Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi along a sand dune stabilization gradient: A case study at Praia da Joaquina, Ilha de Santa Catarina, South Brazil

Species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was assessed along a dune stabilization gradient (embryonic dune, foredune and fixed dune) at Praia da Joaquina, Ilha de Santa Catarina. The dunes were chosen as a case study to assess whether diversity and mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP) increase along the gradient. Ten soil samples were collected from each stage and pooled, and then six 100-g soil sub-samples were taken to identify and enumerate spores. Twelve AMF species were detected, and all three families in Glomales were represented. Gigasporaceae species dominated the embryonic dune, while Glomaceae species dominated the fixed dune. Total spore numbers and richness increased as the dunes became more stabilized. However, indices of Margalef, Simpson and Shannon reached maximal values at different stages, suggesting that species abundance was different among stages. In both embryonic and fixed dunes, species abundance data fit the broken stick model, while in the foredune the log series model best described the data. The MIP followed spore numbers and increased along the gradient, suggesting that spores are important in initiating root colonization in this system. Relationships between edaphic factors and functional roles of Glomales families as determinants of AMF distribution are discussed. This document was subjected to peer and administrative reviews of the U.S. EPA at the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, and was approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this paper does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of use.     

丛枝菌根真菌在土壤氮素循环中的作用

作为植物需求量最大的营养元素,氮素是陆地生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子。丛枝菌根真菌能与地球上80%以上的陆生植物形成菌根共生体,帮助宿主植物吸收土壤中的P、N等矿质养分。目前,丛枝菌根真菌与氮素循环相关研究侧重于真菌对氮素的吸收形态以及共生体中氮的传输代谢机制,却忽略了丛枝菌根真菌在固氮过程、矿化与吸收过程、硝化过程、反硝化过程以及氮素淋洗过程等土壤氮素循环过程中所起到的潜在作用,并且越来越多的证据也表明丛枝菌根真菌是影响土壤氮素循环过程的重要因子。总结了丛枝菌根真菌可利用的氮素形态及真菌的氮代谢转运相关基因的研究现状;重点分析了丛枝菌根真菌在调控土壤氮素循环过程中的潜在作用以及在生态系统中的重要生态学意义,同时提出了丛枝菌根真菌在土壤氮素循环过程中一些需要深入研究的问题。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biological control of Verticillium-wilted cotton plants

The interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, and Glomus versiforme) with a wilt-causing soil-borne pathogen, Verticillium dahliae, was studied in cotton. It was found that establishment by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduced disease index. In diseased cotton plants colonised by G. etunicatum, the disease index was less than other diseased mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal ones. In diseased cotton plants, chlorophyll content was lower than others. Three Glomus species significantly increased content of sugar and protein in shoot and root. Pathogen-infected plants had higher proline concentration in shoot and root than healthy plants. On the other hand, the increased content of proline as stress sensor showed that Verticillium accelerates senescence and reduces yield. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of mycorrhiza can alleviate the pathogenesis effects of V. dahliae partly, and also there is a competitive interaction between the pathogenic and symbiotic fungi.     

同位素示踪技术在丛枝菌根真菌生态学研究中的应用

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌是生态系统中重要的土壤微生物之一。AM真菌菌丝体网络是由AM真菌菌丝体在土壤生态系统中连接两株或两株以上植物根系所形成的菌丝体网络。随着菌根学研究的深入,如何直观的揭示AM真菌的生态学功能已经成为相关领域关注的热点问题。研究发现,利用同位素示踪技术可以开展AM真菌与宿主植物对土壤矿质营养的吸收、转运等方面的研究,以及菌丝体网络对不同宿主植物之间营养物质的分配研究和AM真菌在生态系统生态学中的功能研究。基于此,为了阐明同位素示踪技术在AM真菌研究中的价值,围绕菌根学最新研究进展,系统回顾了利用同位素示踪技术探究AM共生体对不同元素吸收和转运的机制、同位素示踪技术在AM真菌菌丝体网络研究中的价值和利用同位素示踪技术研究AM真菌在生态系统中的功能,为AM真菌生态学功能的研究提供理论基础,并对本领域未来的研究方向和应用前景进行展望。     

内蒙古露天煤矿区回填土壤具生态适应能力丛枝菌根真菌的筛选

在盆栽试验条件下,应用灭菌的露天煤矿区回填土壤为培养基质,研究8个丛枝菌根真菌菌种(株)对沙打旺生长及根系侵染的影响.结果表明,分离自江西和新疆的Glomus mosseae的2个菌株在露天煤矿区回填土壤上能够显著提高沙打旺的生物量,并能有效改善植株的磷、氮营养;其侵染率均在50%以上,且根外繁殖体数显著高于其他接种处理.说明此两个菌株在该土壤上具有良好的生态适应能力,有助于露天煤矿区植被重建和生态恢复等研究工作的进一步开展.     

干旱胁迫条件下AMF促进小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗生长的机理研究

采用温室水分控制试验,在干旱胁迫条件下,定量化研究优势丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)影响优势乡土植物小马鞍羊蹄甲(Bauhinia faberi var.microphylla)幼苗生长的机理,主要通过研究干旱胁迫条件下摩西球囊霉菌(Funneliformis mosseae)与小马鞍羊蹄甲的共生关系,阐明AMF在植物生长初期的作用。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,摩西球囊霉菌能够很好地侵染幼苗,侵染率高达89%—97%,并且不受水分条件影响。接种的幼苗最大光合速率、水分利用效率随着干旱胁迫程度从重度到轻度(水分从低到高)逐渐增大,相反地,叶片脯氨酸含量逐渐减小。接种显著地促进幼苗株高、叶片数、叶面积、根长、根面积等生长指标,提高幼苗各部分生物量、地上地下磷(P)含量。当含水量为60%田间持水量时,AMF促进小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗吸收P的效果最好。接种还显著影响幼苗的生物量分配,在重度干旱胁迫时影响P分配,水分条件也显著影响幼苗的生物量分配。此外,接种和水分的交互作用对叶生物量、总生物量、生长指标以及地上部氮(N)总量影响显著。结果表明干旱胁迫条件下菌根效应显著,并在干旱条件下显著促进了小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗的生长,这为进一步干旱河谷植被恢复提供了理论依据。     

荒漠地区植物丛枝菌根真菌研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）与超过80%的陆生植物形成共生关系,在改善土壤质量、增强宿主抗逆性及调节物质循环等方面发挥重要的生态功能。荒漠是指气候极端干旱、地表植被稀疏、自然环境荒凉的地区。荒漠地区生存环境恶劣,AMF在其中扮演着重要的角色。本文概述了荒漠生态系统中AMF的定殖时空异质性和多样性、AMF对土壤稳定性及碳氮循环的贡献、AMF对植物的促生抗逆性及维持植物群落稳定和多样性的作用以及AMF与荒漠农作物种植等方面的研究成果,为荒漠地区AMF的进一步研究及其开发利用提供了重要参考。     

丛枝菌根真菌对三叶草根系分泌的有机酸组分和含量的影响

比较洗根法、层析纸法和琼脂膜法收集土培条件下生长的菌根化和非菌根化三叶草根分泌物的效果。试验采用三室根箱装置 ,将根系与菌丝生长空间分开 ,三叶草生长 5 6d后 ,打开三室根箱装置 ,由于尼龙网的阻挡作用使根系均匀垫积在尼龙网内侧并形成根垫。分别采用洗根法、层析纸法和琼脂膜法 3种方法收集三叶草根系分泌物 ,并通过高效液相色谱方法测定分泌物中草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乳酸、乙酸、顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、柠檬酸、丁二酸等有机酸的含量。结果表明 :3种收集方法收集的三叶草分泌的有机酸无论在种类上还是在数量上都存在相当大的差别。从检测到的有机酸种类来看 ,琼脂膜法收集检测到苹果酸、乙酸、顺丁烯二酸、柠檬酸、丁二酸和乳酸 6种有机酸 ;洗根法收集的分泌物检测到酒石酸、苹果酸、乙酸、顺丁烯二酸、柠檬酸、丁二酸和乳酸 7种有机酸 ;层析纸法收集的分泌物检测到酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸和乳酸 4种有机酸。从收集到的有机酸数量来看 ,洗根法收集到的有机酸总量为 2 9.97～ 2 32 .7μg/( gfw· 2 h) ;琼脂膜法集到的有机酸总量为 1 .5～ 7.3μg/( cm2· 2 h) ;层析纸法收集的有机酸总量为0 .2 3～ 6.5 8μg/( cm2 · 2 h)。丛枝菌根真菌侵染对三叶草根系分泌的有机酸的组分和含量都有一     

四川遂宁地区石油污染土壤中丛枝菌根真菌

调查了四川遂宁地区磨溪油田石油污染土壤中丛枝菌根(AM)真菌资源和菌根发育状况。结果表明:调查的14种植物中13种能形成AM,占93%,共分离出AM真菌19种,隶属球囊霉属(Glomus)、无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)和原囊霉属(Archeospora),其中球囊霉属为该地区优势属,缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)和摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)为优势种;植物根际土壤孢子密度在39~548个.100g-1土,平均为197个.100g-1土;菌根侵染率为17%~69%,菌根侵染强度为2%~24%,表明石油污染区植物具有较强的菌根依赖性。相关性分析表明,石油污染浓度与孢子密度呈显著负相关,与菌根侵染率及侵染强度无相关性。寄主植物一年蓬(Erigeron annuus)和艾蒿(Artemisia argyi)在石油污染浓度为11450和14950mg.kg-1时侵染率仍高达69%和47%,可能是抗石油胁迫的优势植物。     

Species of plants and associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate mycorrhizal responses to CO2 enrichment

It has been suggested that enrichment of atmospheric CO₂ should alter mycorrhizal function by simultaneously increasing nutrient‐uptake benefits and decreasing net C costs for host plants. However, this hypothesis has not been sufficiently tested. We conducted three experiments to examine the impacts of CO₂ enrichment on the function of different combinations of plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi grown under high and low soil nutrient availability. Across the three experiments, AM function was measured in 14 plant species, including forbs, C₃ and C₄ grasses, and plant species that are typically nonmycorrhizal. Five different AM fungal communities were used for inoculum, including mixtures of Glomus spp. and mixtures of Gigasporaceae (i.e. Gigaspora and Scutellospora spp.). Our results do not support the hypothesis that CO₂ enrichment should consistently increase plant growth benefits from AM fungi, but rather, we found CO₂ enrichment frequently reduced AM benefits. Furthermore, we did not find consistent evidence that enrichment of soil nutrients increases plant growth responses to CO₂ enrichment and decreases plant growth responses to AM fungi. Our results show that the strength of AM mutualisms vary significantly among fungal and plant taxa, and that CO₂ levels further mediate AM function. In general, when CO₂ enrichment interacted with AM fungal taxa to affect host plant dry weight, it increased the beneficial effects of Gigasporaceae and reduced the benefits of Glomus spp. Future studies are necessary to assess the importance of temperature, irradiance, and ambient soil fertility in this response. We conclude that the affects of CO₂ enrichment on AM function varies with plant and fungal taxa, and when making predictions about mycorrhizal function, it is unwise to generalize findings based on a narrow range of plant hosts, AM fungi, and environmental conditions.     

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）对外来植物入侵反馈机制的研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）在植物群落竞争演替、物种多样性的形成及群落空间分布格局、植物群落对全球变化的响应中均起着重要的调节作用;同样也能影响外来植物与本地植物的互作,影响外来植物入侵过程中植物群落演替进程,甚至决定入侵的成败。因此,AMF与外来植物共生及其对外来植物入侵的反馈已成为国际上外来植物入侵机制研究的一个热点。本文基于外来植物的入侵过程,从AMF对外来植物生长、外来植物与本地植物竞争关系的影响,以及外来植物入侵对AMF的影响及AMF对入侵的反馈3个方面综述了AMF对外来植物入侵的反馈机制。外来植物可以通过多种途径改变土著AMF的群落结构和功能,而土著AMF也能直接或间接地改变甚至逆转外来植物与入侵地植物的互作关系。未来的研究不仅需要考虑AMF与外来植物共生的菌根特性和对竞争关系的影响,还需要通过大尺度条件下的野外试验及室内补充试验深入探究影响AMF在外来植物与本地植物竞争演替中的作用的生物和非生物因子,以全面解释AMF影响外来植物入侵的反馈机制。     

丛枝菌根真菌在蔬菜生产中的研究进展

近年来,丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF）在设施蔬菜生产中的应用表明,在蔬菜的育苗过程中接种AMF可以生产出秧苗质量好、抗性强、品质高的菌根苗。通过对AMF的作用效果分析,发现接种AMF可以改善蔬菜营养与水分的供应状况,增强蔬菜对环境胁迫的耐受性,增加蔬菜根部疾病及线虫的抗性,提高蔬菜产量和产品质量,具有重要的农业意义。基于AMF对于蔬菜的有益作用,本文综述了AMF在促进蔬菜生长、提高蔬菜产量和品质、缓解其非生物胁迫和控制病原菌以及与其他生物防治剂（或农药）联合施用等方面的研究进展,以期为AMF在蔬菜生产中的应用提供参考。     

Temperature constraints on the growth and functioning of root organ cultures with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

In this study we investigated the effects of temperature on fungal growth and tested whether the differences in fungal growth were related to the effects of temperature on carbon movement to, or within, the fungus. Growth curves and C uptake-transfer-translocation measurements were obtained for three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolates cultured within a 6-30 degrees C temperature range. A series of experiments with a model fungal isolate, Glomus intraradices, was used to examine the effects of temperature on lipid body and 33P movement, and to investigate the role of acclimation and incubation time. Temperature effects on AMF growth were both direct and indirect because, despite clear independent root and AMF growth responses in some cases, the uptake and translocation of 13C was also affected within the temperature range tested. Root C uptake and, to a lesser extent, C translocation in the fungus, were reduced by low temperatures (< 18 degrees C). Uptake and translocation of 33P by fungal hyphae were, by contrast, similar between 10 and 25 degrees C. We conclude that temperature, between 6 and 18 degrees C, reduces AMF growth, and that C movement to the fungus is involved in this response.     

三峡库区消落带常见野生植物AM真菌

从三峡库区消落带3种常见野生植物的15个根际土壤样本中共分离鉴定出24种丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）,包括球囊霉属Glomus 15种、无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 3种、近明球囊霉属Claroideoglomus 2种和多样孢霉属Diversispora、内养囊霉属Entro phospora、巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora及类球囊霉属Paraglomus各1种。其中地表多样孢囊霉D. epigaea 和伯氏类球囊霉P. pernambucanum是我国的新记录种。研究发现这3种植物根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的优势属为球囊霉属,优势种为地球囊霉G. geosporum、单孢球囊霉G. monosporum、地表球囊霉G. versiforme、副冠球囊霉G. coronatum 和黄孢球囊霉G. flavisporum。研究还发现在这3种植物根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度平均为839±170个/100g土,物种丰富度在14-22种之间,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度分别在1.97-2.21、0.409-0.479之间波动。结果表明三峡库区消落带是一个AMF多样性研究的资源库。     

The role of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the growth of Calamagrostis villosa and Deschampsia flexuosa, in experiments with simulated acid rain

A series of microcosm experiments was established to investigate the effects of simulated acid rain on the capacity of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to germinate and colonize two grasses, Calamagrostis villosa and Deschampsia flexuosa. These two grasses are normally found in degraded Norway spruce forests in the Northern Czech Republic where acid rain pollution exists and C. villosa initially outcompetes D. flexuosa for the same niche. An AM fungus isolated from acid soils (Acaulospora tuberculata BEG41) was more tolerant of acidification than two species of Glomus (isolated from agricultural soils of neutral pH) in microcosm studies. Different effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) were found at all stages of the development of three AMF studied in model systems, including spore germination, colonization of host roots, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and NADH diaphorase activity of the extraradical mycelium. No ALP activity was found in hyphae germinating from the spores without plants whereas it was detected in all hyphae linked to a functioning intraradical mycelium.Simulated acid rain also affected the mycorrhizal growth response and belowground competition of the two grasses. Disturbance of the ERM between the two plant species significantly reduced the growth of C. villosa but not D. flexuosa. Disturbance also decreased root colonization by AMF of both plants, the total length of ERM and the total length of extraradical hyphae with ALP and NADH diaphorase activity adjacent to both plants. D. flexuosa appeared less dependent on the mycorrhizal state, for shoot and root growth, than C. villosa under the experimental conditions. The ability, therefore, of C. villosa to thrive in forest stands suffering from acid rain pollution may be related to this dependence on its mycorrhizal hyphal links to D. flexuosa under the environmental conditions produced by the pollution including higher light levels.     

稻田生态系统中丛枝菌根真菌的研究进展

水稻是世界上近一半人口的主粮作物,也被认为是研究丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)与非豆科植物共生的模式寄主植物。由于研究手段的限制,长期以来对稻田AMF多样性和生态功能的认识不够深入。近10年来,随着高通量测序技术的发展,越来越多的研究表明,AMF在稻田生态系统中普遍存在。新技术的发展极大地推动了稻田生态系统中AMF生态功能及其与水稻互作的研究。本文综述了稻田生态系统丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)共生体的建立、AMF的多样性及其影响因素、AMF的生态功能、AMF在水稻栽培中的潜在应用等,并对未来AMF与水稻研究进行了展望。研究表明,AM共生体的建立依赖AMF和水稻间一系列复杂的信号识别、交换和传导机制;相较于稻田湿地环境,旱作环境水稻根中AMF的定殖率更高,而且受寄主植物、环境因子和栽培管理措施等因素影响;AMF在调控水稻生长、营养吸收、抵御环境胁迫、降低稻田甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放等方面发挥着重要功能;AMF与其他微生物联合作用可以更好地帮助水稻吸收养分和抵御环境胁迫。基于稻田生态系统A...