固定化细胞在有机相中的催化反应

１引言近年来固定化细胞（主要是微生物细胞）在有机相中的催化反应已有不少报导,与固定化酶在有机介质催化反应相比,具有一定的优点［１,２］：（１）减少了酶的分离、纯化过程。（２）微生物细胞含有一系列量少且在纯或半纯状态下不稳定的酶,许多生物转化过程可在酶...     

有机相中超声辐照对脂肪酶活性的影响

酶在有机相中的催化作用是８０年代以来酶工程学研究的热点之一．虽然酶在有机相中的催化反应有许多优点［１］,但在工业生产上的应用却很有限,这主要是有机相中的酶促反应速度太慢,反应周期太长之故．１９９１年Ｖｕｌｆｓｏｎ等报道了超声辐照对有机相中枯草蛋白酶催...     

微生物脂肪酶的固定化及其在非水相催化中的应用研究

论述了应用于非水相酶催化反应的脂肪酶的固定化方法,载体与溶剂对固定化脂肪酶活力的影响,以及非水相中固定化脂肪酶催化反应的形式。     

器壁固定化脂肪酶Pseudomonas cepacia lipase的非水活性与稳定性

许多脂肪酶在有机体系中表现出催化作用,可用于绿色有机合成. 但其催化活性和稳定性明显低于水/油（有机相）界面上的表现. 为了提高脂肪酶在有机反应体系中的活性和稳定性,依据脂肪酶的界面活化机制,以水为酶蛋白构象优化剂、羧甲基纤维素为赋形剂,通过物理吸附的方式,将典型的假单胞菌脂肪酶（Pseudomonas cepacia lipase）固定在锥形瓶的内壁上,形成简易的生物反应器. 为方便检测器壁固定化酶促反应动力学,选择特征吸收为640 nm的生化指示剂2,6-二氯靛酚为反应底物,乙酸乙烯酯为酰化试剂,丙酮为溶剂. 光谱检测表明,催化反应0.5 h后,器壁固定化脂肪酶转化底物的能力是脂肪酶粉的6倍. 在每次催化5 h共10次的循环催化中,器壁固定化脂肪酶的催化活性平均每次仅降低3.2%,而酶粉降低11.8%. 结果表明,该器壁固定化脂肪酶的活性和稳定性相对于酶粉明显提高,这将为通过固定化有效提高脂肪酶的非水催化作用提供重要的参考.     

化学修饰的和固定化的脂肪酶在有机溶剂中的催化作用研究

本文对聚乙二醇修饰脂肪酶、多孔玻璃载体吸附酶、多孔玻璃载体丙酮沉积酶、硅藻土吸附酶、氧化铝吸附酶和琼脂珠疏水载体吸附酶在有机相中酯合成和酯交换反应的催化作用进行了研究。实验表明,不同形式的酶需要不同的最适加水量。而且,在各自最适条件下,对各种形式酶进行了比较,得出硅藻土和琼脂珠疏水载体是很好的固定化载体,疏水性琼脂珠固定化酶在有机相中的活力比酶粉高46.5％。     

有机相中吸附态固定化脂肪酶催化月桂酸与2—辛醇酯化反应的催化性能研究

本文研究了有机相中吸附在载体6201,102,分子筛、硅藻土、玻璃微珠等上的脂肪酶催化月桂酸与2—辛醇酯化反应的催化活力,关联出载体吸附水量与其固定化脂肪酶活力的关系。并考察了系统含水量、缓冲溶液的pH值、离子强度、反应温度、底物浓度、溶剂等因素对固定化脂肪酶催化活力的影响。在有机相中各最适条件下,载体的吸附性越强,其吸附的脂肪酶催化酯化反应的活力也越高。     

脱脂棉固定化脂肪酶的非水活性与稳定性

脂肪酶具有非水催化作用,但其非水催化活性和稳定性需进一步提高,这是非水酶学的瓶颈问题之一。理想的策略是模拟脂肪酶的界面活化机制,以大分子代替水,优化、稳定化和有效分散酶蛋白,阻止其在有机相中变性。因此,选用多羟基、比表面积大、惰性、且与酶蛋白能兼容的大分子--脱脂棉纤维,作为固定化载体,以1∶0.9的质量比,通过物理吸附,将假单胞菌脂肪酶(Pseudomonas cepacia lipase)固定在脱脂棉纤维上。在催化己醇与乙酸乙烯酯的转酯反应中,反应1 h,脱脂棉固定化脂肪酶转化底物的能力是酶粉的3.7倍。在每次6 h共6次的循环催化中,固定化酶和酶粉转化底物的能力分别平均每次降低约0.3%和2.4%。表明脱脂棉固定化脂肪酶的非水活性,尤其是稳定性明显提高。这为通过固定化有效提高脂肪酶的非水催化作用,以满足工业应用的需要,提供了一种有效的途径和重要参考。     

提高有机催化脂肪酶活性和稳定性的途径研究

随着非水酶学的发展,脂肪酶在有机催化反应中得到广泛应用,探寻提高有机催化脂肪酶的催化活性和操作稳定性的途径也随之成为研究热点.综述了近年来这一研究方向的成果及最新进展,着重阐述表面活性剂包衣、固定化以及二者结合的手段对脂肪酶在有机介质中的催化活性及操作稳定性的影响.     

大孔树脂固定化脂肪酶及在微水相中催化合成生物柴油的研究

以不同大孔树脂吸附法固定化假丝酵母99_125脂肪酶,在微水有机相中的应用表明非极性树脂NKA是最佳的固定化载体。分别以正庚烷及磷酸盐缓冲液作为固定化介质,发现在正庚烷介质中树脂NKA的固定化效率能够达到98.98%,与采用磷酸盐缓冲液作为介质相比,固定化酶的水解活力和表观酶活回收率分别提高了4.07和3.43倍。考察了在微水相中固定化酶催化合成生物柴油的催化性能,结果表明,在给酶量为1.92∶1(初始酶粉与树脂的质量比),pH值为7.4,体系水含量为15%(水与油的质量比),反应温度为40℃条件下,固定化酶具有最佳的催化能力;以正庚烷为介质固定化脂肪酶催化合成生物柴油,采用三次流加甲醇的方式,单批转化率最高达到97.3%,连续反应19批以后转化率仍保持为70.2%。     

固定化脂肪酶催化制备L-薄荷醇

用大孔树脂NKA固定高选择性的脂肪酶,催化有机相中转酯化反应,从而拆分八异构体消旋薄荷醇来制备L-薄荷醇。研究pH、载体与酶比例对固定化酶制备的影响及固定化酶的反应稳定性;考察温度、转酯化过程醇酯比例、及底物醇异构组成变化对拆分效果的影响。结果表明:固定化酶的最适pH为8,载体与酶的比例为5∶1时,所得固定化酶的反应稳定性比游离酶的反应稳定性提高了约50%;转酯化反应的最优温度为40℃,醇酯比例为1.5∶1时最佳,改进八异构体消旋薄荷醇组分比例后,非对映体选择率dep达到了95.1%。     

Management of time by the cell and by the organism

Time-dependent regulations of cells and organisms can be analysed at different levels. One of these levels is the periodicity of cell functions such as cell division, metabolic processes (generation of ATP by glycolysis or oxidative mitochondrial processes) and the biosynthesis of cell constituents. Studies carried out on unicellular eukaryotes revealed the periodic, oscillatory nature of most of these processes. Time constants of these reactions vary from nanoseconds to hours-days, necessitating coupling mechanisms. Comparative studies revealed the coupling of the rapid processes (mitochondrial ATP generation) to the slower rhythms of the biosynthetic processes of macromolecules. Adenine nucleotides are involved in the coupling mechanisms between rapid and slow processes ("the slow dance of life to the music of time"). The mechanisms underlying these rhythmic processes involve either key allosteric regulatory enzymes (PFK for glycolysis) or "desensitization" of receptors by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. At the organismic level the study of rhythmic processes is illustrated by the periodicity of heart beats, shown to exhibit multifractality, following apparently the formalism of deterministic chaos. Another example is the rhythmic oscillatory discharges of neuronal networks. The existence of subrhythmes mostly of epigenetic nature, facilitated probably the progressive adjustment of cells during evolution to the slow increase of day time since the separation of the moon from the earth. We analysed the mechanisms underlying the decline of these processes during aging. Loss of receptors or/and their uncoupling from their transmission pathway appear to be involved in most of these processes of decline. One conclusion of this review is the importance of epigenetic mechanisms both in the genesis and in the decline of these rythmic processes involved in time keeping by the cell.     

Amelioration of the teratogenicity of cadmium by the metallothionein induced by bismuth nitrate

The participation of maternal hepatic metallothionein (MT) in the amelioration of cadmium teratogenicity in mice was examined. Pretreatment with bismuth nitrate (subcutaneously) ameliorated the teratogenicity, including exencephaly and abnormalities of the axial skeleton, caused by a single intraperitoneal injection of cadmium sulfate. Pretreatment with bismuth nitrate for 3 days induced MT drastically in maternal liver and kidney. Six and 24 hr after the injection of cadmium sulfate, the accumulation of maternal hepatic cadmium increased and that in the decidua, including embryos, decreased after pretreatment with bismuth nitrate. Mouse embryos on day 7 of gestation were cultured for 48 hr. Exposure to cadmium sulfate in vitro induced unfused brain fold, which corresponds to exencephaly in vivo. From the in vitro experiment, it was suggested that the teratogenicity of cadmium on day 7 of gestation is a direct action against the mouse embryo. In the present experiment it was suggested that pretreatment with bismuth nitrate induced maternal hepatic and renal MT; cadmium was therefore trapped and detoxicated, and consequently embryos were exposed to a lower concentration of cadmium.     

Inhibition by diphenols of the induction of micronuclei by gamma-radiation

A study was made of the influence of diphenols (for instance, resorcinol, hydroquinone, and pyrocatechin) on gamma-radiation induction of micronuclei (1.5 Gy). The position of the diphenol molecule hydroxyl group (the isomeric effect) was shown to influence their antimutagenic activity. This antimutagenic effect of the diphenols is associated with their ability to produce semiquinone and quinone forms which are peculiar for the process of oxidation of pyrocatechin (ortho-) and hydroquinone (para-) as opposed to resorcinol (meta-position of the hydroxyl group).     

Structure of the oligomers obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucomannan produced by the plant Amorphophallus konjac

Dimers and trimers obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucomannan produced by the plant Amorphophallus konjac were analysed in order to obtain information on the saccharidic sequences present in the polymer. The polysaccharide was digested with cellulase and beta-mannanase and the oligomers produced were isolated by means of size-exclusion chromatography. They were structurally characterised using electrospray mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, and NMR. The investigation revealed that many possible sequences were present in the polymer backbone suggesting a Bernoulli-type chain.     

To live or die by the sword: the regulation of apoptosis by the proteasome

The proteasome has been implicated in the control of apoptosis by modulating the levels of both pro- and antiapoptotic molecules. A recent study published in the April 9th issue of Molecular Cell reveals that caspase-dependent inactivation of the proteasome can amplify the activation of apoptosis.