苦皮藤试管苗生根培养研究

探讨了培养因子对诱导苦皮藤(Celastrus angulatus Maxim)试管苗生根的作用,采用正交试验设计法测试了苦皮藤生根关键因素多效唑(MET)、吲哚丁酸(IBA)、暗培养及培养基中盐浓度（简称培养基）的效应。方差分析结果显示,暗培养对苦皮藤生根作用极显著,因子作用大小依次为：暗培养＞培养基＞MET×IBA＞MET＞IBA×培养基＞IBA。诱导苦皮藤组培苗生根的最佳因素配比为：1/2 MS+MET 3.0 mg.L-1 + IBA 0.8 mg.L-1和1/2 MS +MET 3.0 mg.L-1 + IBA0.5 mg.L-1,暗培养12 d效果最好。     

油桐叶柄高效直接再生体系的建立

以油桐无菌苗叶柄为外植体,研究植物生长调节剂对其离体培养及植株再生的影响。结果表明:叶柄直接诱导不定芽的最佳培养基1/2MS+3.0 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.05 mg·L-1 IAA,诱导率达91.67%;最佳继代增殖培养基1/2MS+3.0 mg·L-16-BA+0.05 mg·L-1 IBA+1.0 mg·L-1 GA3,增殖系数可达4.89;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+0.05 mg·L-1 IBA,生根率96.18%。炼苗移栽到泥炭土:珍珠岩:黄土=2:1:1的基质中,成活率达93.55%以上。     

黄金梨的组织培养和快速繁殖

1 植物名称砂梨品种黄金梨(Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Whangkumbe). 　　2 材料类别茎尖. 　　3 培养条件诱导培养基:(1)1/3MS 6-BA 1.0 mg*L-1 (单位下同) IBA 0.2,(2)MS IBA 0.2 6-BA 0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、3.0;增殖继代培养基:(3)MS 6-BA 1.0 IBA 0.2,(4)MS 6-BA 1.5 IBA 0.3;生根培养基:(5)1/2MS IBA 0.5 NAA 0.5,(6)1/2MS IBA 1.0 NAA 1.0,(7)ASH IBA 0.5 NAA 0.5,(8)ASH IBA 1.0 NAA 1.0. 生根培养条件分为暗培养与正常培养;7 d后转入无激素培养基,以加含激素的为对照;附加0.5 g活性炭,以不加活性炭的为对照.上述诱导、增殖培养基附加30 g*L-1蔗糖,生根培养基附加20 g*L-1蔗糖,琼脂浓度均为8 g*L-1,pH 5.8.培养温度25～28℃,光照度1 600～2 000 lx,每天光照12 h. ……     

日本牵牛茎段的离体培养及植株再生

1植物名称日本牵牛(Pharbitis nil). 2材料类别带叶柄幼嫩茎段. 3培养条件以MS为基本培养基.(1)丛生芽诱导培养基:MS KT 2.0 mg·L-1(单位下同) IBA 0.01;(2)增殖培养基:MS KT 1.0 IBA 0.01;(3)生根培养基:I/2MS NAA 0.5.以上培养基均添加30g·L-1蔗糖、6 g·L-1琼脂,pH 5.8.接种后先在培养箱中暗培养7 d,然后置于光下培养,培养温度为(25 1)℃,光照时间为12 h·d-1,光照度为2000 lx左右.     

新疆鼠尾草的组织培养与植株再生

1 植物名称新疆鼠尾草(Salvia deserta Schang). 2 材料类别种子萌发形成的幼嫩叶片. 3 培养条件基本培养基为MS.(1)丛生芽诱导及增殖培养基:MS 6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1(单位下同) NAA0.25;(2)生根培养基:1/2MS IBA 0.5.培养基(1)的蔗糖浓度为3.0%,(2)的蔗糖浓度为1.5%;琼脂为7.0 g·L-1,pH 6.0.     

灯盏细辛的组织培养与快速繁殖

本研究以野生高含量灯盏花的叶片为外植体,在7个不同浓度NAA和BA组合的MS培养基上进行愈伤组织诱导、不定芽分化和增殖及生根的培养,确定了灯盏花快繁体系的最适培养条件:(1)初代培养基:(MS 6-BA)0.5 mg·L-1 NAA0.1 mg·L-1;(2)丛生芽增殖培养基:(MS 6-BA)2 mg·L-1 NAA0.7 mg·L-1;(3)生根培养基:(2/3MS NAA)0.5 mg·L-1 IBA0.8.     

阳桃的组织培养与植株再生

1植物名称阳桃(Averrhoa carambola),别名杨桃、五敛子、三廉子. 2材料类别无菌胚乳. 3培养条件诱导愈伤组织培养基:(1)MS 2,4-D 2.0 mg·L-1(单位下同) 6-BA 0.2;(2)MS 2,4-D 3.0 6-BA 0.1.诱导分化培养基:(3)MS ZT 3.0 NAA 0.2:(4)MS ZT 1.0 NAA 0.2:(5)MS ZT 5.0 NAA 0.2.生根培养基:(6)1/2 MS IBA 0.2 IAA 0.1.     

山杜英的离体快速繁殖

1植物名称山杜英(Elaeocarpus sylvestris). 2材料类别带腋芽茎段. 3培养条件(1)诱导分化培养基:MS 6-BA1.0 mg·L-1(单位下同) NAA 0.01;(2)增殖培养基:MS 6-BA 1.0 IBA 0.5;(3)生根培养基:1/2MS IBA 0.5.     

醉香含笑的组织培养与植株再生

1植物名称醉香含笑(Michelia macclurei Dandy). 2材料类别茎段、茎尖. 3培养条件诱导培养基:(1)1/3MS 6-BA0.2mg·L-1(单位下同) NAA 0.02:增殖培养基:(2)1/3MS 6-BA 0.3 NAA 0.2;壮苗培养基:(3)1/3MS 活性炭0.3%;生根培养基:(4)1/4MS IBA 2.0 NAA3.0.以上培养基均加2.0 g·L-1 Gelrite,除生根培养基(4)加1.5%蔗糖外,其余加2.5%蔗糖,pH5.8.培养温度为(26±1)℃,光照12 h·d-1,诱导培养时光强为6μmol·m-2·s-1左右,其它为50μmol·m-2·s-1左右.     

褐斑伽蓝的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称褐斑伽蓝(Kalanchoe tomentosa). 2材料类别叶片. 3培养条件以MS为基本培养基.诱导无菌培养物培养基:(1)MS 6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1(单位下同) NAA 0.5,(2)MS 6-BA 1.5 IBA 0.5,(3)MS 6-BA1.0 IBA 0.5;继代培养基:(4)MS 6-BA 0.1 NAA0.05.生根培养基:(5)1/2MS IBA 1.0.上述培养基均附加30 g·L-1蔗糖、6 g·L-1琼脂,pH 5.8.培养温度28～30℃,光照时间12 h·d-1,光照度3 000 lx.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.