Salicylic Acid Signaling Controls the Maturation and Localization of the Arabiclopsis Defense Protein ACCELERATED CELL DEATH6

ACCELERATED CELL DEATH6 （ACD6） is a multipass membrane protein with an ankyrin domain that acts in a positive feedback loop with the defense signal salicylic acid （SA）. This study implemented biochemical approaches to infer changes in ACD6 complexes and localization. In addition to forming endoplasmic reticulum （ER）- and plasma membrane （PM）-Iocalized complexes, ACD6 forms soluble complexes, where it is bound to cytosolic HSP70, ubiquitinated, and degraded via the proteasome. Thus, ACD6 constitutively undergoes ER-associated degradation. During SA signaling, the soluble ACD6 pool decreases, whereas the PM pool increases. Similarly, ACD6-1, an activated version of ACD6 that induces SA, is present at low levels in the soluble fraction and high levels in the PM. However, ACD6 variants with amino acid substitutions in the ankyrin domain form aberrant, inactive complexes, are induced by a SA agonist, but show no PM localization. SA signaling also increases the PM pools of FLAGELLIN SENSING2 （FLS2） and BRI1-ASSOClATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 （BAK1）. FLS2 forms complexes ACD6; both FLS2 and BAK1 require ACD6 for maximal accumulation at the PM in response to SA signaling. A plausible scenario is that SA increases the efficiency of productive folding and/or complex formation in the ER, such that ACD6, together with FLS2 and BAK1, reaches the cell surface to more effectively promote immune responses.     

植物受体激酶BAK1研究进展

植物受体激酶BAK1在多个信号转导路径上独立的多角色功能,成为拟南芥受体激酶610个成员中最受关注的成员之一。BAK1是一个典型的富亮氨酸重复序列的跨膜受体激酶,属于LRR-RKⅡ家族,在结构上由胞外结合域、跨膜区以及胞内激酶结构域三部分构成。最初BAK1被鉴定为BRI1和FLS2的双元受体,分别参与调控植物油菜素内酯BR的信号转导及病原相关模式分子PAMPs引发的免疫反应,近期又有多个BAK1的互作组分被相继发现,如EFR、AvrPto、PEPR1/2、PUB13、BIR1、BON1等。该文从BAK1的分子结构,BAK1所在SERKs家族的功能冗余,对油菜素内酯路径的信号调控,参与病菌识别防御反应的先天免疫和调控细胞凋亡等方面对近年来国内外的相关研究进展进行综述,以明确目前研究所面临的问题。     

植物受体激酶BAK1介导的细胞死亡调控研究进展

植物在生长发育和抵抗逆境时都会发生细胞程序性死亡,植物受体激酶在细胞死亡调控中发挥着十分重要的作用。植物细胞可以通过质膜表面的受体激酶感受细胞间及环境信号,并将信号传递到下游,诱导一系列级联反应,导致细胞程序性死亡。植物受体激酶BAK1在植物程序性死亡中发挥着关键的作用, BAK1与BRI1、FLS2、BIR1、EFR、BIK1等受体激酶互作,识别和转导胞外信号,共同调控细胞死亡。该文以BAK1为中心,综述了近年发现的参与植物细胞死亡调控的BAK1受体激酶复合物介导的信号转导机制,并提出需要深入研究的科学问题。     

An XA21-Associated Kinase （OsSERK2） Regulates Immunity Mediated by the XA21 and XA3 Immune Receptors

The rice XA21 immune receptor kinase and the structurally related XA3 receptor confer immunity to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo）, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight. Here we report the isolation of OsSERK2 （rice somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 2） and demonstrate that OsSERK2 positively regulates immunity mediated by XA21 and XA3 as well as the rice immune receptor FLS2 （OsFLS2）. Rice plants silenced for OsSerk2 display altered morphology and reduced sensitivity to the hormone brassinolide. OsSERK2 interacts with the intracellular domains of each immune receptor in the yeast two-hybrid system in a kinase activity-dependent manner. OsSERK2 undergoes bidi- rectional transphosphorylation with XA21 in vitro and forms a constitutive complex with XA21 in vivo. These results demonstrate an essential role for OsSERK2 in the function of three rice immune receptors and suggest that direct interaction with the rice immune receptors is critical for their function. Taken together, our findings suggest that the mechanism of OsSERK2-meditated regulation of rice XA21, XA3, and FLS2 differs from that of AtSERK3/BAK1-mediated regulation of Arabidopsis FLS2 and EFR.     

Engineering plants to secrete affinity‐tagged pathogen elicitors for deciphering immune receptor complex or inducing enhanced immunity

Plant cells mount plenty of pattern-recognition receptors(PRRs) to detect the microbe-associated molecular patterns(MAMPs) from potential microbial pathogens.MAMPs are overrepresented by proteinaneous patterns,such as the flg22 peptide from bacterial flagellin. Identification of PRR receptor complex components by forward or reverse genetics can be time/labor-consuming, and be confounded by functional redundancies. Here, we present a strategy for identifying PRR complex components by engineering plants to inducibly secrete affinity-tagged proteinaneous MAMPs to the apoplast. The PRR protein complexes bound to self-secreted MAMPs are enriched through affinity purification and dissected by mass spectrometry. As a proof of principle, we could capture the flg22 receptor FLS2 and co-receptor BAK1 using Arabidopsis plants secreting FLAG-tagged flg22 under estradiolinduction. Moreover, we identified receptor-like kinases LIK1 and PEPR1/PEPR2 as potential components in the FLS2 receptor complex, which were further validated by protein–protein interaction assays and the reverse genetics approach. Our study showcases a simple way to biochemically identify endogenous PRR complex components without overexpressing the PRR or using chemical crosslinkers, and suggests a possible crosstalk between different immune receptors in plants. A modest dose of estradiol can also be applied to inducing enhanced immunity in engineered plants to both bacterial and fungal pathogens.     

Pro-apoptotic BAX and BAK mediate p53-independent suppression of tumorigenesis

BAX and BAK are essential regulators of apoptotic signaling through mitochondria in mammalian development and in response to cytotoxic stimuli. To investigate the role of BAX and BAK in transformation and tumorigenesis, primary baby mouse kidney epithelial cells (BMKs) from wild-type, BAX, BAK and BAK and BAK deficient mice were transformed by adenovirus E1A and dominant-negative p53 (p53DD). While E1A alone transforms p53 deficient BMKs, transformation of BAX and/or BAK deficient BMKs still required inactivation of p53. Since BAX and BAK are dispensable for p53 to suppress transformation, but     

拟南芥BAK1基因转化及防御作用

将拟南芥BAK1基因采用Gateway方法连接到植物表达载体,通过侵花粉管进行转化,从基因和蛋白表达水平检测转化是否成功。以不同BAK1表达水平植株作为试验材料,分析BAK1在芜菁缩叶病毒(Turnip crinkle virus,TCV)-拟南芥(Col-0)亲和互作系统中对植株防御的影响。结果显示,在接种TCV后,BAK1缺陷型植株对TCV较为感病,衰老相关基因表达水平增加,表明BAK1能够增强宿主对病毒的防御作用。     

BAK1 Directly Regulates Brassinosteroid Perception and BRI1 Activation

Plants utilize plasma membrane-localized receptor-like kinases （RLKs） to sense extracellular signals to coordinate growth, development, and innate immune responses. BAK1 regulates multiple signaling pathways acting as a co-receptor of several distinct ligand-binding RLKs. It has been debated whether BAK1 serves as an essential regulatory component or only a signal amplifier without pathway specificity. This issue has been clarified recently. Genetic and structural analyses indicated that BAK1 and its homologs play indispensible roles in mediating brassinosteroid （BR） signaling pathway by directly perceiving the ligand BR and activating the receptor of BR, BRII. The mechanism revealed by these studies now serves as a paradigm for how a pair of RLKs can function together in ligand binding and subsequent initiation of signaling.     

促凋亡蛋白BAK的功能及在病毒感染中作用的研究进展

BAK蛋白从属于BCL-2家族,是细胞凋亡途径中的关键蛋白。BAK蛋白在凋亡信号的刺激下被激活,并在线粒体上集聚成簇后诱导细胞色素c等促凋亡物质释放,通过caspase级联反应放大凋亡信号,最终诱导细胞死亡。目前的BAK研究普遍用于针对癌细胞凋亡逃逸及病毒对机体细胞免疫的逃逸过程,而病毒等病原体与BAK之间的作用机制、影响胞内凋亡和炎症通路的激活以及炎性因子活化的研究较少。因此对BAK蛋白结构、功能和BAK可能介导的相关通路进行介绍,并对其在病毒感染研究中的作用进展进行了分析,以期为促凋亡蛋白BAK在病毒感染中作用的深入研究提供一些理论基础。     

BAK1调控植物免疫信号识别和转导的分子机制

植物通过类受体激酶感知环境变化,产生相应的信号来调控机体生长发育。BAK1 (BRI1-associated kinase 1)是其中研究最深入的类受体激酶之一。它调控多种生理过程的信号转导,如植物生长发育、细胞死亡和植物免疫等。本文综述了BAK1作为模式识别受体的共受体以及信号转导的调控子,调控免疫信号识别和转导的机理。以期为深入研究BAK1基因家族在植物抗病反应中的作用,阐明植物免疫信号转导途径提供信息。     

类风湿性关节炎成纤维样滑膜(FLS)细胞中DDR2相互作用分子的筛选鉴定及其对FLS细胞侵袭能力的影响

目的:在类风湿性关节炎(RA)成纤维样滑膜(FLS)细胞中筛选并鉴定盘状结构域受体2(DDR2)的相互作用蛋白,并研究其对FLS细胞侵袭能力的影响。方法:首先利用免疫沉淀结合SDS-PAGE分离鉴定DDR2互作蛋白波形蛋白,进而采用免疫沉淀和激光共聚焦实验,进一步验证波形蛋白是DDR2的相互作用蛋白,最后采用Transwell实验考察波形蛋白对RA FLS细胞侵袭能力的影响。结果:Ⅱ型胶原刺激引起RA FLS细胞中DDR2的磷酸化水平升高,DDR2被活化,活化前后共有8个DDR2相互作用蛋白发生变化,经质谱分析,其中变化最大的是波形蛋白和膜联蛋白A2;在HEK293T细胞中,免疫共沉淀结果显示Fc DDR2与波形蛋白存在相互作用;激光共聚焦结果显示在RA FLS细胞中,DDR2和波形蛋白存在共定位;下调RA FLS细胞中波形蛋白的表达后,细胞的侵袭能力较对照组显著下降。结论:波形蛋白是DDR2的相互作用蛋白,Ⅱ型胶原可引起RA FLS细胞的DDR2磷酸化水平升高,并通过波形蛋白促进RA FLS细胞的侵袭。     

FtMYB1转录因子调控苦荞毛状根黄酮醇合成的机理研究

R2R3-MYB转录因子在植物类黄酮合成中起重要的调控作用。本研究从川荞1号中克隆获得一个R2R3-MYB家族基因FtMYB1,酵母转录激活分析显示其具有转录激活活性,激素处理下的表达模式分析显示,FtMYB1基因能够被茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)和脱落酸(ABA)诱导表达。在苦荞毛状根中过表达FtMYB1基因,结果表明转基因毛状根株系中总黄酮和芦丁含量显著低于野生型,且在黄酮醇合成途径下游分别编码黄酮醇合酶(FLS)和鼠李糖基转移酶(RT)的FLS和RT1基因表达量在转基因株系中显著降低,表明FtMYB1可能通过调控FLS和RT1的表达来抑制黄酮醇的生物合成。     

植物免疫受体FLS2的胞内运输机制

植物通过细胞表面的模式识别受体(PRRs)识别病原相关分子模式(PAMPs),启动植物免疫的第一道防线(PTI).拟南芥FLS2是第一个被发现的植物PRR,近年来围绕FLS2开展了大量的工作,相关研究成果已成为植物与病原微生物互作的重要理论基础.在真核细胞中,细胞膜受体从产生到降解经过了一系列的胞内运输过程,膜受体的胞...     

受体激酶介导的油菜素内酯信号转导途径

油菜素内酯（brassinosteroids,BRs）是一类重要的类固醇激素,参与调控植物生长发育的许多过程。结合应用遗传学、生物化学以及蛋白质组学等研究手段现已基本阐明了BR信号转导的主要过程。BRI1作为受体在细胞表面感知BR,BRI1抑制子BKI1从质膜上解离下来,使BRI1与其共受体BAK1结合。BRI1和BAK1通过顺序磷酸化将BR信号完全激活。活化的BRI1将BSK磷酸化激活,BSK活化BSU1,BSU1将BIN2去磷酸化使其失活,解除BIN2对BES1/BZR1的抑制功能。PP2A可以将BES1/BZR1去磷酸化激活,又可以将受体BRI1去磷酸化促使其降解。BR信号的传递最终使去磷酸化状态的BES1/BZR1在细胞内累积,激活BR信号通路下游的转录调控。     

Comparison of taurine chloramine and taurine bromamine effects on rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes

Summary. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) participate in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) chronic synovitis by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8), growth factors (VEGF) and other inflammatory mediators (PGE₂, NO). We have previously reported that Tau-Cl, generated by neutrophils, inhibits in vitro some of these pathogenic RA FLS functions. Taurine bromamine (Tau-Br) originates from eosinophils and neutrophils, and its immunoregulatory activities are poorly known. Therefore, we investigated the effects of Tau-Br on RA FLS functions and compared it to Tau-Cl anti-inflammatory action. When applied at noncytotoxic concentrations: (i) Tau-Br inhibited IL-6 and PGE₂ production with potency similar to Tau-Cl (IC₅₀ ≈ 250 μM), (ii) Tau-Br failed to affect VEGF and IL-8 synthesis, while Tau-Cl exerted inhibitory effect (IC₅₀ ≈ 400 μM), (iii) none of these compounds affected NO generation and iNOS expression. Thus, Tau-Cl is more effective than Tau-Br in normalization of pro-inflammatory RA FLS functions.     

miR-10b对滑膜成纤维细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移能力的影响及分子机制

目的:探讨miR-10b对类风湿性关节滑膜成纤维细胞(RA-FLS)炎性因子分泌、增殖、侵袭和迁移的影响及其分子机制。方法:首先,分离原代培养FLS细胞并进行microarray,筛选RA和OA中差异表达的miRNA分子。然后,用real-time PCR对筛选得到的结果进行验证,进而通过生物信息学分析、细胞转染等方法明确miR-10b在FLS细胞中下调的分子机制。最后,采用MTT比色法、划痕实验和Transwell实验等检测miR-10b对其FLS细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移水平的影响。结果:与OA FLS相比,芯片筛选发现176条miRNA在RA-FLS中上调,204条下调;其中,miR-10b在RA-FLS细胞中受肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)等多种炎性因子以NF-κB依赖的方式进行调控;miR-10b的下游靶基因为TAK1和TLR4,通过对这两个靶基因的调控,miR-10b一方面可以促进TNF-α的分泌和NF-κB的活化入核,从而激发TNF-α→NF-κB→miR-10b→TNF-α/NF-κB环路;另一方面促进FLS表面TLR4的表达以及LPS对于FLS的刺激作用,激发LPS→NF-κB→miR-10b→TLR4环路。此外,miR-10b的下调可促进FLS细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移。结论:miR-10b在RA-FLS细胞中显著下调,其通过参与信号环路的调节可影响FLS细胞的炎性细胞因子分泌及其增殖、侵袭和迁移。     

SDRS联合BAK技术治疗腰椎滑脱症的研究

对后方入路SDRS内固定加BAK植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症的临床应用研究进行初步报告,探讨此项技术的手术要点和早期临床效果。自2001年1月至2001年8月,对13例腰椎滑脱患者行后方入路椎体间BAK植骨融合、SDRS内固定。随访6个月－14个月,平均9.1个月。结合临床症状改善程度和X线片上植骨副合、复位程度综合进行疗效评定。结果：疗效优3例,良9例,差1例,优良率92.3%。结果表明从一个切口入路行椎体间BAK植骨融合、SDRS内固定术,能对前柱和后柱同时起稳定作用,有利于滑脱的复位和维持正常的腰椎前凸,符合腰椎的生物力学要求。     

齐墩果酸抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导的成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞炎症因子表达及其机制研究

探讨齐墩果酸(Oleanolic acid,OA)对肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)诱导成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞的炎症因子表达的影响及其机制。首先复苏培养人成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞(FLS),通过RT-PCR检测细胞IL-6及IL-1βmRNA表达,采用Western blot方法检测p38MAPK及NF-κB蛋白表达变化,通过ELISA法检测细胞上清液中IL-6及IL-1β浓度。与对照组比较,TNF-α明显诱导FLS细胞IL-6及IL-1βmRNA的表达及上清液中IL-6及IL-1β的分泌(P0.05),同时磷酸化p38蛋白和核NF-κB明显增加(P0.05),且p38MAPK阻断剂SB203580能抑制TNF-α诱导的核NF-κB增加。OA呈浓度依赖性抑制TNF-α诱导的FLS细胞p38蛋白磷酸化和核NF-κB增加(P0.05)。且OA、p38MAPK通路抑制剂SB203580或NF-κB阻断剂BAY 11-7082均能抑制TNF-α诱导的IL-6及IL-1β分泌增加(P0.05)。综上所述,OA能抑制TNF-α诱导的FLS细胞炎症因子IL-6及IL-1β的产生,其机制可能与抑制p38MAPK/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

日本蛇根草黄酮醇合成酶基因的克隆及其序列分析

黄酮醇合成酶(FLS)是黄酮醇生物合成途径中的重要调控酶,在黄酮醇生物合成过程中发挥着非常重要的作用。为了更好的认识日本蛇根草黄酮醇合成酶基因的结构特征,本研究以日本蛇根草为研究材料,以其转录组测序结果为基础、通过RT-PCR等方法成功克隆得到日本蛇根草FLS基因的完整c DNA序列,并采用生物信息学方法对日本蛇根草的FLS基因序列进行功能结构域、生理和化学参数、亲/疏水性、信号肽、二级结构等预测分析。分析结果表明,该基因序列全长1 008 bp,编码335个氨基酸,预测其蛋白分子量为38.342 k D,等电点为5.87,为亲水性蛋白质,不含有信号肽。     

植物中油菜素类固醇信号转导与细胞增殖(综述)

BRI1/BAK1复合体感知油菜素类固醇(BR)后,通过基因表达变化和涉及V-ATPase的快速生长诱导反应的磷酸化级联放大作用传递信号,并影响细胞增殖增长过程。本文就植物中BR调节基因表达及其信号转导与细胞增殖作一综合介绍,并对存在的问题进行探讨。