阔叶百里香鲜、干茎叶精油成分及其抑菌效果

采用水蒸气蒸馏法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析阔叶百里香(Thymus pulegioides)鲜、干茎叶精油含油率、化学组成及其相对含量的差异,并比较精油对链格孢(Alternaria alternata)、粉红单端孢(Trichothecium roseum)和意大利青霉(Penicillium italicum)的抑制效果。鲜、干茎叶含精油率分别为0.53%、0.37%,分别鉴定出35、40种化合物,其主要化学成分相同,均含有百里香酚(鲜样31.30%,干样26.82%)、麝香草酚甲醚、右旋龙脑和邻伞花烃等,只是相对含量略有差异;在抑菌实验中,百里香精油对链格孢菌的抑制作用最为明显,其次是意大利青霉和粉红单端孢。鲜、干阔叶百里香精油的组分较为接近,相对含量略有差异;阔叶百里香精油对3种真菌具有较好的抑制效果,且鲜样精油的抑菌效果好于干样精油。     

11种植物精油对6种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性研究北大核心CSCD

为筛选有效的植物杀菌成分,采用菌丝生长法,测定了香茅油、薰衣草油、菊花油、月桂油、柠檬油、广藿香油、肉桂油、天竺葵油、迷迭香油、茶树油、薄荷油对6种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。发现在2 g/L的浓度下,上述11种精油对6种供试病菌均有明显的抑制作用,其中香茅油、肉桂油、天竺葵油、月桂油、茶树油和薄荷油对6种病原真菌的抑制率均为100%。剂量效应试验表明,肉桂油对灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)和禾谷镰孢菌(Fusariumgraminearum)的EC50值分别为29.05μg/mL和42.96μg/mL,而天竺葵油对灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)和禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)的EC50值分别为34.02μg/mL和68.48μg/mL。     

11种植物精油对6种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性研究

为筛选有效的植物杀菌成分,采用菌丝生长法,测定了香茅油、薰衣草油、菊花油、月桂油、柠檬油、广藿香油、肉桂油、天竺葵油、迷迭香油、茶树油、薄荷油对6种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。发现在2 g/L的浓度下,上述11种精油对6种供试病菌均有明显的抑制作用,其中香茅油、肉桂油、天竺葵油、月桂油、茶树油和薄荷油对6种病原真菌的抑制率均为100%。剂量效应试验表明,肉桂油对灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）和禾谷镰孢菌（Fusariumgraminearum）的EC50值分别为29.05μg/mL和42.96μg/mL,而天竺葵油对灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）和禾谷镰孢菌（Fusarium graminearum）的EC50值分别为34.02μg/mL和68.48μg/mL。     

芳樟醇对灰葡萄孢生长的影响及对番茄灰霉病的防控效果

通过平板抑菌试验和孢子萌发试验研究了芳樟醇对灰葡萄孢的生长抑制作用,并通过盆栽试验进一步验证了芳樟醇对番茄灰霉病的防控效果。结果表明: 芳樟醇能够显著抑制灰葡萄孢菌丝的生长,半最大效应浓度(EC₅₀)值为0.581 mL·L^-1。孢子萌发试验中,芳樟醇能够有效抑制灰葡萄孢孢子的萌发,并表现出浓度依赖性。芳樟醇处理提高了灰葡萄孢菌菌丝体的相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量,说明芳樟醇可引起氧化损伤效应导致灰葡萄孢菌的膜系统被破坏;芳樟醇处理后灰葡萄孢菌中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性较对照组分别下降了27.4%、68.9%和26.0%,说明芳樟醇抑制了灰葡萄孢菌体内的抗氧化系统。盆栽试验结果显示,芳樟醇处理的病斑直径较对照组显著降低;番茄叶片中的SOD、CAT、POD、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性均显著高于对照组;而MDA含量下降了41.5%,说明芳樟醇可减轻灰葡萄孢菌对番茄植株造成的氧化损伤以提高植物抗病性。综上,芳樟醇对灰葡萄孢的生长有显著抑制作用并对番茄灰霉病有较好的防治效果,研究结果可为开发新型植物源抑菌剂防控番茄灰霉病提供理论依据。     

中国叶围煤污菌初探II．毛白杨叶围煤污菌的研究

对毛白杨(Populus tomentosa Carr.)叶围煤污菌(sooty moulds)群落组成及演替进行了探罚,分析了叶面营养物及其变化。 结果表明,叶面真菌的分离物密度随叶片的衰老而增加。对毛白杨叶面真菌分离鉴定,属于煤污菌有8种真菌：链格孢(Alternaria alternata),芽枝状枝孢(Cladosporium cladosporioides),球孢枝孢(Coladosporium sphaerospermum),尖孢枝孢(Cladosporium oxysporum),出芽短梗霉(Aurecobasidium pullulans),棕黑腐质霉(Humtco'a tuscoatra),伏克盾壳霉(Coniothyrixm fuckelii)和直立枝顶孢(Acremoniumstrictum)。不同生长期叶面真菌群落组成及优势种不同,叶面出现黑霉层后,以3种煤污菌为优势种即出芽短梗霉、链格孢和芽枝状枝孢。不同的菌表现一定的演替模式,定殖及达到峰值的时间不同。毛白杨叶面含有多种营养物,其含量及组分随生长期不同而异．与叶面真菌分离物密度呈显著性相关。此外,对蚜虫的发生、叶面营养物含量、煤污菌三者的关系进行了讨论。     

哈茨木霉SKD-ZX-1的鉴定、发酵及其生防效果

哈茨木霉作为一类重要的生防菌,对蔬菜病害致病菌具有拮抗作用。为确定分离的哈茨木霉SKD-ZX-1的生防效果,利用气质联用技术对菌株的发酵液进行测定和分析,利用宏基因组测序方法分析该菌株对番茄根腐烂病土壤中的细菌菌群的影响,并且采用平板对峙培养法对该菌株与链格孢菌和茄链格孢菌进行了拮抗实验。结果显示,哈茨木霉SKD-ZX-1发酵液中有邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯等抑菌成分,并且其发酵液增大了土壤中细菌菌群的种类,与对照组相比,实验组肠杆菌属提高了46%,而假单胞菌属和梭菌属降低了5.28%和36.1%。该哈茨木霉对两种病原菌的抑制率均达到100%,拮抗系数达Ⅰ级。研究表明哈茨木霉SKD-ZX-1对链格孢菌和茄链格孢菌具有显著的抑制作用,其发酵液具有一定的抑菌效果。     

南极淡水分离出的菌物

本文报道从南极乔治王岛所采11个水样中分离出的菌物98株,初步鉴定出17属21种,其中6属(Acremonium,Arthrinium,Gliocladium,Phoma,Scopulariopsis,Ulocladium)13种为南极新记录,后者是:桃色顶孢Acremonium persicinum(Nicot)W.Gams,密顶孢A.strictum W.Gams,构巢曲霉Aspergillus nidulans(Eidam)Winter,聚多曲霉Asp.sydowii(Bainier & Sart)Thom & Church,芽枝状枝孢Cladosporium cladosporioides(Fries)de Vries,长孢被孢霉Mortierella elongata Linnemann,桔灰青霉Penicillium aurantiogriseum Dierckx,平滑青霉Pen.glabrum(Wehmer)Westling,鲜绿青霉Pen.viridicatum Westling,白瓶霉Phialophora alba v.Beyma,帚状瓶霉Ph.fastigiata(Lagerberg & Melin)Conant,纸状葡萄穗霉Stachybotrys chartarum(Ehrenberg ex Link)Hughes,和葡萄状单隔霉Ulocladium botrytis Preuss。温度试验表明:这些菌虽多为世界广布种,但已适应南极地区寒冷的气候。     

中国叶围煤污菌初探——Ⅲ.黄瓜叶围煤污菌的研究

对山东省黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)叶围煤污菌种群组成、分布、演替和对黄瓜的生理影响的研究结果表明;8个地市黄瓜叶面真菌有15属21种,其中属煤污菌的有6属10种:链格孢(Alternaria alternata Karst.),出芽短梗霉[Aureobasidium pullulans(deBary)Arn.],芽枝状枝孢[Cladosporium cladosporioides(Fres.)de Vries]尖孢枝孢(C.oxysporum Berk.＆Curt.)大孢枝孢(C.macarocarpum Preuss),多主枝孢[C.herbarum(Pers.)Link.],球孢枝孢(C.sphaerospermum Perz.),灰腐质霉(Humicola grisea Traaen.),紫附球菌(Epicoccum purpurascens Ehrenb.ex Wallr.)和弯孢霉[Curvularia lunala (Walk.)Boed.].链格孢和枝孢霉(Cladosporium spp.)是各地区主要种群.黄瓜叶面真菌的种类和密度与苗龄、叶面可溶性糖和氨基酸组分含量成极显著…     

蜡质芽胞杆菌XF的发酵条件优化及对番茄灰霉病的防治效果

由灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)引起的番茄灰霉病是一种土传病害,近年来施用生防菌被认为是一种有效的防治手段.以灰葡萄孢菌为指示菌,生物量和抑菌率为指标,采用单因素试验、正交优化试验相结合的方法,优化蜡质芽胞杆菌XF株的发酵培养基和发酵条件,从而提高菌株XF对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制效果,并于室内盆栽条件下探讨...     

人工栽培蛹虫草的病原真菌

蛹虫草规模化栽培过程中,真菌病害普遍发生且危害严重。本研究对人工栽培蛹虫草中真菌病害进行调研,对病原真菌进行分离、纯化、鉴定及致病性检验,并分析病害发生的特点。结果发现引起蛹虫草病害的病原真菌主要有虫草生齿梗孢、产扁虫菌素单端孢、镰刀菌、裂褶菌、哈茨木霉、淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌、粉红枝穗霉、卵孢单端孢、扩展青霉、黄曲霉和黑曲霉。其中虫草生齿梗孢为引起蛹虫草侵染性病害的主要病原真菌。虫草生齿梗孢、产扁虫菌素单端孢、镰刀菌、裂褶菌和哈茨木霉主要为害蛹虫草子实体;淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌、粉红枝穗霉、卵孢单端孢、扩展青霉、黄曲霉和黑曲霉主要为害栽培料与蛹虫草菌丝体。镰刀菌、裂褶菌、哈茨木霉、淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌和粉红枝穗霉为引起蛹虫草病害的首次报道。本研究为蛹虫草病害防控奠定基础,以促进产业健康发展。     

Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against five important food-borne pathogens

The antimicrobial properties of 21 plant essential oils and two essences were investigated against five important food-borne pathogens, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. The oils of bay, cinnamon, clove and thyme were the most inhibitory, each having a bacteriostatic concentration of 0·075% or less against all five pathogens. In general, Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to inhibition by plant essential oils than the Gram-negative bacteria. Campylobacter jejuni was the most resistant of the bacteria investigated to plant essential oils, with only the oils of bay and thyme having a bacteriocidal concentration of less than 1%. At 35 °C, L. monocytogenes was extremely sensitive to the oil of nutmeg. A concentration of less than 0·01% was bacteriostatic and 0·05% was bacteriocidal, but when the temperature was reduced to 4 °C, the bacteriostatic concentration was increased to 0·5% and the bacteriocidal concentration to greater than 1%.     

香茅精油的抑菌和抗氧化活性研究

选用产自福建厦门的香茅(Cymbopogon nardus),测定香茅精油对白色粘性沙雷氏菌、红色粘性沙雷氏菌、大肠杆菌、金黄葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和紫色杆菌等6种菌的抑菌活性,并利用ABTS^.+自由基清除法以及超氧阴离子清除法研究香茅精油的抗氧化活性。结果表明,新鲜香茅精油的平均提取率为0.29,对6种供试菌种都有较高的抑制作用,其中对紫色杆菌的抑制活性最强,且香茅精油有极高的清除ABTS^.+自由基以及超氧阴离子自由基的能力,证明香茅精油具有广谱抑菌活性及强抗氧化活性。     

Vapours from plant essential oils to manage tomato grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea

Tomato grey mould has been a great concern during tomato production. The in vitro antifungal activity of vapours emitted from four plant essential oils (EOs) (cinnamon oil, fennel oil, origanum oil, and thyme oil) were evaluated during in vitro conidial germination and mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould. Cinnamon oil vapour was the most effective in suppressing conidial germination, whereas the four EOs showed similar activities regarding inhibiting mycelial growth in dose-dependent manners. The in planta protection effect of the four EO vapours was also investigated by measuring necrotic lesions on tomato leaves inoculated by B. cinerea. Grey mould lesions on the inoculated leaves were reduced by the vapours from cinnamon oil, origanum oil and thyme oil at different levels, but fennel oil did not limit the spread of the necrotic lesions. Decreases in cuticle defect, lipid peroxidation, and hydrogen peroxide production in the B. cinerea-inoculated leaves were correlated with reduced lesions by the cinnamon oil vapours. The reduced lesions by the cinnamon oil vapour were well matched with arrested fungal proliferation on the inoculated leaves. The cinnamon oil vapour regulated tomato defence-related gene expression in the leaves with or without fungal inoculation. These results suggest that the plant essential oil vapours, notably cinnamon oil vapour, can provide eco-friendly alternatives to manage grey mould during tomato production.     

Fungicidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.) and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr et L.M. Perry against crown rot and anthracnose pathogens isolated from banana

AIMS: To develop a post-harvest treatment system against post-harvest fungal pathogens of banana using natural products. METHODS AND RESULTS: Colletotrichum musae was isolated and identified as the causative agent responsible for anthracnose peel blemishes while three fungi, namely Lasiodiplodia theobromae, C. musae and Fusarium proliferatum, were identified as causative agents responsible for crown rot. During the liquid bioassay, cinnamon [Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.)] leaf, bark and clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.)] oils were tested against the anthracnose and crown rot pathogens. The test oils were fungistatic and fungicidal against the test pathogens within a range of 0.03-0.11% (v/v). CONCLUSIONS: Cinnamon and clove essential oils could be used as antifungal agents to manage post harvest fungal diseases of banana. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Cinnamon and clove essential oil could be used as alternative post-harvest treatments on banana. Banana treated with essential oil is chemically safe and acceptable to consumers. Benomyl (Benlate), which is currently used to manage fungal pathogens, can cause adverse health effects and could be replaced with volatile essential oils.     

四种植物精油成分对枸杞棉蚜的生物活性

【目的】研究植物精油4种成分丁香酚(eugenol)、α-松油醇(α-terpineol)、肉桂油(cinnamon oil)和香茅油(citronella oil)对枸杞棉蚜Aphis gossypii的生物活性以及马来酸二乙酯和水杨酸乙酯对这些化合物对枸杞棉蚜毒力的影响,为无公害防治枸杞(Lycium spp.)害虫奠定科学基础。【方法】采用二项选择法测定上述4种精油成分(1%)对枸杞棉蚜无翅成蚜的驱避作用;玻璃管药膜法进行生物测定,评估这4种化合物及其与马来酸二乙酯或水杨酸乙酯的混合液对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的毒力;采用生物化学方法分析这些化合物处理后枸杞棉蚜成蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)的离体活性。【结果】α-松油醇(1%)对枸杞棉蚜无翅成蚜的驱避作用明显,1, 2和3 h的驱避率分别为58.1%, 58.6%和55.7%; 3 h时测试的4种化合物对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的驱避率由大到小依次为α-松油醇>香茅油>肉桂油>丁香酚。丁香酚对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的毒杀作用最强,处理4 h时的LC₅₀值为0.48 mL/L,肉桂油、α-松油醇、香茅油对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的LC₅₀值分别为1.23, 6.24和11.97 mL/L。对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的生物测定结果表明,马来酸二乙酯对香茅油、肉桂油、丁香酚和α-松油醇的增效比分别为2.75, 2.86, 1.78和1.56;水杨酸乙酯对香茅油、肉桂油、丁香酚和α-松油醇的增效比分别为3.41, 2.67, 2.00和1.89。毒力比结果表明,所测定的4种化合物对枸杞棉蚜的毒力相差49.9倍,丁香酚与马来酸二乙酯或水杨酸乙酯的混合液对枸杞棉蚜的触杀毒力最高。4种精油成分对枸杞棉蚜成蚜AChE和ATPase活性有不同的作用,丁香酚对AChE活性的抑制作用最强,但对ATPase活性表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制。【结论】α-松油醇对枸杞棉蚜驱避作用最好;丁香酚、α-松油醇、肉桂油和香茅油这4种精油成分对枸杞棉蚜的毒力相差很大;丁香酚与马来酸二乙酯或水杨酸乙酯混合后对枸杞棉蚜的毒力提高,具有进一步开发应用的潜力;所测精油成分对枸杞棉蚜离体AChE和ATPase活性有一定抑制作用。     

四种植物精油对黑翅土白蚁触杀和驱避作用

为筛选出高效防治黑翅土白蚁的天然植物精油,减少有机合成农药的使用,该文研究了大蒜精油、肉桂油、丁香油和印楝素油四种植物精油对黑翅土白蚁的触杀效果和驱避作用。结果表明:大蒜精油、肉桂油和丁香油的浓度为5和10 mg·m L~(-1)时,处理2 h后,黑翅土白蚁的校正死亡率达100%,而相同浓度的印楝素油和对照处理的黑翅土白蚁校正死亡率低于5%。随着处理时间延长,浓度为1.25和2.5 mg·m L~(-1)的大蒜精油、肉桂油和丁香油处理6 h时,黑翅土白蚁的校正死亡率仍达100%,而此时对应的印楝素油和对照处理的黑翅土白蚁校正死亡率仅为10%,说明大蒜精油、肉桂油和丁香油对黑翅土白蚁具有较强的触杀效果。大蒜精油、丁香油和肉桂油在处理黑翅土白蚁2 h后LC_(50)值(半致死量)分别为1.572、1.05和1.03mg·m L~(-1),说明肉桂油对黑翅土白蚁的毒性相对最大,触杀效果最好。此外,10 mg·m L~(-1)的大蒜精油、肉桂油、丁香油和印楝素油的驱避试验表明,处理4、6、8和12 h后,大蒜精油、肉桂油和丁香油三精油处理区的黑翅土白蚁数均显著低于对照区的,驱避率总体93%,而对应的印楝素油的驱避率总体28.5%,表明大蒜精油、丁香油和肉桂油三种植物精油对黑翅土白蚁均有显著的驱避活性。综上可知,四种植物精油中大蒜精油、肉桂油和丁香油在防治黑翅土白蚁方面应用潜力很好,是开发绿色环保白蚁防治药剂的可选材料。     

Terminating red imported fire ants using Cinnamomum osmophloeum leaf essential oil

Eleven compounds from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) leaf essential oil were identified by GC-MS and the dominant constituent was trans-cinnamaldehyde (79.85%). The toxicity of leaf essential oil and trans-cinnamaldehyde were then determined to study their effectiveness in controlling the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. The results of the toxicity tests indicated that both the indigenous cinnamon leaf essential oil and trans-cinnamaldehyde had an excellent inhibitory effect in controlling the red imported fire ant. The LT(50) values for both 2% leaf essential oil and 2% trans-cinnamaldehyde after open exposure were 105.0min and 32.2min; after close exposure were 18.5min and 21.2min, respectively.     

冬青油与肉桂油对淡色库蚊的生物活性

为进一步明确冬青油（wintergreen oil）与肉桂油（cinnamon oil）对蚊虫的生物活性, 本研究采用浸液法、 “Y”型嗅觉仪法和密闭三角瓶熏蒸法, 分别测定了两种精油对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens幼虫的毒杀作用以及对成虫的驱避和熏杀活性。结果显示： 肉桂油和冬青油对淡色库蚊幼虫均具有较强的毒杀作用, 处理24 h的LC₅₀分别为71.87 mg/L和 102.83 mg/L。在0.5 μL的供试剂量下, 冬青油与肉桂油在20 min内对淡色库蚊的驱避率均在80%以上, 显示了较好的驱蚊活性。冬青油对淡色库蚊具有明显的熏蒸击倒作用, 12 μL/L浓度下的KT₅₀为3.97 min; 而肉桂油则具有较好的熏蒸致死活性, 熏蒸5 h的LC₅₀ 为0.31 μL/L。冬青油与肉桂油按1∶1体积比混配后对淡色库蚊表现出较好的击倒和致死效果。冬青油和肉桂油既对淡色库蚊幼虫具有较强的毒杀作用, 又对淡色库蚊雌成虫表现出较好的驱避和熏杀活性, 具有开发成为植物源蚊虫防控剂的潜力。     

小花假泽兰精油化学成分及其抑菌活性初步研究

利用GC-MS技术分析了小花假泽兰全株精油的化学成分及其含量,并初步测定了精油的抑菌效果.从小花假泽兰全株精油中共鉴定出49种成分,占色谱峰总面积的57.28%,主要成分为22,23-二羟基豆甾烷醇(7.34%)、氧化丁子香烯(3.34%)、罗汉柏烯(2.92%)、cubenol(2.81%)等.生长速率法测定表明,小花假泽兰精油对番茄灰霉病菌、小麦纹枯病菌和小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长抑制作用较强,在1 000 mg/L剂量下抑制率均在90%以上;果实针刺法测试表明,该精油对番茄灰霉病菌具明显保护作用和治疗作用,但治疗效果低于保护效果,在2 000mg/L剂量下,后者达70.79%,前者仅51.79%.