侧脑室注射肾上腺髓质素增加大鼠心血管相关核团中c-fos的表达并激活脑内一氧化氮神经元

本研究利用Fos蛋白和一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)双重免疫组化方法,观察侧腑脑室注射肾上腺髓质素(adrenomedullin,ADM)对大鼠心血管相关核中c-fos表达及一氧化氮神经元的影响,以探讨ADM在中枢的作用部位并研究其在中枢的作用是否有NO神经元参与。侧脑室注射ADM(1nmol／kg,3nmol／kg)诱发脑干的孤束核、最后区、蓝斑核、臂旁核和外侧巨细胞旁核,下丘脑的室旁核、视上核才腹内侧核以及前脑的中央杏仁核和外侧缰核等多个部位的心血管中枢出现大量Fos样免疫反应神经元。侧脑室注射ADM(3nmol／kg),引起脑干的孤束核、外侧巨细胞旁核,下丘脑的室旁核、视上核内的Fos-nNOS双标神经元增加;ADM(1nmol／kg)亦可引起室旁核、视上核内的Fos-nNOS双标神经元增加,而对孤束核、外侧巨细胞旁核内的Fos-nNOS双标神经元无影响。降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene—related peptide,CGRP)受体拈抗剂CGRP8-37(30nmol／kg)可明显减弱此效应。以上结果表明,ADM可兴奋脑内多个心血管相关核闭的神经元并激活室旁核、视上核、孤束核及外侧巨细胞核内一氧化氮神经元,此效应可能部分山CGRP受体介导。     

颈动脉注射肾上腺髓质素对去缓冲神经大鼠最后区神经元自发放电的影响

在63只切断两侧缓冲神经的麻醉sprague-Dawley大鼠,应用细胞外记录的电生理学方法,观察颈内动脉注射肾上腺髓质素(adrenomedullin,AM)对最后区(area postrema,AP)神经元自发电活动的影响。实验结果如下:(1)在记录到的78个自发放电单位中,颈内动脉内注射AM(0.3 nmol/kg),引起其中47个单位的自发放电频率由2.99±0.24增加到4.79±0.29 spikes/s(P<0.001),20个单位自发放电频率由3.24±0.46下降至1.97±0.37 spikes/s(P<0.001),另外11个单位自发放电频率无明显改变;平均动脉压和心率无明显变化。(2)颈内动脉注射降钙素基因相关肽受体阻断剂CGRP_(8-37)(3 nmol/kg)不能改变AM对自发放电的兴奋效应;(3)颈内动脉注射L-精氨酸(30 mg/kg)可减弱AM对自发放电的兴奋效应。以上结果提示,AM对最后区神经元有兴奋作用,此作用不是由降钙素基因相关肽受体介导,但可被NO前体L-精氨酸所减弱。     

肾上腺髓质素降低培养海马神经元胞内游离钙离子浓度

经荧光探针Fluo 3-AM标记细胞内游离钙后,用激光共聚焦显微镜检测肾上腺髓质素(adrenomedullin,ADM)对原代培养大鼠海马神经元内游离钙浓度([Ca^2 ]1)的影响。实验结果如下：(1)ADM(0．01-1．0μmol／L)浓度依赖性地降低细胞内钙浓度。(2)降钙素基因相关肽受体阻断剂(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP8-37)预处理可部分抑制ADM的效应。(3)ADM可显著抑制高钾引起的[Ca^2 ]1增加。(4)ADM可显著抑制三磷酸肌醇(inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate,IP3)引起的内钙释放,而对兰尼定(ryanodine)引起的内钙释放无显著影响。以上结果提示,ADM降低培养海马神经元内游离钙浓度,此作用与其抑制IP,引起的内钙释放有关,ADM对静息状态下的Ca^2 内流无影响,但可显著抑制高钾引起的Ca^2 内流,CGRP受体介导了ADM的上述效应。     

延髓腹外侧头端区注射肾上腺髓质素对大鼠血压、心率和肾交感神经活动的影响

本研究在 3 4只麻醉Sprague Dawley大鼠观察了延髓腹外侧头端区内微量注射肾上腺髓质素 ( 10μmol/L ,2 0 0nl)对平均动脉压 (MAP)、心率 (HR)和肾交感神经放电 (RSNA)的影响。实验结果如下 :( 1)延髓腹外侧头端区内微量注射肾上腺髓质素可引起MAP、HR、和RSNA明显增加 ,分别由 99 0 9± 3 3 2mmHg ,3 70 78± 7 84bpm和 10 0± 0 %增至 113 5 7± 3 64mmHg (P <0 0 0 1) ,3 83 2 8± 7 3 8bpm (P <0 0 0 1)和 12 3 72±2 74% (P <0 0 0 1) ;( 2 )降钙素基因相关肽受体阻断剂CGRP8 3 7( 10 0 μmol/L ,2 0 0nl)不能阻断肾上腺髓质素的上述效应 ;( 3 )静脉注射NO前体L 精氨酸 ( 10 0mg/kg ,0 2ml)可消除肾上腺髓质素的上述效应。以上结果提示 ,肾上腺髓质素作用于延髓腹外侧头端区可产生显著的心血管作用 ,此作用不是由降钙素基因相关肽受体介导 ,但可被NO所阻断     

肾上腺髓质素和降钙素基因相关肽受体在血管平滑肌细胞的脱敏—受体活性修饰蛋白的作用

新近研究发现,肾上腺髓质素（adrenomedullin,ADM)和降钙素基因相关肽（calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)均能与降钙素受体样受体（calcitoni receptor-like receptor,CRLR)结合,其配体特异性由受体活性修饰蛋白（receptor activity-modifying protein RAMP)调控,本工作在离体培养的大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞（vsacular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)上观察ADM和CGRP受体脱敏现象,以探讨CRLR／RAMP假说在心血管组织方面的意义,用无血清培养基（serum-free medium,SFM)和含有10^-8mol/L ADM,CGRP和肾上腺髓素质前体原N－末端20肽（proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide PAMP）的SFM培养,再用10^-8mol/L ADM或 CGRP和磷酸二酯酶的抑制剂异丙基次黄苷（isobutyryl methyxanthine,IBMX)与VSMCs进行第二次孵育,然后收集细胞,测定VSMCs cAMP含量。10^-8mol/LADM,CGRP和PAMP单独与VSMCs孵育,VSMCs cAMP含量分别较SFM组高191％（P＜0．01）,385％（P＜0．01）和67％（P＜0．05）,预先用10^-8mol/L ADM ak CGRP与VSMCs孵育可降低随后的CGRP刺激VSMCs产生cAMP,分别较单次CGRP育少44％（P＜0．05）和48％（P＜0．01）,预先用100nmol/L蛋白激酶A（PKA）抑制剂H－89处理VSMCs,可完全阻断ADM和CGRP预处理诱导的第二次CGRP刺激的VSMCs cAMP含量减少,表明VSMCs对CGRP的脱敏过程是通过PKA途径实现的,预先用ADM,CGRP处理VSMCs后,用ADM第二次孵育,细胞内cAMP含量与单次ADM孵育无明显改变,PKA抑制H－89与VSMCs孵育,无论对欠ADM刺激或对ADM和CGRP处理的第二次刺激的cAMP生成均无影响,用PAMP处理VSMCs后,ADM和CGRP的第二次刺激的VSMCs cAMP水平无明显改变（P＞0．05）。结果提示,在离体培养的大鼠VSMCs,ADM epc wsg i euk txgtdmj CGRP受体对预先用ADM和CGRP处理后的激动剂的第二次刺激都脱敏,表明ADM和CGRP的脱敏现象不一致。     

应激性高血压大鼠脑干及下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴中肾上腺髓质素及其受体mRNA表达的改变

采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应检测了慢性足底电击结合噪声应激致高血压大鼠下丘脑、延髓、中脑、垂体和肾上腺等组织中编码肾上腺髓质素的肾上腺髓质素前肽原(preproadrenomedullin,ppADM)基因以及ADM的特异性受体组件降钙素受体样受体(calcitonin-receptor-like receptor,CRLR)和受体活性调节蛋白2和3(receptor-activty-modifying proteins,RAMP2和RAMP3)表达的变化.我们观察到:与对照组相比,以3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶作为内参照,15 d足底电击结合噪声应激引起下丘脑、垂体和肾上腺中ppADM mRNA表达上调,而在延髓和中脑表达明显下调(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);CRLR基因表达量正常时在下丘脑相对较高,应激15 d后CRLR表达在延髓、中脑和下丘脑下调(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),而在垂体和肾上腺的表达无明显变化;应激后RAMP2基因在延髓和下丘脑表达上调,而在肾上腺表达显著下调(P＜0.01),其他部位无明显变化;RAMP3基因在对照组大鼠的中脑和下丘脑表达较高,在应激性高血压大鼠的下丘脑和垂体表达上调(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),而在中脑和肾上腺表达下调(P＜0.05),在延髓中的表达变化无统计学差异.上述结果提示:慢性足底电击结合噪声应激引起明显的中枢和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴ADM及其受体组件CRLR/RAMP2或CRLR/RAMP3基因的表达变化.但慢性应激后中枢源性ADM及其受体的表达变化对应激和血压的调节以及在应激致高血压中的确切作用及机制尚待进一步研究.     

肾上腺髓质素对大鼠延髓头端腹外侧区压力反射敏感神经元的作用

采用多管微电泳结合细胞外记录的方法研究了肾上腺髓质素(adrenomedullin,ADM)对大鼠延髓头端腹外侧区(rostral ventrolateral medulla,rVLM)压力反射敏感性神经元电活动的作用及其可能机制.结果显示在29个rVLM压力反射敏感神经元中,20个神经元在30、60和90 nA的电流微电泳大鼠ADM(rADM)过程中,放电频率由(10.8±2.7)spikes/s分别增加到(14.6±3.6)、(19.8±4.7)和(31.9±6.4)spikes/s(P＜0.05,n=20).微电泳rADM特异性受体阻断剂人ADM(human ADM,hADM)(22-52)可明显减小神经元放电频率的增加幅度,比正常放电频率仅增加15.4%[(11.4±2.5)sipkes/s,P＜0.05,n=10],而降钙素基因相关肽1(CGRP1)受体阻断剂hCGRP(8-37)对rADM兴奋性神经元电活动影响较小.在另外23个神经元中,10个神经元的放电频率在10、20和40 nA电流微电泳神经型NOS(nNOS)抑制剂7-NiNa过程中放电减少,由正常的(10.1±3.5)spikes/s分别减少为(7.5±2.5)、(5.3±2.1)和(3.1±1.4)spikes/s(P＜0.05,n=10).在微电泳7-NiNa过程中同时微电泳rADM,则rADM增加神经元放电频率的效应减弱,增加幅度为基础水平的17%[(6.2±1.9)spikes/s].8个神经元在10、20和40 nA电流微电泳诱导型NOS抑制剂(iNOS)aminoguanidine(AG)过程中放电频率由(11.5±5.1)spikes/s增加到(17.8±5.6)、(22.5±6.3)和(29.1±6.4)spikes/s(P＜0.05,n=8),rADM与AG同时微电泳时,AG对rADM本身增加神经元放电的效应无明显影响.上述结果提示,rADM在rVLM可通过其特异性受体或来源于nNOS的NO作用于压力反射敏感神经元,使其活动增强而发挥调节心血管活动的作用.     

肾缺血引起大鼠儿茶酚胺神经元Fos表达

实验应用Fos蛋白和酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosine hydroxylase,TH）的双重免疫组化方法,观察肾脏动脉阻断（renal artery occlusion,RAO）是否激活脑干中核团的儿荷酚胺能神经元。所得结果如下：（1）脑干中Fos样蛋白的基础性表达低;RAO可诱发孤束核（nucleus tractus solitarius,NTS）、最后区（area postrema,AP）、巨细胞旁外侧核（paragi-gantocellularis lateralis,PGL）和蓝斑（locus coeruleus,LC）核团中许多神经元显示Fos样免疫反应（Fos-like immunoreactivi-ty,FLI）。（2）NTS、AP、PGL和LC核团中含有较多的儿茶酚胺能神经元;RAO能激活其中的部分儿荷酚胺能神经元。（3）腺苷受体阻断剂8－苯茶碱可明显减弱RAO所致的上述效应。以上结果表明,肾脏短暂缺血能激活脑干内的一些神经核团以及其中的部分儿荷酚胺能神经元。此效应可能是肾缺血时腺苷释放作用于肾内腺苷受体后引起肾传入神经活动增加的结果。     

Analysis of responses to human synthetic adrenomedullin and calcitonin gene-related peptides in the hindlimb vascular bed of the cat

Vasodilator responses to human adrenomedullin (hADM), a newly discovered hypotensive peptide, human calcitonin gene-related peptide- (hCGRP-) and hCGRP-, which share structural homology with hADM, were compared in the hindlimb vascular bed of the cat under constant flow conditions. Injections of hADM (0.003-1 nmol), hCGRP-, and hCGRP- (0.003-0.3 nmol) into the perfusion circuit caused dose-related decreases in hindlimb perfusion pressure. Vasodilator responses to hCGRP- and hCGRP- were similar in potency and duration, and the doses of hCGRP- and hCGRP- required to reduce hindlimb perfusion pressure 40 mm Hg (ED40 mm Hg) were significantly lower than the ED40 mm Hg for hADM. The duration of the hindlimb vasodilator responses to hCGRP- and hCGRP- were significantly longer than the duration of the response to hADM. Amylin, a peptide that shares structural homology with ADM and with CGRP, had no significant effect on hindlimb perfusion pressure when injected in doses up to 1 nmol. Decreases in hindlimb perfusion pressure in response to hADM, hCGRP-, and hCGRP- were not altered by L-N5-(1-iminoethyl)-ornithine (L-NIO) in a dose of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor that decreased the vasodilator response to acetylcholine or by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, meclofenamate, in a dose that decreased the vasodilator response to archidonic acid. The present data demonstrate that hADM, hCGRP-, and hCGRP- have potent, but relatively short-lasting, vasodilator activity, and that vasodilator responses are not dependent on the release of nitric oxide or vasodilator prostaglandins in the hindlimb vascular bed of the cat.     

颈动脉注射辣椒素对脑干心血管相关核团一氧化氮合酶和Fos表达的影响

实验采用NADPH－d组化技术和Fos蛋白免疫组化技术相结合的方法,观察了颈动脉注射辣椒不时,大鼠脑干心血管相关核团内NOS和Fos蛋白的分布以及两者的共存关系。结果显示：（1）颈动脉注射辣椒不可诱发脑干中最后区（AP）、孤束核（NTS）、巨细胞旁外侧核（PGL）和蓝斑（LC）等多个部位Fos样免疫反应（FLI)神经元显著增加 中脑中央灰质（PAG）和中缝核群（RN）的FLI神经元无明显改变。（2）PGL和NTS内NO合成神经元以及PGL内双标神经元数量也明显增加,而AG和RN中NO合成神经元无明显变化,在LC和AP仅偶见或未见NO合成神经元。（3）预先应用辣椒素受体阻断剂钌红或NMDA受体阻断剂MK－801,则明显减弱辣椒素的上述效应,以上结果表明,颈动脉注射辣椒素可兴奋脑干心血管活动相关核团神经元,NO在脑干核团对辣椒素的反应中发挥间接的调制作用,辣椒素的效应由香草酸受体（辣椒素受体）介导并有谷氨酸参与。     

实验性结肠炎对脊髓传入神经元中降钙素基因相关肽和香草酸受体1表达的调节

本文旨在探讨肠道局部炎症对脊髓肠道感觉传入神经通路的近期及远期效应,应用三硝基苯磺酸(trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid,TNBS)建立大鼠结肠炎动物模型,用DiI(3)逆行神经标记法识别支配肠道炎症部位的脊髓背根神经节(dorsalrootganglia,DRG)神经元,通过肉眼观察、平均组织损伤评分及髓过氧化物酶活性测定等方法评价肠道组织的炎症反应状态,用免疫组织化学法测定香草酸受体l(vanilloid receptor 1,VRl)和降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)在支配结肠炎症部位的DRG神经元中的表达,比较炎症不同阶段(给予TNBS后7、21、42 d)CGRP和VRI阳性神经元的数目.结果显示,炎症急性期(即给予TNBS后7 d)结肠黏膜肉眼可见明显损伤,同时相应DRG中表达CGRP及VRl的神经元增加近2倍[(95.38±9.45)%VS(42.86±5.02)%,(89.23±8.21)%VS(32.54±4.58)%].给予TNBS后21、42 d,肠道炎症反应已完全消退,但表达CGRP及VRl的DRG神经元数目仍明显高于对照组[(86.25±8.21)%,(68.28±7.12)%VS(42.86±5.02)%;(67.22±6.52)%,(56.25±4.86)%VS(32.54±4.58)%].结果提示,肠道局部炎症可以上调支配肠道的脊髓传入神经元中CGRP和VRl的表达,这种异常表达可以持续至肠道炎症反应消退后的一定时间.     

Sensory and Sympathetic Nerve Sprouting in the Rat Cornea Following Neonatal Administration of Capsaicin

Corneal sensory and sympathetic nerves exert opposing actions on corneal mitogenesis and wound healing. The mechanisms by which these nerves exert their actions are unknown; however, the release of axonally transported neuropeptides has been postulated. In the present study, we investigated changes in innervation densities of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-)immunoreactive (IR) nerves of the rat cornea following neonatal capsaicin administration, and the relationships between these changes and the development of neuroparalytic keratitis. Newborn rats were injected with capsaicin on each of the first 3 days of life. Forty-eight hours after the last injection, corneal CGRP immunostaining had totally disappeared from the cornea, whereas TH immunostaining was relatively unaffected. Over the next several weeks, a dramatic reinnervation of the cornea took place. By 6–8 weeks both the CGRP-and TH-IR corneal innervation density in the capsaicin-treated animals exceeded that of age-matched control or normal animals; that is, the corneas had become “hyper-reinnervated”. The pattern of innervation that returned was grossly abnormal and was characterized by the presence of a bizarre subepithelial plexus of fine stromal sprouts; an abundance of myelinated axons; and complex, atypical, epithelial leash morphologies. Retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA:HRP) from the central cornea in control and capsaicin-treated adult animals labeled an average of 143 and 47 trigeminal ganglion cells, respectively (with mean diameters of 25.7 × 0.49 μm and 34.3 × 0.72 μm), suggesting a 67% decrease in corneal afferent neurons in the capsaicin-treated animals. Transection of the ophthalmomaxillary nerve in adult capsaicin-treated animals completely eliminated corneal CGRP-IR staining, and extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion resulted in the loss of 70–80% of corneal TH-IR nerves, thus demonstrating the sensory and predominantly sympathetic origins, respectively, of these fiber populations. Chronic keratitis and neovascularization developed in the capsaicin-treated animals by approximately 3 weeks of age, achieved a maximum intensity between 4 and 6 weeks, and showed some gradual improvement thereafter. However, the keratitis never completely disappeared, even after 13 months. In conclusion, these data show that corneal sensory (CGRP-IR) and sympathetic (TH-IR) nerve fibers undergo extensive sprouting following partial corneal sensory denervation with the neurotoxin capsaicin. However, the resultant “hyper-reinnervation” is morphologically abnormal and, for reasons unknown, functionally incapable of preventing or totally reversing the keratitis.     

冷应激诱导的脾脏NK细胞活性下降和脑内c-fos表达

目的 :观察单一冷应激对大鼠脾脏NK细胞活性的影响以及脑内Fos表达。方法 :大鼠置于 4℃的冷室 4h。采用YAC 1细胞51Cr释放法测定脾脏NK细胞的活性。用免疫细胞化学观察脑内有关核团的Fos表达 ,以及PVN和LC中Fos表达阳性的神经元的性质。结果 :单一冷应激能使脾脏NK细胞活性明显下降 ,下丘脑室旁核 (PVN)和脑干蓝斑 (LC)出现明显的Fos表达。双染实验表明 ,PVN中有部分神经元同时表达精氨酸加压素 (AVP) ,LC中大多数神经元同时表达酪氨酸羟化酶 (TH)。结论 :PVN中的AVP能神经元和LC中的儿茶酚胺能神经元很可能参与冷应激诱发的脾脏NK细胞活性的下降