATION OF INTACT BUSH BEAN SEEDLINGS

Applegate , Howard G., Donald F. Adams , and Roy C. Carriker . (Washington State U., Pullman.) Effect of aqueous fluoride solutions on respiration of intact bush bean seedlings. I. Inhibition and stimulation of oxygen uptake. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(5): 339—345. Illus. 1960.–Intact bush bean seedlings were infiltrated with 1 × 10^–1, 1 × 10^–2, 1 × 10^–3, and 1 × 10^–4 M fluoride. A linear relationship was found to exist between the fluoride concentrations of the infiltrating solutions and tissue fluoride. The higher fluoride concentrations inhibited oxygen uptake, whereas lower fluoride concentrations accelerated oxygen uptake. Both the inhibition and acceleration of oxygen uptake by fluoride were modified by light, CO₂, and presence or absence of chlorophyll.     

THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHATES ON RESPIRATION

Phosphate accelerates both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The acceleration almost disappears when the plant dies (in phosphate solution) but subsequently becomes greater than in life.     

THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON HIGHER PLANTS

(1) This review concentrates on the effect of sodium chloride on the growth of higher plants, being primarily concerned with relatively high concentrations i.e. 50 mmol 1^-1 and above, though something is also said about those instances when sodium acts as a micronutrient. Emphasis is placed on particular species or genera for which enough information is available to discuss possible mechanisms. (2) Trace amounts of sodium are required for the growth of plants using the C₄ pathway of carbon fixation and may also be important in plants with Crassulacean acid metabolism. (3) The increased growth of Beta vulgaris brought about by sodium chloride can in part be explained by a sparing effect on potassium. However, growth is still increased when sufficient potassium is available. Complementary studies with rubidium indicate that the hormone balance in the plant may be changed. Sodium chloride also increases the level of sucrose in storage roots and allows beet plants to withstand water stress more readily, possibly by increased turgor pressure. (4) Sodium chloride increases production of dry matter in C₄ species of Atriplex under conditions of low relative humidity because water loss is reduced and photo-synthesis hardly affected. (5) Succulence in many plants is stimulated by salinity. The essential basis of the phenomenon is an increased water potential gradient between the leaf and the external medium. In some instances, it is the accumulation of chloride which is important; in others it is the accumulation of cations, when potassium can be as effective as sodium. (6) Salinity reduces the final area achieved by growing leaves. Most of the studies have been made on Phaseolus vulgaris and an important early event is the reduction in the rate of expansion of the epidermal cells and this may be accompanied by a decrease in their number. Reduction of epidermal cell size is a result of water stress; sodium chloride may directly affect cell division, though water stress cannot be ruled out. Whether salinity brings about inhibition of cell division depends upon the calcium content of the medium – a high content is accompanied solely by a reduction in epidermal cell size. (7) Hormones, as yet unspecified, may play an important part in response of a growing leaf to salinity. However, there is no evidence that sodium chloride per se has an effect on hormone balance within the plant. So far, any measured changes in levels of specific hormones can be ascribed to the osmotic effects of the saline medium. (8) Two estimates by flux analysis of cytoplasmic concentration of sodium in plants growing in conditions of high salinity give a value of around 150 mmol 1^-1. There is no similar information for chloride. Other techniques (histochemistry and X-ray micro-probe analysis) give questionable information. (9) There is now extensive information to show that enzymes of halophytes (other than ATPases) do not differ significantly from those of other higher plants with respect to their sensitivity in vitro to sodium chloride. There is a need for further work with respect to the activity of enzymes in the presence of those metabolites which have the highest cytoplasmic concentration. (10) Sodium-stimulated ATPases have been isolated from plant cells but their distribution amongst higher plants is restricted. (11) There are a number of reports of changed metabolism brought about by saline treatments but it is not clear how far the effects of sodium chloride and water stress are confounded. (12) Sodium appears to increase the sucrose levels in sugar beet by an inhibitory effect on product starch-granule-bound ADP-glucose starch synthase. (13) Reversal of a sodium pump located at the plasmalemma might have an effect on cell turgor. (14) Sodium (like other monovalent cations) causes loss of materials from plant cells, possibly through an effect on carrier proteins; calcium prevents this from happening. Calcium also allows plants to grow better in saline conditions by a depression of sodium uptake by and transport within the plant. The properties and composition of the membranes of mesophytes and halophytes need to be compared. (15) A saline medium exerts a major effect on plant growth through water stress to which a halophyte must adapt. As well as this, the cytoplasmic concentration of sodium chloride must be kept lower than the total cellular concentration of the salt. Unless this happens, it is likely that enzymic activity will be reduced due, in some instances, to an unspecific effect of a high concentration of monovalent cations and/or chloride and in other instances to competition between sodium and other cations, specifically potassium, for activation sites on enzymes, e.g. pyruvate kinase. (16) Further work is required to separate the osmotic effects from the specific effect of sodium chloride after it has entered the plant. As well as this, it has become clear that more information is needed about the mineral nutrition of halophytes.     

THE EFFECT OF SWELLING ON THE RESPIRATION OF ERYTHROCYTES

1. Oxygen consumption measurements made while a chicken erythrocyte swells show no increase over the control value. 2. There is no change in the rate of anaerobic glycolysis in beef erythrocytes when they swell. 3. The above statements are true whether the cells swell from a shrunken condition back to the normal volume, or swell from the normal to the hemolytic volume. 4. These data add a further test of the hypothesis that a relationship exists between the cell membrane and its respiratory activity.     

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION : IV. THE EFFECT OF ETHER ON THE RESPIRATION OF WHEAT.

These experiments show that 7.3 and 3.65 per cent ether solutions cause an increase in respiration followed by a decrease. The results agree with those of Haas on Laminaria, of Gustafson on higher fungi, and of Mrs. Brooks on bacteria. They do not agree with the theory of Verworn that anesthesia is a kind of asphyxia and that it decreases respiration.