（强）热带风暴条件下农田林网对防止水稻倒伏及减产的效应

对江苏沿海地区（强）热带风暴条件下农田林网防止水稻倒伏和减产效应的研究表明,有林网农田的水稻倒伏率为１６．２８％,无林网农田为４９．７３％;水稻在灌浆结实期倒伏以后,千粒重减少１３．２４％,产量减少１４．３２％,有林网农田的水稻倒伏减产率为无林网农田的１／３．主林带林木保存率大于９０％的林网抗倒度最大,水稻倒伏减产率最小．     

林网保护区冬小麦生长过程的数值模拟

给出了一个模拟冬小麦生长过程的产量生态学模式,并对黄淮海平原林网保护区冬小麦的生长过程进行了数值模拟.模型输出变量包括作物的叶面积指数,根、茎、叶、籽等地上和地下器官生物量,以及与作物生长密切相关的土壤水分变化情况、作物水分利用率、光合/呼吸效率等生理生态因子.结果表明,由于林网地区小气候条件的改善,使得农林复合系统较之单作农田有更强的抗旱能力,在干旱的1994年,林网保护下的农林复合系统生产力较单作农田提高11.6%左右.模式输出的小麦地上部分生物量与生长监测资料十分一致.     

The permeability of artificial windbreaks and the distribution of flying insects in the leeward sheltered zone

The number of flying insects in the sheltered zone to leeward of artificial windbreaks of 0, 25, 45 and 70% permeability was greater than in unsheltered areas. Insects accumulated in the air nearer to dense windbreaks than to more permeable ones, and the position of maximum aerial density of insects coincided with that of maximum shelter. The more dense the windbreak the greater the numbers in the air to leeward. Absolute wind speed slightly affected the position of maximum aerial density behind a 45% permeable fence.     

Drift studies--comparison of field and wind tunnel experiments

Drift at pesticide application leads to a pollution of non-target crops, non-target species and surface water. Spray drift is influenced by many factors like environmental conditions, vegetation, technical conditions, and physical properties of the tank mixes and influenced by Chemicals. Field experiments to characterise spray drift effects with the risk of permanent changing weather conditions can be supported by wind tunnel experiments. Wind tunnel experiments do not lead to the same soil deposition curves like field experiments, but the ratio of drift reduction potential is comparable.     

杀虫剂不同处理对二化螟为害、防治效果及水稻产量的影响

近年来,二化螟发生出现各代均偏重或大发生的新特点。为探索杀虫剂防治二化螟的新策略,采用田间小区试验在早晚稻田中分别研究5%氟虫腈加25%灭.水胺的不同施药时期和次数对二化螟幼虫的为害和防治效果及对水稻产量的影响。在试验地,二化螟第1和第2代发生在早稻田,第3和第4代发生在晚稻田。试验结果表明,在第1和第3代二化螟幼虫孵化高峰施药1次、隔10d再施药1次对早稻田和晚稻田的幼虫防效显著,分别达到了92.4%和92.6%。在早、晚稻田分别发生的第1和第3代2龄幼虫高峰期施药1次、同时在次代孵化高峰期再施药1次,均可显著降低虫伤株率和白穗株率,提高保穗效果,并显著提高单位面积上的水稻产量(3.98%~4.20%)。因此,对第1至第4代二化螟幼虫均进行1次药剂防治是二化螟各代均大发生的新形势下的防治策略。     

林带中阻力分布的理论与实验研究

推导了风向垂直于林带走向时林带内的阻力分布的解析式,比较了３种所面形状林带的阻力分布特点,并用风洞实验资料进行了验证,简析了在实际生产中的应用．     

Artificial windbreaks and the distribution of turnip mild yellows virus and Scaptomyza apicalis (Diptera) in a turnip crop

In a turnip crop natural infection with turnip mild yellows virus was greatest in two narrow zones, one to leeward of an artificial windbreak, the other in a long shallow depression in the earth. Both zones were approximately across wind when Myzus persicae flew in early summer. Later in the summer, similar windbreaks facing different prevailing winds increased the number of larvae of Scaptomyza apicalis on the plants immediately to leeward and windward of the windbreaks, probably because shelter affected adults that were flying and laying eggs in the crop.     

The assessment of spray drift damage for ten major crops in Belgium

According to the Council Directive 91/414/EC pesticide damage should be assessed by considering the risk for persons arising from occupational, non-dietary exposure and risk to the environment. In this research an assessment for the pesticide damage by droplet spray drift was set up. The percentages of spray drift were estimated with the Ganzelmeier drift curves and the IMAG drift calculator. Knowing the percentages of drift and the applied doses of pesticide formulations in a given crop, the human and environmental exposures (water and bottom) were predicted. Thereupon risk indices were calculated for water organisms, soil organisms and bystanders. A risk index is the ratio of a predicted exposure to a toxicological reference value and gives an indication of the incidence and the severity of the adverse effects likely to occur. Considering the risk index it is possible to define the minimal width of an unsprayed field margin or "buffer zone" to reduce this risk at an acceptable level.     

The effect of air support on droplet characteristics and spray drift

Air assistance on field sprayers creates a forced airstream under the spray boom which blows the spray droplets into the crop. The advantages of this relative new technique are less drift of spray droplets and the possibility to reduce the amount of pesticides and spray Liquid. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of air assistance on the characteristics of spray droplets and their driftability. Based on air velocity measurements on an air assisted field sprayer, a system of air assistance was developed in addition to a laser-based measuring set-up for the characterisation of spray droplets. With this set-up, the effect of air support on the droplet characteristics was investigated for different settings of the air assistance. The effect on spray drift was quantified based on field drift measurements. A reducing effect on the total amount of spray drift was demonstrated for the Hardi ISO F 110 02, F 110 03 and LD 110 02 nozzles with drift reduction factors a(d) of, respectively, 2.08, 1.77 and 1.53. The use of air support had no significant effect for the LD 110 03 nozzles on the total amount of spray drift. Comparing droplet size and drift results, it was found that air support has the highest impact on the amount of spray drift for the finer sprays by increasing droplet velocities. The effect of air support on droplet sizes is rather limited.     

Reduction of generation time in Eucalyptus globulus

The plant growth retardant paclobutrazol was applied by foliar spray to seedlings of Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) to determine its effects on reproductive activity. It was shown to induce flowering in vegetatively juvenile seedlings and increase reproductive activity in vegetatively adult material. The former case represented a 50% (three year) reduction in generation time for commercial seedlings. Paclobutrazol treatment did not appear to have a negative effect on any aspect of reproductive development, germination of new seed, or early seedling growth, while having a distinct positive effect on reproductive output. This suggests that paclobutrazol may be an effective tool enabling tree breeders to reduce generation time and increase reproductive output in E. globulus. Foliar spraying during autumn was shown to be an effective means and timing of paclobutrazol application, with results evident in the following flowering season. Considerable persistence of paclobutrazol effects was noted in the second season after application. Pot size and growth temperatures also play roles in determining the extent of new reproductive activity each season in E. globulus seedlings.     

Factors affecting orchard colonisation by the black-kneed capsid (Blepharidopterus angulatus (Hemiptera:Miridae)) from alder windbreaks

The colonisation of orchards by Blepharidopterus angulatus (the black-kneed capsid bug) from alder windbreaks was investigated, to determine its use as a biological control agent of orchard pests. The aphid Pterocallis alni provides an abundant and acceptable food for the capsid on alder. The key capsid mortality factor on windbreaks was the loss of adult females through migration. Clipping the windbreak prior to the aphid population peak resulted in male capsids migrating and females remaining, while clipping after the aphid population peak resulted in both sexes migrating to nearby orchards. Guidelines are given for windbreak management as part of a system of integrated orchard pest control.     

Odor reduction rate in the confinement pig building by spraying various additives.

The objective of this on-site experiment was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of currently utilized various additives, i.e. tap water, salt water, digested manure, microbial additive, soybean oil, artificial spice and essential oil, to reduce odor emissions from the confinement pig building. Odor reduction rates were evaluated with respect to sensual odor (odor concentration index, odor intensity and odor offensiveness) and odorous compounds (ammonia and sulfuric odorous compounds). Of the additives investigated in this study, salt water, artificial spice and essential oil had a positive effect on reducing odor generation. The effectiveness of salt water was only observed on ammonia, showing the reduction rates as a function of time (t=immediately, 1h, 3h, 5h, and 24h after spraying) were 0.1%, 20%, 36%, 11% and 0.2% as compared to initial level before spraying. The odor intensity and offensiveness were lessened by spraying artificial spice and essential oil of which maximum reduction rates ranged from 60% to 80%. Additionally, the essential oil had a significant effect on reducing sulfuric odorous compounds for 24h after spraying, which implicates that it functioned as not only a masking agent but also as an antimicrobial agent.     

Spray drift as affected by meteorological conditions

Spray drift can be defined as the quantity of plant protection product that is carried out of the sprayed (treated) area by the action of air currents during the application process. This continues to be a major problem in applying agricultural pesticides. The purpose of this research is to measure and compare the amount of drift for different climatological conditions under field conditions. Spray drift was determined by sampling in a defined downwind area at different positions in a flat meadow using horizontal drift collectors (sedimenting spray drift) and pipe cleaners (airborne spray drift) for a reference spraying. Meteorological conditions were monitored during each experiment. A drift prediction equation for the reference spraying was set up to predict the expected magnitude of sedimenting drift at various drift distances and atmospheric conditions (wind speed and temperature). This equation can be used to compare measurements using other spraying techniques under different weather conditions to the reference spraying. In 2005, more measurements will be performed to validate the statements and the model reflected in this paper.     

The effects of thermoregulatory behaviour on the heat loss from shorn sheep as measured by a model ewe for micro-climate integration

A thermostatic, taxidermic model sheep was used to assess the effects of thermoregulatory behaviour of shorn sheep at night in a winter environment with mean air temperatures slightly above freezing, variable wind speeds, rain and cloud cover.Testing in a wind tunnel showed that angle of incidence to the wind had no effect on heat loss at wind speeds < 2 m s⁻¹ (7 km h⁻¹), but at wind speeds of 7 m s⁻¹ (25 km h⁻¹), heat loss was 14% greater when the model was side-on rather than tail- or head-on to the wind.In tests on pasture, standing side-on to the early morning sun reduced heat loss from the model by 33%. Three hours “lying” on the lee side of a 1-m high synthetic Sarlon windbreak on a frosty night resulted in a reduction in heat loss of 6% below that when standing or 11% below that in a standing position in the open. When the model was placed in the centre of a tight group of 16 shorn sheep, its heat loss was reduced by an average of 14%.Heat loss was also reduced if the model was moved from the open, to regions of lower wind speed adjacent to windbreaks; the effect was greater on the leeward than the windward side.The reduction one metre leeward of a grass hedge (hybrid Phalaris) was 15% compared with 12% one metre leeward of a synthetic (Sarlon) windbreak, which is consistent with the preference of shorn sheep to shelter by Phalaris rather than Sarlon windbreaks.The microclimates where heat loss from the model were lowest correspond to those sought by shorn sheep in cold weather, and the results indicate that shorn sheep have very sensitive thermosensing mechanisms and efficient thermoregulatory behaviour.     

Effectiveness of cleaning techniques used in the food industry in terms of the removal of bacterial biofilms

The effectiveness of cleaning was investigated through food factory trials and laboratory experiments using a naturally occurring biofilm from a food factory environment and generated biofilms. The efficacy of factory cleaning and disinfection programmes was assessed by swabbing and total viable count (TVC) analysis of surfaces before cleaning, after cleaning and after disinfection. Cleaning produced a 0.91 log reduction in the attached population. Investigation of the effectiveness of a variety of cleaning methods in the removal of a naturally occurring food factory biofilm showed that the high pressure spray and the mechanical floor scrubber, which use a high degree of mechanical action, were most effective. Cleaning trials with biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus showed that spraying with water at pressures of 34.5, 51.7 and 68.9 bar did not significantly increase the removal, as assessed by direct epifluorescent microscopy (DEM) and swabbing and TVC analysis, beyond the three log reduction observed at 17.2 bar. The effect of spray time at 17.2 bar showed that increasing spray time from 1 to 10 s did not significantly increase removal of Ps. aeruginosa biofilm. Investigation of the optimum distance of the spray lance from the surface at 17.2 bar was found to be between 125 and 250 mm. The use of an alkaline, acidic or neutral detergent prior to spraying with water at 17.2 bar did not significantly increase the removal of Ps. aeruginosa or Staph. aureus. However, the acidic and alkaline products significantly (P = 0.05) affected the viability of Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa, respectively, thereby minimizing the potential for the spread of contamination.     

Studies of Spray Application of Microbial Herbicides in Relation to Conidial Propagule Content of Spray Droplets and Retention on Target

This paper addresses the hypothesis that the spray application system used will affect the retention of spray deposits of microbial herbicides on different plant structures. There was greater spray retention on the hypocotyl of 4 to 6-true leaf Amaranthus retroflexus plants (20-31%) sprayed with an aerosol-producing laboratory sprayer than with a hydraulic nozzle (3-5%). Spray deposition and retention from the hydraulic nozzle was increased by 28-42% when the nozzle was used horizontally. Spray droplets generally contained the expected conidial number for the conidial concentration but this was affected by increased inoculum density (size, concentration and mycelial contamination), causing a reduction in the actual number of conidia present, compared to the expected. Up to 40-50% of the conidia in the sprayed suspension could not be accounted for when conidium deposition was on a target. This loss could increase to 90-92% when the weed was sprayed under a crop canopy.     

Water-Saving Traits Can Protect Wheat Grain Number Under Progressive Soil Drying at the Meiotic Stage: A Phenotyping Approach

In wheat, water deficit during meiosis of pollen mother cells greatly reduces seed set and grain number. A promising option to avoid grain losses and maintain wheat productivity under water stress is to exploit conservative water-use strategies during reproduction. In this work, two cultivars known to be adapted to different environments were studied. Water stress, with or without a polymer spray known to reduce stomatal conductance, was applied to both cultivars just prior to meiosis. Two experiments were carried out in a phenotyping platform to (1) assess and validate daily non-destructive estimation of projected leaf area and to (2) evaluate different water-use (WU) strategies across the meiotic period and their effect on physiology and yield components. Gladius displays an elevated breakpoint (BP) in the regression of WU against fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) for both daily and night-time WU suggesting higher conservative whole-plant response when compared to Paragon. At the same time, Gladius maintained flag leaf gas-exchange with a significant reduction at ~ 0.2 FTSW only, suggesting an uncoupled mechanism of WU reduction that optimized the water resource available for flag leaf gas-exchange maintenance. Under progressive soil drying, seed set and grain number of tillers stressed at GS41 were significantly reduced in Paragon (p < 0.05) thus leading to lower grain yield and grain number at plant level than Gladius. Polymer-induced reduction of transpiration is potentially useful when applied to the non-conservative stressed Paragon, maintaining higher FTSW, water-use efficiency and RWC during the progressive soil drying treatment. This led to better seed set (p < 0.05) and grain number maintenance (p < 0.05) than in the stressed Paragon control. We conclude that the different conservative traits detected in this work, protect grain development around meiosis and therefore maintain grain number under water-limiting conditions. Additionally, non-conservative genotypes (often with a greater expected yield potential) can be protected at key stages by reducing their water use with a polymer spray. Thus, future efforts can integrate both crop breeding and management strategies to achieve drought-resilience during the early reproductive phase in wheat and potentially other cereals.

     

Evaluation of alcohol wipes used during aseptic manufacturing

Aim: During aseptic manufacturing and specifically during the transfer of items into an isolator, disinfection of surfaces is essential for reducing the risk of final product contamination. Surface disinfection can be carried out by a variety of methods, however the most accepted current practice is a combination of spraying with 70% alcohol and wiping. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two wipe systems by determining their ability to remove, kill and transfer bacterial contaminants from standardized surfaces. Methods and Results: The protocol used to achieve these objectives was based on a newly published method specifically designed to test wipes. Alcohol impregnated wipes performed better at reducing microbial bioburden than the alcohol spray/dry wipe applications. Impregnated wipes drastically reduced (1–2 log₁₀ reduction) a small bioburden (approx. 2 log₁₀) of spores of Bacillus subtilis and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the surface, but failed to remove (<0·2 log₁₀ reduction) Staphylococcus epidermidis. The alcohol spray/dry wipes did not manage to remove (<0·2 log₁₀ reduction) spore or bacterial bioburden from surfaces and was able to transfer some viable micro‐organisms to other surfaces. Both wipe types showed poor antimicrobial efficacy (<1 log₁₀ reduction) against the test bacteria and spores. Conclusions: As far as the authors are aware this is the first time that such a practical study has been reported and our results suggest that the best wipes for surface disinfection in aseptic units are the alcohol (IPA) impregnated wipes when compared with the dry wipes sprayed with alcohol. Significance and Impact of the Study: The impregnated wipes performed better than the dry wipes sprayed with alcohol and should be used for surface disinfection in aseptic units.     

西双版纳地区附生与非附生植物叶片对雾水的吸收

采用蒸馏水喷雾(模拟雾)法,测定了西双版纳地区干季中10种附生植物和非附生植物叶片水势(Φ)、相对含水量(RWC)和吸水量的变化,探讨了不同类型植物叶片的吸收雾水的能力.结果表明,随喷雾时间的延长,植物叶片Φ、RWC和吸水量均升高,说明附生植物和非附生植物叶片都能吸收雾水,但附生植物叶片吸水后Φ升高明显快于非附生植物.附生植物附着实蕨和爬树龙叶片吸水快、RWC变化大,表明其叶片吸收雾水的能力强;贝母兰和掌唇兰叶片吸水能力低于非附生植物中的穿鞘花和野靛稞,但高于其它4种非附生植物.傍晚雾生之前附生植物叶片Φ显著低于清晨,表明夜间附生植物叶片吸收了雾水;而非附生植物傍晚叶片Φ与清晨水势差异不显著,夜间几乎不吸收雾水.除贝母兰外,附生植物叶生物量分数高于非附生植物,利于其吸收雾水.由于西双版纳地区干季多雾,该区植物叶片最低水势均在-0.8 MPa以上,水分胁迫不严重.     

Bio-efficacy of different oil carriers in ultra low volume sprayer for management of pod borer,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in pigeonpea ecosystem

A study was conducted to evaluate the bioefficacy of different oil carriers (sunflower oil, seamum oil, neem oil, mineral oil), sugar solution and water formulation to be used in ultra low volume sprayer (ULV) along with rynaxypyr 18.5 SC (Coragen) for the management of pod borer at the Agricultural Research Station, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India during the kharif season of 2011–2012. The results revealed that the sesamum oil carrier fits well with rynaxypyr 18.5 SC and recorded the lowest mean pod borer larval population after last spray (1.0 per five plants) the lowest pod damage (23.20%), grain damage (18.30%) and higher grain yield (9.43?q/ha) with a high B:C ratio of 3.64 in the plot sprayed with the sesamum oil carrier. The findings suggested that the sesamum oil carrier in ULV sprayer is suitable and practicable in pigeonpea ecosystem for effective management of pod borer with no risk of phytotoxicity, spray drift and operational difficulties. The foregoing studies indicated that the performance of sesamum oil carriers was superior to other carriers in terms of suppression of larval population, reduction in pod damage and harnessing higher yield.