罗哌卡因腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉对剖宫产患者血清泌乳素水平的影响及其风险评估

目的:探讨罗哌卡因腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉对剖宫产初产妇血清泌乳素水平的影响并评估其安全性。方法:收集我院就诊的90例剖宫产足月单胎初产妇,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组45例。实验组组均采用1%罗哌卡因1.5 mL+生理盐水1.5 mL,对照组产妇给予硬膜外麻醉。术后,比较两组产妇的泌乳素、感觉以及运动阻滞情况、麻醉效果以及不良反应发生率。结果:与手术前相比,两组产妇术后的泌乳素水平升高,且实验组产妇的泌乳素水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,实验组产妇感觉阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间较短,感觉恢复时间以及运动恢复时间较长,麻醉效果较好,不良反应的发生率较低(P0.05)。结论:罗哌卡因腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉对剖宫产患者血清泌乳素水平的变化影响较硬膜外麻醉小,且麻醉效果及安全性更高。     

胸4～5椎间隙直视下硬膜外头端置管建立上胸段硬膜外阻滞大鼠模型

目的为上胸段硬膜外阻滞的动物试验研究提供经济、稳定、可靠的模型。方法以大鼠为研究对象,经胸4～5椎间隙,直视下向头端于硬膜外腔置入经拉撕等处理后的临床用硬膜外导管,采用椎旁肌肉缝扎导管,皮下隧道预留缓冲长度等方法固定导管。48 h后大鼠硬膜外腔注入美蓝100μL/kg,尸检鉴定模型成功和药液的分布范围。结果置管48 h后的成功率为85.8%,硬膜外腔的感染率为0,导管脱出几率5%。结论本研究证实了经胸4～5椎间隙直视下头端置管建立上胸段硬膜外阻滞大鼠模型的可行性,并具有损伤小、稳定性好、成功率高、费用低及周期短等优点。     

Epidural Sustained Release Ropivacaine Prolongs Anti-Allodynia and Anti-Hyperalgesia in Developing and Established Neuropathic Pain

Ropivacaine is a local anesthetic widely used for regional anesthesia and epidural analgesia, but its relatively short duration limits its clinical use. A novel sustained release lipid formulation of ropivacaine has been recently developed to prolong its duration. We examined the epidural anti-hypersensitivity and preemptive effects of ropivacaine in mesylate injection and sustained release suspension forms in a rat model of neuropathy produced by peripheral nerve injury. Epidural administration of ropivacaine mesylate injection specifically blocked mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia by approximately 50% with a biological half-effective duration of approximately 3 hrs. The equivalent dose of ropivacaine free-base in sustained release suspension significantly prolonged the duration of anti-allodynia and anti-hyperalgesia by approximately 2 times. Multiple daily epidural injections of ropivacaine in both the mesylate injection and sustained-release suspension forms did not induce tolerance or potentiation to anti-allodynia or anti-hyperalgesia. Moreover, the single or multiple daily administration of ropivacaine mesylate injection before surgery in particular, markedly blocked the initiation and development of neuropathic pain, increasing the biological half-effective duration from less than 4 hrs up to 1 or 2 days. The single and multiple daily epidural injection of ropivacaine sustained release suspension further delayed the biological half-lives to 2 and 3 days, respectively. Our results indicate that the epidural administration of ropivacaine effectively blocks neuropathic pain without the induction of analgesic tolerance, and significantly delays the development of neuropathy produced by peripheral nerve injury. Epidural ropivacaine sustained release suspension produces much longer blockade effects of mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia, and more significantly delays the development of neuropathic pain.     

骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折经皮椎体后凸成形术中应用不同麻醉方式对疼痛阈值的影响

摘要 目的：探究骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折经皮椎体后凸成形术中应用不同麻醉方式对疼痛阈值的影响。方法：选择120例接受经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者,并将其随机分为全身麻醉组（n=40）、局部麻醉组（n=40）和硬膜外麻醉组（n=40）。对比分析三组麻醉效果、不同时间点疼痛阈值（VAS值）、疼痛总分（PRI）与疼痛强度（PPI）、温度疼痛阈值和电疼痛阈值以及采取自控镇痛、止痛药的情况。结果：全身麻醉组患者麻醉优良率为95.00 %,局部麻醉组患者麻醉优良率为87.50 %,硬膜外麻醉组患者麻醉优良率为92.50 %。三组患者麻醉效果比较,全身麻醉组显著优于局部麻醉组和硬膜外麻醉组（P<0.05）。随着麻醉时间的延长,硬膜外麻醉组患者在麻醉后的VAS值、PRI和PPI值、温度疼痛阈值和电疼痛阈值均显著低于全身麻醉组和局部麻醉组患者（P<0.05）。全身麻醉组采取其他方式进行止痛的概率为1.67 %,局部麻醉组为30.00 %,硬膜外麻醉组为2.50 %,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：硬膜外麻醉方式对骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折经皮椎体后凸成形术的麻醉效果和镇痛效果较全身麻醉和局部麻醉效果好,值得临床推广使用。     

寰枢关节尾向置管建立上胸段硬膜外阻滞大鼠模型

目的为持续上胸段硬膜外阻滞的试验研究提供稳定可靠的动物模型。方法以大鼠为研究对象,经寰枢关节尾向于硬膜外腔置入PE-10导管,采用特殊的固定和管理措施。4周后,大鼠硬膜外腔注入美蓝100μL/kg,尸检鉴定模型成功和药液的分布范围。结果置管后4周的成功率为65%,硬膜外腔的感染率为2.5%。结论本研究证实了经寰枢关节尾向置管建立持续上胸段硬膜外模型和特殊管理的可行性,并具有成功率高,稳定性好的特点。     

腰硬联合麻醉在下肢骨折手术对WBC、CRP、ALB、PCT的影响

摘要 目的：通过腰硬联合麻醉在下肢骨折手术中对白细胞(white blood cell,WBC)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)的影响分析,探讨腰硬联合麻醉在下肢骨折手术中的应用价值。方法：选取本院2018年12月到2019年10月择期髋部骨折手术的老年患者88例,按不同麻醉方法分为观察组（n=48）与对照组（n=40）;对照组为全身麻醉,观察组为腰硬联合麻醉,以WBC、CRP、ALB、PCT为观察指标,结合术后疼痛及术中麻醉效果对腰硬联合麻醉在下肢骨折手术中的应用进行分析评价。结果：观察组术后4 h、24 h、48 h的静息疼痛评分都显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的感觉阻滞时间、阻滞完善时间、痛觉恢复时间都显著短于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组术后1 d、7 d的WBC、ALB值与对照组对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组术后1 d、7 d的血清CRP、PCT含量都显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：腰硬联合麻醉在下肢骨折手术中的应用并不会影响WBC、ALB的表达,但可减轻CRP、PCT的血浓度,能更好的提高麻醉效果,发挥镇痛作用,延长术后无痛时间,从而促进患者的康复。     

Application of lumbosacral spinal anesthesia for ovine Caesarian surgery and for vasectomy under field conditions

A 2% lignocaine solution infused at a dose of 2 mg/kg at the lumbosacral site gave excellent analgesia in 28 vasectomy operations and in 33 of 38 (87%) Caesarian operations at a dose of 4 mg/kg. Failure of the anesthetic technique in 4 sheep (6% of all operations) was associated with poor positioning of the ewe and incorrect identification of the epidural space. One fatality was recorded and was considered to result from lignocaine overdosage and the probable pooling of blood in the splanchnic vasculature. Pelvic limb paresis persisted for 2 to 4 h post epidural injection in all ewes, but no permanent paralysis was encountered. Lumbosacral epidural anesthesia gave excellent analgesia for vasectomy, and was indicated for Caesarian surgery when a dystocia was associated with severe vaginal prolapse or the delivery of a fetal monster. Further work is needed to find an analgesic preparation which has a shorter duration than the 2% lignocaine solution.     

The Effect of Anesthetic Technique on Survival in Human Cancers: A Meta-Analysis of Retrospective and Prospective Studies

Animal models have shown that regional anesthesia (combined with or without general anesthesia) would attenuate the surgical stress response by preserving immune function and result in better long-term outcome. In order to test the hypothesis that cancer patients who had surgery with epidural anesthesia (EA) would have better outcome (either overall survival [OS] or recurrence-free survival [RFS]) than those who were general anesthesia (GA), we performed this meta-analysis. By searching relevant literature, a total of 14 studies containing 18 sub-studies (seven in OS analysis and eleven in RFS analysis) were identified and meta-analyzed. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. For OS, the random-effects model was used to analyze the data and demonstrated an OS benefit in favor of EA compared with GA alone (HR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.74–0.96, P = 0.013). The influence analysis showed the robustness of the results. Specifically, a significantly positive association between EA and improved OS was observed in colorectal cancer (HR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.43–0.99, P = 0.045). For RFS, the random-effects model was used to analyze the data and no significant relationship between RFS benefit and EA (HR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.64–1.22, P = 0.457) was detected. In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggests that epidural anesthesia and/or analgesia might be associated with improved overall survival in patients with operable cancer undergoing surgery (especially in colorectal cancer), but it does not support an association between epidural anesthesia and cancer control. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether the association between epidural use and survival is causative.     

改良导管固定法在硬膜外阻滞大鼠模型构建中的应用

目的探讨改良硬膜外导管固定法应用于构建硬膜外阻滞动物模型的可行性及效果。方法采用随机数字法将24只雄性Wistar大鼠分为实验组和对照组,每组12只,用于构建硬膜外阻滞大鼠模型。实验组在切开置管后导管固定使用创新性关卡,采用不透气无菌医用胶带封闭导管;对照组则采用单纯缝线环绕法固定,并保留导管接头固定于后颈部。术后每天硬膜外腔注射0.1%罗哌卡因30 uL,共28 d。对比观察两组术后发生感染率,硬膜外阻滞模型有效时间及硬膜外导管深度变化等情况。结果术后感染发生率：两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;模型有效时间：实验组长于对照组（26.2±1.7d＆18.5±3.0d,P〈0.05）;硬膜外腔内导管深度：实验组与对照组比,其均值和离散程度的差异均具有显著性（1.81±0.07＆1.44±0.55,P〈0.05）。结论应用改良导管固定法构建大鼠硬膜外阻滞模型,有助于提高其稳定性和成功率。     

Local anesthetic resistance in a pregnant patient with lumbosacral plexopathy

BACKGROUND: We report a case of a patient with apparent resistance to local anesthetics. While similar cases of failure of regional anesthetics are often attributed to technical failure, the overall clinical presentation and history of this patient suggests a true resistance to local anesthetics. CASE PRESENTATION: This patient presented for elective cesarean section and the decision for regional anesthesia was made. While attempting to place an epidural, the patient failed to achieve adequate skin analgesia despite multiple attempts at local infiltration. When a spinal was ultimately placed, sensory or motor blockade was not obtained despite no evidence of technical problems with technique. Further questioning revealed multiple prior episodes of local anesthetic failure in this patient. CONCLUSIONS: While the failure rate of spinal anesthesia has been shown range from 4-13% and is often attributed to technical failure, elements of this particular case suggest a true resistance to local anesthetics.     

麻醉方式对老年髋关节置换术患者的影响

目的:观察和比较腰硬联合麻醉与全麻对行择期髋关节置换术老年患者的生命体征、简易智力状况检查量表(Mini-mental State Examinatlon,MMSE)评分、认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)发生率的影响。方法:选取2015年1月-2017年6月于我院行择期髋关节置换术的80例老年患者为研究对象,随机分为腰硬联合麻醉组和全麻组,每组各40例。全麻组患者术前应用全身麻醉,腰硬联合麻醉组患者术前应用腰硬联合麻醉。观察两组患者麻醉前后的生命体征、MMSE评分变化及POCD的发生情况。结果:腰硬联合麻醉组患者麻醉后收缩压(Systolic pressure,SP)、舒张压(diastolic pressure,DP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、呼吸频率(Respiratory rate,RR)均低于全麻组(P0.05),两组患者血氧饱和度(Pulse Oxygen Saturation,Sp O2)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。腰硬联合麻醉组患者麻醉起效时间、运动阻滞恢复时间以及麻醉药用量均低于全麻组(P0.05)。术后6 h、24 h、72 h,腰硬联合麻醉组的MMSE评分均高于全麻组患者(P0.05)。术后1 d,全麻组的患者出现19例POCD,腰硬联合麻醉组出现4例,发生率显著低于全麻组(P0.05);两组在术后3 d的POCD发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腰硬联合麻醉用于择期行髋关节置换术的老年患者具有良好的临床效果,麻醉起效快,缩短了完全阻滞时间,明显改善了患者的生命体征,降低术后认知功能障碍的发生,麻醉药物用量少。     

全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉对老年骨科手术患者术后短期认知功能的影响

目的：探讨全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉对老年骨科手术患者术后短期认知功能的影响。方法：按随机数字方式将2010年3月至2013年5月收治的全麻骨科手术老年患者64例分为两组,全身麻醉组（32例）给予全身麻醉进行手术,硬膜外麻醉组（32例）给予硬膜外麻醉进行手术,对比分析两组观察麻醉前后动脉血压与心率,睁眼、拔管及应答时间,术后6、12、24、72h的MMSE评分差异,并统计术后POCD的发生情况。结果：两组的年龄、体重、麻醉时间、受教育时间、出血量等一般临床资料均无明显差异（P〉0．05）;两组麻醉前、麻醉后术前、手术0．5h及手术结束时动脉血压和心率差异均不显著（P〉0．05）;全身麻醉组的睁眼、拔管及应答时间分别为（30．3±10．5）min、（30.3±7．8）min、（33．2±9．6）min;膜外麻醉组的睁眼、拔管及应答时间分别为（30．6±11．6）min、（30．1±6．6）min、（34.3±8．5）min,两组差异不显著（P〉0．05）;全身麻醉组麻醉前MMSE评分为29．2±1．5,而膜外麻醉组麻醉前MMSE评分为29．1±1．0,差异不显著（P〉0．05）;麻醉后,两组的MMSE评分均出现先减少后恢复的变化,膜外麻醉组麻醉后24h时的MMSE评分28．7±1．0明显高于全身麻醉组的27．3±0．8（t=-5．491,P=0．000〈0．05）;全身麻醉组麻醉后6h和12hPOCD的发生率均明显高于膜外麻醉组的（P〈0．05）,而两组在麻醉后24h开始POCD的发生率无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论：全身麻醉对老年骨科手术患者术后短期认知功能的影响明显大于硬膜外麻醉。     

糖尿病患者外科手术麻醉的相关多态性及Logistic分析

目的：研究与探讨糖尿病患者外科手术麻醉的安全性和有效性。方法：糖尿病外科手术患堵262例,采用腰一硬联合麻醉146例,全身麻醉116例。结果：表明腰一硬联合麻醉组在术中血糖均值水平、胰岛素的平均使用剂量均少于全身麻醉组,有统计学意义（p〈0．05）。腰．硬联合麻醉组麻醉后空腹血糖、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平增高幅度均小于全身麻醉组,（P〈0．05）。通过用Logistic回归方程分析影响糖尿病患者麻醉效果的因素除性别无显著相关性,年龄、糖尿病病程、吸烟、饮酒、体重指数均与麻醉效果有高度相关性（正相关）。结论：糖尿病手术患者采用腰．硬联合麻醉效果较好。     

全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉对老年骨科手术患者术后短期 认知功能的影响

目的：探讨全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉对老年骨科手术患者术后短期认知功能的影响。方法：按随机数字方式将2010 年3 月至 2013 年5 月收治的全麻骨科手术老年患者64 例分为两组,全身麻醉组（32 例）给予全身麻醉进行手术,硬膜外麻醉组（32 例）给 予硬膜外麻醉进行手术,对比分析两组观察麻醉前后动脉血压与心率,睁眼、拔管及应答时间,术后6、12、24、72 h的MMSE 评分 差异,并统计术后POCD的发生情况。结果：两组的年龄、体重、麻醉时间、受教育时间、出血量等一般临床资料均无明显差异（P＞ 0.05）;两组麻醉前、麻醉后术前、手术0.5h 及手术结束时动脉血压和心率差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;全身麻醉组的睁眼、拔管及应 答时间分别为（30.3 ± 10. 5）min、（30.3 ± 7.8）min、（33.2 ± 9.6）min;膜外麻醉组的睁眼、拔管及应答时间分别为（30.6 ± 11.6）min、 （30.1± 6.6）min、（34.3 ± 8.5）min,两组差异不显著（P＞0.05）;全身麻醉组麻醉前MMSE 评分为29.2 ± 1.5,而膜外麻醉组麻醉前 MMSE 评分为29.1 ± 1.0,差异不显著（P＞0.05）;麻醉后,两组的MMSE 评分均出现先减少后恢复的变化,膜外麻醉组麻醉后 24h 时的MMSE 评分28.7 ± 1.0 明显高于全身麻醉组的27.3 ± 0.8（t=5.491,P=0.000<0.05）;全身麻醉组麻醉后6h 和12hPOCD 的发生率均明显高于膜外麻醉组的（P<0.05）,而两组在麻醉后24h 开始POCD的发生率无明显差异（P＞0.05）。结论：全身麻醉 对老年骨科手术患者术后短期认知功能的影响明显大于硬膜外麻醉。     

Appendectomy in rabbits with extended unilateral anesthesia.

Thoracic paravertebral anesthesia was not believed to accompany numbness in the lumbar nerve region. However, we recently discovered that thoracic paravertebral anesthesia could produce analgesia in the lumbar region. We called this block extended unilateral anesthesia. In this study, appendectomy was attempted in rabbits with extended unilateral anesthesia. After a catheter was inserted into the endothoracic fascia in the paravertebral region on the right side at the level of the 11th thoracic vertebra, a 3-ml dose of 2% mepivacaine was injected repeatedly through the catheter. After an injection of the local anesthetic we could observe motor and sensory paralysis unilaterally from the chest down to the lower limb in all the rabbits, the extended unilateral anesthesia. With this anesthesia, we could accomplish appendectomy. This is the initial report of extended unilateral anesthesia applied to appendectomy in rabbits. We think that this anesthesia could be beneficial in future medical and veterinary use.     

腰- 硬联合麻醉用于老年人手术的应用体会

目的:探讨和总结腰-硬联合麻醉在老年人手术中的应用。方法:对128例老年下腹部和下肢手术患者,在腰-硬联合麻醉和硬膜外麻醉下进行手术,对其低血压发生率、镇痛效果和肌松效果情况进行研究析。结果:CSEA组低血压发生率4.67%,镇痛效果优为89.1%,肌松效果优为90.6%;CEA组低血压发生率17.18%,镇痛效果组优为67.2%,肌松效果优为60.9%。结论:老年人下腹部和下肢手术应用CSEA效果满意,安全性好。     

The efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in the caesarean section and the effect on the vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in caesarean section and vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women.MethodsA total of 480 lying-in women who were admitted to this hospital for treatment between December 2017 and June 2018 were enrolled into this study as the subjects, which were divided into the experiment group and the control group, with 240 subjects in each group. In the experiment group, subjects received the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL ropivacaine (0.75%), while those in the control group also took the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL bupivacaine (0.75%). Thereafter, we observed the differences in the anesthetic efficiency, vital signs and hemodynamics of the lying-in women between two groups.ResultsThe excellent and good rates of the anesthesia in two groups were 92.1% and 87.9%, showing no obvious difference; in the experiment group, the average arterial pressures and systolic pressures at 5 min and 10 min after combined spinal and epidural analgesia (CSEA) were all elevated when comparing to the control group (all P < 0.05); in the experiment group, the onset time was obviously extended, while duration of sensory and motor block and the duration of motor block were all shorter than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). During anesthesia, the incidence rate of the adverse reactions in the control group was 2.50%, significantly higher than 0.83% in the experiment group (P < 0.05).ConclusionDespite that ropivacaine and bupivacaine are efficient in anesthesia in the CSEA in the caesarean section, ropivacaine is more recommended for little influence on the hemodynamics, shorter duration of sensory block and motor block and low incidence rate of adverse reactions, which are conducive to the recovery and also safe to the patients.     

Incidence and predictors of immediate complications following perioperative non-obstetric epidural punctures

Background

We made a survey among Finnish anesthesiologists concerning the current perioperative anesthetic practice of hip fracture patients for further development in patient care.

Methods

All members of the Finnish Society of Anesthesiologists with a known e-mail address (786) were invited to participate in an internet-based survey.

Results

The overall response rate was 55% (423 responses); 298 respondents participated in the care of hip fracture patients. Preoperative analgesia was mostly managed with oxycodone and paracetamol; every fifth respondent applied an epidural infusion. Most respondents (98%) employed a spinal block with or without an epidural catheter for intraoperative anesthesia. Midazolam, propofol and/or fentanyl were used for additional sedation. General anesthesia was used rarely. Postoperatively, paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and occasionally peroral oxycodone, were prescribed in addition to epidural analgesia.

Conclusions

The survey suggests that the impact of more individualised analgesia regimens, both preoperatively and postoperatively, should be investigated in further studies.     

Determination of metformin in plasma by capillary electrophoresis using field-amplified sample stacking technique

A capillary electrophoresis method was described for the determination of metformin in human plasma based on the extraction of the ion-pair with bromothymol blue into chloroform. Phenformin was used as internal standard. Field-amplified sample stacking injection was employed with an electrokinetic injection voltage of 10 kV for 10 s. The running buffer was 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5), running voltage was 20 kV and the UV absorbance detection was set at 195 nm. The limit of quantitation was 0.25 μg/ml. Linearity range of calibration curve was 0.25 to 3.5 μg/ml. Recoveries for three levels (0.25, 1 and 2 μg/ml) were 80.24%, 67.44% and 58.97% (n=5 for each level), respectively. The intra-day precisions for the three levels were 11.9%, 3.09% and 4.33% and the inter-day precisions were 12.4%, 4.57% and 4.94%, respectively. The concentrations of metformin hydrochloride in human plasma of eight volunteers were measured after orally administrating metformin enteric-capsule and tablet.     

糖尿病患者外科手术麻醉的相关多态性及Logistic 分析

目的:研究与探讨糖尿病患者外科手术麻醉的安全性和有效性。方法:糖尿病外科手术患者262例,采用腰-硬联合麻醉146例,全身麻醉116例。结果:表明腰-硬联合麻醉组在术中血糖均值水平、胰岛素的平均使用剂量均少于全身麻醉组,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。腰-硬联合麻醉组麻醉后空腹血糖、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平增高幅度均小于全身麻醉组,(P<0.05)。通过用Logistic回归方程分析影响糖尿病患者麻醉效果的因素除性别无显著相关性,年龄、糖尿病病程、吸烟、饮酒、体重指数均与麻醉效果有高度相关性(正相关)。结论:糖尿病手术患者采用腰-硬联合麻醉效果较好。