Analysis of antigenic profiles of inactivated poliovirus vaccine and vaccine-derived polioviruses by block-ELISA method.

A new block-ELISA test for quantitative evaluation of relative reactivity of antigenic sites was developed and used to reveal the detailed epitope structure of inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) and live poliovirus strains. Poliovirus was captured on ELISA plates coated with rabbit anti-poliovirus IgG and blocked by monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) specific to individual epitopes before the remaining reactive antigenic sites were quantified by polyclonal anti-poliovirus IgG conjugate. The decrease of conjugate binding by the pre-treatment with a Mab reflects its contribution to the overall reactivity of poliovirus antigen. The level of block activity of Mabs for a given antigen can be expressed as a percent of reduction of antigenic reactivity as determined by ELISA test. It can be normalized by expressing this value as a ratio to the block activity of a reference sample. The data on the blocking-activity of a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific to different antigenic sites represents the epitope composition (antigenic profile) of a sample. Quantitative differences in epitope composition were determined for nine samples of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and compared with the International Reference Reagent. This method could be used for monitoring consistency of IPV production, comparison of vaccines made by different manufacturers, and for the analysis of antigenically modified strains of attenuated poliovirus. Antigenic structures of two isolates of type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) were compared with the structures of parental Sabin 1 and wild-type Mahoney strains using 17 monoclonal antibodies and revealed significant differences, suggesting that the method can be used for screening of field isolates and rapid identification of antigenically divergent VDPV strains.     

蝙蝠血清IgG的纯化及兔抗蝙蝠IgG酶标抗体的制备

目的纯化蝙蝠血清IgG,制备兔抗蝙蝠IgG酶标抗体。方法采用亲和层析纯化法纯化蝙蝠血清IgG,SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定蝙蝠IgG纯度。免疫大白兔制备兔抗蝙蝠IgG抗血清,免疫双扩散法测定抗血清效价,亲和层析纯化法纯化抗血清IgG。用改良过碘酸钠标记法制备兔抗蝙蝠IgG酶标抗体,直接ELISA和Western blot法对兔抗蝙蝠IgG酶标抗体进行工作浓度测定。结果纯化的蝙蝠血清IgG,其SDS-PAGE测定纯度大于95%;免疫大白兔所制备的抗血清免疫双扩散效价为1∶64;用改良过碘酸钠标记法制备兔抗蝙蝠IgG酶标抗体,其直接ELISA和Western blot工作浓度分别为1∶12800和大于1∶2000。结论制备了蝙蝠血清IgG的抗血清和酶标抗体,为蝙蝠的血清学检测体系提供了技术和资源储备。     

破伤风类毒素抗体酶联双抗原夹心法定量检测试剂的研制及评价

研制破伤风类毒素抗体酶联双抗原夹心法定量检测试剂,用于破伤风免疫血浆抗体效价检测。以精制破伤风类毒素经Sephacryl S-300柱层析纯化后作为包被抗原,用辣根过氧化物酶以改良过碘酸钠法标记精制破伤风类毒素作为酶标记抗原,以破伤风人免疫球蛋白国家标准品采用小鼠中和试验法标定试剂盒定量标准品,制备双抗原夹心法定量检测试剂;进行试剂盒检测范围、特异性、重复性、精密度及稳定性考核,并与小鼠中和试验法、琼脂双扩散法及国外破伤风类毒素抗体酶联试剂盒进行比较。结果显示,试剂盒的检测范围为10~150mIU/ml,灵敏度为10mIU/ml,线性好(r>0.996),板内孔间变异度小(CV<8%),特异性强(100%),重复性好(CV<13%),于37℃放置6天测定结果无明显差异,与小鼠中和试验法、英国Biding Site酶联试剂有良好的一致性。试验证明所研制的试剂盒适用于破伤风免疫血浆中的破伤风抗体效价定量检测。     

七种常见宠物二级抗体的制备和HRP标记

目的制备兔抗7种中国家庭中常见宠物的二级抗体,并进行辣根过氧化酶标记,为宠物血清学检测系统的建立提供工具。方法利用饱和硫酸铵沉淀法粗纯抗体后,再利用protein A 或protein G亲和层析的方法进一步纯化宠物的IgG,免疫大耳白兔制备抗血清,利用免疫双扩散来检测抗血清的效价,并用Protein A亲和层析的方法来纯化兔抗宠物的二级抗体,采用简易过碘酸钠法对纯化的兔抗宠物的二级抗体进行HRP标记,通过ELISA方法测定标记抗体的效价,并利用Western blotting考察标记抗体的特异性。结果纯化了狗、家猫、豚鼠、金仓鼠、松鼠、花鼠和龙猫7种宠物的血清IgG,免疫双扩散法测定兔抗这7种宠物的抗血清效价均达到1：32,并对纯化的兔抗7种宠物的二级抗体进行了HRP标记,ELISA测定标记抗体的效价达到1：（2000～15000）左右,Western blots显示标记抗体具有很好的特异性。结论成功制备了HRP标记的兔抗7种中国家庭中常见宠物的二级抗体,为宠物血清学检测体系的建立提供了工具。     

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure growth hormone level in serum and milk of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

An indirect Sandwich ELISA to measure growth hormone level in serum and milk of buffaloes was developed. The assay was based on purified anti rbST IgG raised in rabbits and chicken and rabbit anti chicken IgG horseradish peroxidase. The assay was validated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, precision and recovery. Parallelism was demonstrated between the standard curve and serially diluted serum, milk and pituitary derived growth hormone. Sensitivity of the assay was 0.1 ng/ml. Recovery of exogenous bovine somatotropin from serum and milk ranged from 90 to 102% and 96 to 108% respectively. The intra and inter assay variations to measure growth hormone in serum and milk were 3.36 to 8.81% and 6.01 to 12.31% respectively. Statistical analysis for parallelism and cross-reactivity of rbST with serum of other species confirmed the reproducibility of the assay.     

Detection of antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 using a competitive agglutination inhibition assay

AIMS: To develop a competitive agglutination inhibition assay (CAIA) for the detection of anti-Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) antibody in serum samples using a commercially available reverse passive agglutination assay (RPLA) kit. METHODS AND RESULTS: TSST-1 toxin and sera were incubated together, so that anti-toxin IgG would complex with the toxin. Latex particles sensitized with rabbit IgG anti-TSST-1 were added to test for un-complexed toxin. The sensitivity and specificity of the CAIA assay was determined relative to positive and negative ELISA results. The sensitivity (proportion of positive ELISA sera which tested positive by CAIA) was 66% whilst the specificity (proportion of ELISA negative sera which tested negative by CAIA) was 75%. Seven sera (14%) were negative by ELISA but positive for CAIA and 12 (18.8%) were positive for ELISA but negative for CAIA, suggesting some interference with the assays. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the methods in terms of the numbers of individuals testing positive (chi2, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The CAIA assay allowed detection of anti-TSST-1 within 18 h and was simple to read visually. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The method is a useful test for individual serum samples and a preliminary investigation for medical screening of suspected toxic shock syndrome and is applicable in situations where antibody assays are not routinely used for anti-TSST-1 and also where sophisticated equipment (e.g. microtitre plate reader) is not available.     

兔抗麻雀IgY酶标抗体的制备

目的制备辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）标记的兔抗麻雀IgY抗体,为禽类血清学检测体系的建立提供技术储备。方法硫酸铵盐析法粗提麻雀血清IgY,进一步在SDS-PAGE上分离后,切下带有目的条带的凝胶作为免疫原,免疫实验兔制备抗血清,Protein-A柱亲和纯化兔抗IgY血清IgG,,使用改良过碘酸钠法制备酶结合物。ELISA检测酶标抗体的工作浓度,western blotting检测酶标抗体的特异性。结果硫酸铵盐析法粗提IgY,可去除部分杂蛋白,SDS-PAGE上分离后切下带有目的条带的凝胶,可以得到足够纯度的抗原,将带有IgY的凝胶作为抗原免疫后获得的抗血清经Protein-A纯化后,二抗在SDS-PAGE上鉴定,纯度达到99%以上。改良的过碘酸钠法标记获得的抗体浓度为1.008 mg/mL,ELISA检测酶标抗体效价为1∶1000。Western blotting鉴定抗体具有特异性。结论获得了优质可靠的兔抗麻雀IgY酶标抗体。     

十七种哺乳动物二级抗体的制备和辣根过氧化物酶标记

目的制备兔抗17种哺乳动物的二级抗体,并进行辣根过氧化物酶标记,为哺乳血清学检测系统的建立提供工具。方法利用饱和硫酸铵沉淀法粗纯抗体后,再利用protein A或protein G亲和层析的方法进一步纯化哺乳动物的IgG,免疫大耳白兔制备抗血清,利用免疫双扩散来检测抗血清的效价,并用Protein A亲和层析的方法来纯化兔抗哺乳动物的二级抗体,采用简易过碘酸钠法对纯化的兔抗哺乳动物的二级抗体进行辣根过氧化物酶标记,通过ELISA方法测定标记抗体的效价,并利用Western blot方法考察标记抗体的特异性。结果纯化了恒河猴、东北虎、布氏田鼠、黑线姬鼠、斑羚、原驼、果子狸、食蟹猴、梅花鹿、长爪沙鼠、马鹿、骆驼、大仓鼠、豚鹿、熊猴、大耳羊和雪貂等17种哺乳动物的血清IgG,分别免疫大耳白兔制备了这17种哺乳动物的兔抗血清,免疫双扩散法测定兔抗这17种哺乳动物的抗血清效价均达到1∶32,并对纯化的兔抗恒河猴IgG、兔抗东北虎IgG、兔抗布氏田鼠IgG、兔抗黑线姬鼠IgG、兔抗斑羚IgG、兔抗原驼IgG、兔抗果子狸IgG、兔抗食蟹猴IgG、兔抗梅花鹿IgG、兔抗长爪沙鼠IgG、兔抗马鹿IgG、兔抗骆驼IgG、兔抗大仓鼠IgG、兔抗豚鹿IgG、兔抗熊猴IgG、兔抗大耳羊IgG和兔抗雪貂IgG等17种哺乳动物的二级抗体进行了辣根过氧化物酶标记,ELISA测定标记抗体的效价达到1∶（2000～60000）左右,Western blots显示标记抗体具有很好的特异性。结论成功制备了HRP标记的兔抗17种哺乳动物的二级抗体,为哺乳动物血清学检测体系的建立提供了工具。     

Regulation and standardization of IPV and IPV combination vaccines.

Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is not only increasingly used on a global basis but also is a component of many combination vaccines. Standardization and control of IPV continues to be a challenge for manufacturers and regulators. A rat immunogenicity assay is currently recommended by many authorities, including WHO, as the definitive in vivo potency. Alternative in vitro assays to determine D-antigen content have been developed and are routinely used in some countries to assess IPV potency assay. However, the other less reliable in vivo immunogenicity assays are also used (e.g. monkey, chick). We review some of the regulatory challenges facing current and future IPV assessment, with a focus on the relevance of in vivo and in vitro tests, considerations for Sabin derived IPV and discussion of future efforts for standardization.     

应用异型双功能交联剂制备酶-抗体结合物

酶标免疫测定法(ELISA)中最关键的化合物是酶-抗体结合物,将酶和抗体交联起来需用交联剂。本文作者使用了N-琥珀酰亚胺基3-(2-吡啶基二硫)丙酸酯(简称SPDP)将辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)和兔抗小鼠IgG(兔IgG)交联起来。我们试验了SPDP/HRP,SPDP/IgG和HRP/IgG的不同比例,以期获得活性高的酶-抗体结合物。此外还研究了从结合物中去除自由HRP和自由IgG的方法。用SDS-PAGE及硝酸纤维膜电泳转移法证明本法制备的结合物不含HRP及IgG的自身聚合物。用ELISA法鉴定结合物制品时,一般稀释度可达到1:10,000以上,有的可达到1:20,000(当结合物浓度A_(280nm)=1.0,底物显色A_(492nm)=1.0时)。     

抗哇巴因鸡蛋黄IgY与兔抗体IgG在酶联免疫检测中的比较

目的：探讨提高内源性哇巴因（EO）检测方法的准确性及特异性,为哇巴因的研究打下基础。方法：分别制备出鸡蛋黄抗哇巴因多克隆抗体及兔抗体。然后采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）比较两种抗体检测内源性哇巴因的准确性及特异性。结果：采用IgY检测EO的平均批内变异系数为2．03％,批间变异系数为2．34％。兔抗体IgG则分别为2．83％、3．29％;两者均与氢化可的松及地塞米松无交叉结合反应,与西地兰和地高辛分别存在3．45％vs5．95％、3．20％vs5．20％的交叉反应。结论：IgY比兔抗体ELISA检测内源性哇巴因的特异性及准确性较高。     

Validation of a Commercially Available Indirect Elisa Using a Nucleocapside Recombinant Protein for Detection of Schmallenberg Virus Antibodies

A newly developed Enzym Like Immuno Sorbant Assay (ELISA) based on the recombinant nucleocapsid protein (N) of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was evaluated and validated for the detection of SBV-specific IgG antibodies in ruminant sera by three European Reference Laboratories. Validation data sets derived from sheep, goat and bovine sera collected in France and Germany (n = 1515) in 2011 and 2012 were categorized according to the results of a virus neutralization test (VNT) or an indirect immuno-flurorescence assay (IFA). The specificity was evaluated with 1364 sera from sheep, goat and bovine collected in France and Belgium before 2009. Overall agreement between VNT and ELISA was 98.9% and 98.3% between VNT and IFA, indicating a very good concordance between the different techniques. Although cross-reactions with other Orthobunyavirus from the Simbu serogroup viruses might occur, it is a highly sensitive, specific and robust ELISA-test validated to detect anti-SBV antibodies. This test can be applied for SBV sero-diagnostics and disease-surveillance studies in ruminant species in Europe.     

九种重要经济动物二级抗体的制备和HRP标记

目的制备兔抗9种重要经济动物的二级抗体,并进行辣根过氧化酶标记,为经济动物血清学检测系统的建立提供工具。方法利用饱和硫酸铵沉淀粗纯抗体后,再利用protein A或protein G亲和层析的方法进一步纯化动物血清IgG,免疫大耳白兔制备抗血清,利用免疫双扩散来检测抗血清的效价,并用Protein A亲和层析的方法纯化兔抗经济动物的二级抗体,采用简易过碘酸钠法对纯化的二级抗体进行HRP标记,通过ELISA方法测定标记抗体的效价,并利用Western blotting考察标记抗体的特异性。结果纯化了家猪,绵羊、山羊、牛、马、驴、狐狸、貉和黑貂9种重要经济动物的血清IgG,免疫双扩散法测定兔抗血清效价均达到1：32,并对纯化的兔抗家猪,绵羊、山羊、牛、马、驴、狐狸、貉和黑貂9种重要经济动物二级抗体进行了HRP标记,ELISA测定标记抗体的效价达到1：（2000～15000）左右,Western blots显示标记抗体具有很好的特异性。结论成功制备了HRP标记的兔抗9种重要经济动物的二级抗体,为经济动物血清学检测体系的建立提供了工具。     

肺炎球菌1型荚膜多糖多克隆抗体制备与夹心ELISA法建立及其在多糖浓度测定中的应用

目的：利用肺炎球菌1型全菌体制备多克隆抗体,并且利用该抗体建立肺炎1型荚膜多糖夹心酶联免疫吸附分析法（ Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ,ELISA）,用于检测发酵和纯化过程中的多糖浓度。方法用灭活的1型肺炎链球菌免疫家兔6周,获得高滴度的抗多糖血清,经过亲和层析纯化,获得高纯度的兔抗肺炎1型多糖抗体IgG。以纯化IgG作为包被抗体,加入多糖样品,再以生物素化的抗体作为检测抗体,建立夹心ELISA法检测肺炎1型多糖浓度。确定标准曲线的最佳线性范围,并对该方法进行特异性、准确性和精密度验证。结果兔免疫血清经过双向免疫扩散检测抗体滴度可达1∶32;该方法的线性检测范围为1．56～50 ng/mL;最低检测限为3．13 ng/mL。在标准品中混入其他型别多糖或培养基,回收率分别为102％和108％;该方法批内精密度和批间精密度分别为6．08％和7．01％。结论建立的夹心ELISA方法,其特异性、准确性和精密度均良好,可以特异地检测肺炎球菌1型多糖浓度。     

兔抗金黄地鼠酶标抗体的制备及应用

目的 纯化金黄地鼠血清IgG,制备兔抗金黄地鼠酶标抗体(IgG-HRP),开展金黄地鼠仙台病毒的初步检测.方法 采用亲和层析纯化法纯化金黄地鼠IgG,用SDS- PAGE电泳测定IgG纯度并制备兔抗金黄地鼠IgG抗体(second antibody,Ab2);用免疫双扩散法检测抗血清效价后,再用亲和层析纯化抗血清IgG( Ab2);采用改良过碘酸钠标记法制备兔抗金黄地鼠酶标抗体( rabbit anti-hamster IgG-HRP);用直接ELISA和Western-blot法对兔抗金黄地鼠IgG酶标抗体进行工作浓度测定;应用金黄地鼠酶标抗体对金黄地鼠仙台病毒进行酶免检测(IEA).结果 金黄地鼠血清IgG纯度达95％;兔抗金黄地鼠IgG抗体(Ab2)免疫双扩散效价为1(:)64;兔抗金黄地鼠IgG -HRP经直接ELISA和Western-Blot测定工作浓度分别为1∶5000和1∶2000;酶免(IEA)效价为1:2000.结论 高效快速纯化了金黄地鼠IgG,制备了金黄地鼠IgG-HRP,为金黄地鼠病原微生物的血清学检测提供了条件.     

Combination of DNA-directed immobilization and immuno-PCR: very sensitive antigen detection by means of self-assembled DNA–protein conjugates

An assay for very sensitive antigen detection is described which takes advantage of the self- assembly capabilities of semi-synthetic conjugates of DNA and proteins. The general scheme of this assay is similar to a two-sided (sandwich) enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA); however, covalent single-stranded DNA–streptavidin (STV) conjugates, capable of hybridizing to complementary surface-bound DNA oligomers, are utilized for the effective immobilzation of either capture antibodies or antigens, rather than the chemi- or physisorption usually applied in ELISA. Immuno-PCR (IPCR) is employed as a method for signal generation, utilizing oligomeric reagents obtained by self-assembly of STV, biotinylated DNA and antibodies. In three different model systems, detecting human IgG, rabbit IgG or carcinoembryonic antigen, this combination allowed one to increase the sensitivity of the analogous ELISA ~1000-fold. For example, <0.1 amol/µl (15 pg/ml) of rabbit IgG was detectable. The immunoassay can be carried out in a single step by tagging the analyte with both reagents for capture and read-out simultaneously, thereby significantly reducing handling time and costs of analysis. Moreover, as the spatial selectivity of target immobilization is determined by the specificity of DNA base pairing, the assay is particularly suited for miniaturized microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip devices.     

ELISA for detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to sandfly fever sicilian virus

• &#x02022;An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect specific human immunoglobulin G and M antibodies to sandfly fever Sicilian (SFS) virus. Acute and early convalescent serum pairs with ⩾ 7 days between the 2 specimens were available from 20 patients and all showed significant optical density (OD) increase and significant titre rise (⩾ 4-fold) by IgG ELISA. However, negative or borderline-positive sera were found as late as 11 days after onset of symptoms when tested by IgG ELISA.
• &#x02022;Specific IgM antibodies were detected during the first week of symptoms, and maximum OD values were obtained during the first 4 weeks after onset of disease. The IgM OD values declined over the following 3–9 months. All sera collected later than 14 months post-onset were negative by IgM ELISA.
• &#x02022;The combination of early antibody response and the need to test only one serum specimen gives IgM ELISA an advantage over IgG ELISA in patient diagnosis.
• &#x02022;The IgG ELISA was also evaluated as a seroepidemiological tool and compared to a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) using sera from a normal Cypriot population. Of 183 sera tested, 34 (19%) were positive in plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) and 113 (62%) by IgG ELISA. A number of PRNT-negative sera were strongly positive by IgG ELISA and also by indirect immunofluorescence test, which may suggest the presence of a virus related to SFS in Cyprus which has not yet been isolated.

     

An immunoassay for detection of heat-stable proteases from thermoduric psychrotrophic Bacillus spp. of dairy origin

A homogeneous preparation of a thermostable protease from Bacillus sp. B-17 was used to raise an antiserum in rabbits. IgG of this antiserum was used to study the antigenic relationship of proteases in cell-free extracts of 21 bacilli of milk origin. Based on immunological cross reactivity, the 21 bacilli were divided into 3 serological subgroups. To raise antibodies of broader specificity, protease from Bacillus sp. B-11 (group II) and B-3 (group III) were purified, mixed with purified B-17 protease, and an antiserum was raised against this mixture. IgG of this antiserum was purified (IgG anti-bacilli protease). A sandwich ELISA was standardized using IgG anti-bacilli protease as capture antibody. The assay could detect 1.2 ng ml(-1) of protease in milk or buffer, but the assay failed to detect 4 of 21 bacilli proteases. The results suggest that this assay is useful for the detection of proteases of Bacillus spp. in dairy industry.     

Serum Antigen and Antibody Detection in Echinococcosis: Application in Serodiagnosis of Human Hydatidosis

Diagnosis of hydatidosis is based on immunodiagnostic methods along with radiological and ultrasound examinations. The objectives of the present study were to develop a specific and simple antigen-based ELISA method for diagnosis of hydatidosis and compare it with antibody detection method. The subjects in this study included 89 patients in the following groups: surgically confirmed hydatidosis patients (35 cases), control with other parasitic diseases (29 cases), and healthy controls (25 cases). Hyperimmune serum was raised against hydatid cyst fluid in rabbits. Anti-hydatid cyst IgG was purified by affinity chromatography using protein A column and labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Collected sera were assessed for hydatid cyst antigens and antibody by ELISA. Circulating hydatid antigen was found in 9 out of 35 patients with surgically confirmed hydatidosis. A sensitivity of 25.7% and a specificity of 98.0% were calculated for the antigen detection assay. Antibody detection by indirect ELISA, using antigen B, showed that 94.2% of patients (33 cases) have anti-hydatid cyst antibodies in their serum while cross reaction was noted in a few of non-hydatidosis patients. A sensitivity of 94.2% and specificity of 81.6% were found for the antibody detection assay. Findings of this study indicated that antibody detection assay is a sensitive approach for diagnosis of hydatid cyst while antigen detection assay might be a useful approach for assessment of the efficacy of treatment especially after removal of the cyst.     

I-STOD: a new standardization method for analysing indirect-ELISA results of a schistosomiasis field study

Variability among samples analysed using the same ELISA protocol generates ambiguity in deciding which assay best quantifies the protein concentration. In this study, we propose a standardization method, called I-STOD (Improved STandardization method for Optical Density), for the transformation of OD values on different plates into relative concentrations of the antibody levels being assessed. We derived an equation relating OD values of different test samples to antibody levels according to the multi-stage reaction dynamics of the indirect-ELISA. Using serum samples from a Schistosomiasis japonica endemic area, we evaluated the fitness of the I-STOD model to experimental data of a standard reference serum in comparison with 5 other models. Calibration curves fitted by the I-STOD method judged to be superior, based on adjusted R2 (adjusted R2>0.99 on 22 out of 26 plates) values. The CV (coefficient of variation) value of the results between multi-well plates and the number of plates with OD values beyond the control range in Shewhart charts also demonstrate that the I-STOD method is a powerful tool which can greatly improve the comparability of results on different multi-well ELISA plates. We conclude that a standardization method is certainly necessary for antibody levels detected in order to properly illustrate clinical differences.