Dynamics of transitional endoplasmic reticulum sites in vertebrate cells

A typical vertebrate cell contains several hundred sites of transitional ER (tER). Presumably, tER sites generate elements of the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), and ERGIC elements then generate Golgi cisternae. Therefore, characterizing the mechanisms that influence tER distribution may shed light on the dynamic behavior of the Golgi. We explored the properties of tER sites using Sec13 as a marker protein. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that tER sites are long-lived ER subdomains. tER sites proliferate during interphase but lose Sec13 during mitosis. Unlike ERGIC elements, tER sites move very little. Nevertheless, when microtubules are depolymerized with nocodazole, tER sites redistribute rapidly to form clusters next to Golgi structures. Hence, tER sites have the unusual property of being immobile, yet dynamic. These findings can be explained by a model in which new tER sites are created by retrograde membrane traffic from the Golgi. We propose that the tER-Golgi system is organized by mutual feedback between these two compartments.     

Golgi structure correlates with transitional endoplasmic reticulum organization in Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Golgi stacks are often located near sites of "transitional ER" (tER), where COPII transport vesicles are produced. This juxtaposition may indicate that Golgi cisternae form at tER sites. To explore this idea, we examined two budding yeasts: Pichia pastoris, which has coherent Golgi stacks, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has a dispersed Golgi. tER structures in the two yeasts were visualized using fusions between green fluorescent protein and COPII coat proteins. We also determined the localization of Sec12p, an ER membrane protein that initiates the COPII vesicle assembly pathway. In P. pastoris, Golgi stacks are adjacent to discrete tER sites that contain COPII coat proteins as well as Sec12p. This arrangement of the tER-Golgi system is independent of microtubules. In S. cerevisiae, COPII vesicles appear to be present throughout the cytoplasm and Sec12p is distributed throughout the ER, indicating that COPII vesicles bud from the entire ER network. We propose that P. pastoris has discrete tER sites and therefore generates coherent Golgi stacks, whereas S. cerevisiae has a delocalized tER and therefore generates a dispersed Golgi. These findings open the way for a molecular genetic analysis of tER sites.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of a Pichia pastoris ortholog of the yeast Golgi GDP-mannose transporter gene

There are two structural profiles in the yeast Golgi. The Golgi of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is composed of a number of vesicular compartments dispersed in the cytoplasm as recognized by a large number of Golgi marker proteins. In contrast, the Golgi of Pichia pastoris was reported to be organized in a small number of stacked cisternae located near the transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER) sites by electron microscopy and immunofluorescent staining of a few marker proteins. The guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-mannose transporter (GMT) is an essential component in the yeast Golgi apparatus. We isolated an ortholog of the GMT gene of P. pastoris and visualized the gene product by epitope tagging to verify the structural characteristics of the Golgi. The tagged product in P. pastoris cell was observed in rod-like compartments in which Och1 mannosyltransferase was also found and the tER marker Sec12 and Sec13 proteins localized very close to them. The present results add further evidence of the restricted localization of the Golgi in P. pastoris cell.     

Sec16 is a determinant of transitional ER organization

BACKGROUND: Proteins are exported from the ER at transitional ER (tER) sites, which produce COPII vesicles. However, little is known about how COPII components are concentrated at tER sites. The budding yeast Pichia pastoris contains discrete tER sites and is, therefore, an ideal system for studying tER organization. RESULTS: We show that the integrity of tER sites in P. pastoris requires the peripheral membrane protein Sec16. P. pastoris Sec16 is an order of magnitude less abundant than a COPII-coat protein at tER sites and seems to show a saturable association with these sites. A temperature-sensitive mutation in Sec16 causes tER fragmentation at elevated temperature. This effect is specific because when COPII assembly is inhibited with a dominant-negative form of the Sar1 GTPase, tER sites remain intact. The tER fragmentation in the sec16 mutant is accompanied by disruption of Golgi stacks. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that Sec16 helps to organize patches of COPII-coat proteins into clusters that represent tER sites. The Golgi disruption that occurs in the sec16 mutant provides evidence that Golgi structure in budding yeasts depends on tER organization.     

Dynamics of Golgi matrix proteins after the blockage of ER to Golgi transport

When the ER to Golgi transport is blocked by a GTP-restricted mutant of Sar1p (H79G) in NRK-52E cells, most Golgi resident proteins are transported back into the ER. In contrast, the cis-Golgi matrix proteins GM130 and GRASP65 are retained in punctate cytoplasmic structures, namely Golgi remnants. Significant amounts of the medial-Golgi matrix proteins golgin-45, GRASP55 and giantin are retained in the Golgi remnants, but a fraction of these proteins relocates to the ER. Golgin-97, a candidate trans-Golgi network matrix protein, is retained in Golgi remnant-like structures, but mostly separated from GM130 and GRASP65. Interestingly, most Sec13p, a COPII component, congregates into larger cytoplasmic clusters soon after the microinjection of Sar1p(H79G), and these move to accumulate around the Golgi apparatus. Sec13p clusters remain associated with Golgi remnants after prolonged incubation. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that Golgi remnants are clusters of larger vesicles with smaller vesicles, many of which are coated. GM130 is mainly associated with larger vesicles and Sec13p with smaller coated vesicles. The Sec13p clusters disperse when p115 binding to the Golgi apparatus is inhibited. These results suggest that cis-Golgi matrix proteins resist retrograde transport flow and stay as true residents in Golgi remnants after the inhibition of ER to Golgi transport.     

The transitional ER localization mechanism of Pichia pastoris Sec12

COPII vesicles assemble at ER subdomains called transitional ER (tER) sites, but the mechanism that generates tER sites is unknown. To study tER biogenesis, we analyzed the transmembrane protein Sec12, which initiates COPII vesicle formation. Sec12 is concentrated at discrete tER sites in the budding yeast Pichia pastoris. We find that P. pastoris Sec12 exchanges rapidly between tER sites and the general ER. The tER localization of Sec12 is saturable and is mediated by interaction of the Sec12 cytosolic domain with a partner component. This interaction apparently requires oligomerization of the Sec12 lumenal domain. Redistribution of P. pastoris Sec12 to the general ER does not perturb the localization of downstream tER components, suggesting that Sec12 and other COPII proteins associate with a tER scaffold. These results provide evidence that tER sites form by a network of dynamic associations at the cytosolic face of the ER.     

Sec22 and Memb11 are v-SNAREs of the anterograde endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi pathway in tobacco leaf epidermal cells

Distinct sets of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are distributed to specific intracellular compartments and catalyze membrane fusion events. Although the central role of these proteins in membrane fusion is established in nonplant systems, little is known about their role in the early secretory pathway of plant cells. Analysis of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome reveals 54 genes encoding SNARE proteins, some of which are expected to be key regulators of membrane trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi. To gain insights on the role of SNAREs of the early secretory pathway in plant cells, we have cloned the Arabidopsis v-SNAREs Sec22, Memb11, Bet11, and the t-SNARE Sed5, and analyzed their distribution in plant cells in vivo. By means of live cell imaging, we have determined that these SNAREs localize at the Golgi apparatus. In addition, Sec22 was also distributed at the ER. We have then focused on understanding the function of Sec22 and Memb11 in comparison to the other SNAREs. Overexpression of the v-SNAREs Sec22 and Memb11 but not of the other SNAREs induced collapse of Golgi membrane proteins into the ER, and the secretion of a soluble secretory marker was abrogated by all SNAREs. Our studies suggest that Sec22 and Memb11 are involved in anterograde protein trafficking at the ER-Golgi interface.     

Sec22p export from the endoplasmic reticulum is independent of SNARE pairing

Molecularly distinct sets of SNARE proteins localize to specific intracellular compartments and catalyze membrane fusion events. Although their central role in membrane fusion is appreciated, little is known about the mechanisms by which individual SNARE proteins are targeted to specific organelles. Here we investigated functional domains in Sec22p that direct this SNARE protein to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), to Golgi membranes, and into SNARE complexes with Bet1p, Bos1p, and Sed5p. A series of Sec22p deletion mutants were monitored in COPII budding assays, subcellular fractionation gradients, and SNARE complex immunoprecipitations. We found that the N-terminal "profilin-like" domain of Sec22p was required but not sufficient for COPII-dependent export of Sec22p from the ER. Interestingly, versions of Sec22p that lacked the N-terminal domain were assembled into ER/Golgi SNARE complexes. Analyses of Sec22p SNARE domain mutants revealed a second signal within the SNARE motif (between layers -4 and -1) that was required for efficient ER export. Other SNARE domain mutants that contained this signal were efficiently packaged into COPII vesicles but failed to assemble into SNARE complexes. Together these results indicated that SNARE complex formation is neither required nor sufficient for Sec22p packaging into COPII transport vesicles and subsequent targeting to the Golgi complex. We propose that the COPII budding machinery has a preference for unassembled ER/Golgi SNARE proteins.     

Two mammalian Sec16 homologues have nonredundant functions in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export and transitional ER organization

Budding yeast Sec16 is a large peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein that functions in generating COPII transport vesicles and in clustering COPII components at transitional ER (tER) sites. Sec16 interacts with multiple COPII components. Although the COPII assembly pathway is evolutionarily conserved, Sec16 homologues have not been described in higher eukaryotes. Here, we show that mammalian cells contain two distinct Sec16 homologues: a large protein that we term Sec16L and a smaller protein that we term Sec16S. These proteins localize to tER sites, and an N-terminal region of each protein is necessary and sufficient for tER localization. The Sec16L and Sec16S genes are both expressed in every tissue examined, and both proteins are required in HeLa cells for ER export and for normal tER organization. Sec16L resembles yeast Sec16 in having a C-terminal conserved domain that interacts with the COPII coat protein Sec23, but Sec16S lacks such a C-terminal conserved domain. Immunoprecipitation data indicate that Sec16L and Sec16S are each present at multiple copies in a heteromeric complex. We infer that mammalian cells have preserved and extended the function of Sec16.     

p125 is a novel mammalian Sec23p-interacting protein with structural similarity to phospholipid-modifying proteins.

COPII-coated vesicles are involved in protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. COPII consists of three parts: Sar1p and the two protein complexes, Sec23p-Sec24p and Sec13p-Sec31p. Using a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein with mouse Sec23p, we identified a novel mammalian Sec23p-interacting protein, p125, which is clearly distinct from Sec24p. The N-terminal region of p125 is rich in proline residues, and the central and C-terminal regions exhibit significant homology to phospholipid-modifying proteins, especially phosphatidic acid preferring-phospholipase A1. We transiently expressed p125 and mouse Sec23p in mammalian cells and examined their interaction. The results showed that the N-terminal region of p125 is important for the interaction with Sec23p. We confirmed the interaction between the two proteins by a yeast two-hybrid assay. Overexpression of p125, like that of mammalian Sec23p, caused disorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment and Golgi apparatus, suggesting its role in the early secretory pathway.     

Morphological and Functional Association of Sec22b/ERS-24 with the pre-Golgi Intermediate Compartment

Yeast Sec22p participates in both anterograde and retrograde vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus by functioning as a v-SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor [NSF] attachment protein receptor) of transport vesicles. Three mammalian proteins homologous to Sec22p have been identified and are referred to as Sec22a, Sec22b/ERS-24, and Sec22c, respectively. The existence of three homologous proteins in mammalian cells calls for detailed cell biological and functional examinations of each individual protein. The epitope-tagged forms of all three proteins have been shown to be primarily associated with the ER, although functional examination has not been carefully performed for any one of them. In this study, using antibodies specific for Sec22b/ERS-24, it is revealed that endogenous Sec22b/ERS-24 is associated with vesicular structures in both the perinuclear Golgi and peripheral regions. Colabeling experiments for Sec22b/ERS-24 with Golgi mannosidase II, the KDEL receptor, and the envelope glycoprotein G (VSVG) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) en route from the ER to the Golgi under normal, brefeldin A, or nocodazole-treated cells suggest that Sec22b/ERS-24 is enriched in the pre-Golgi intermediate compartment (IC). In a well-established semi-intact cell system that reconstitutes transport from the ER to the Golgi, transport of VSVG is inhibited by antibodies against Sec22b/ERS-24. EGTA is known to inhibit ER–Golgi transport at a stage after vesicle/transport intermediate docking but before the actual fusion event. Antibodies against Sec22b/ERS-24 inhibit ER–Golgi transport only when they are added before the EGTA-sensitive stage. Transport of VSVG accumulated in pre-Golgi IC by incubation at 15°C is also inhibited by Sec22b/ERS-24 antibodies. Morphologically, VSVG is transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus via vesicular intermediates that scatter in the peripheral as well as the Golgi regions. In the presence of antibodies against Sec22b/ERS-24, VSVG is seen to accumulate in these intermediates, suggesting that Sec22b/ERS-24 functions at the level of the IC in ER–Golgi transport.     

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SEC20 gene encodes a membrane glycoprotein which is sorted by the HDEL retrieval system.

The SEC20 gene product (Sec20p) is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi transport in the yeast secretory pathway. We have cloned the SEC20 gene by complementation of the temperature sensitive phenotype of a sec20-1 strain. The DNA sequence predicts a 44 kDa protein with a single membrane-spanning region; Sec20p has an apparent molecular weight of 50 kDa and behaves as an integral membrane protein with carbohydrate modifications that appear to be O-linked. A striking feature of this protein is its C-terminal sequence, which consists of the tetrapeptide HDEL. This signal is known to be required for the retrieval of soluble ER proteins from early Golgi compartments, but has not previously been observed on a membrane protein. The HDEL sequence of Sec20p is not essential for viability but helps to maintain intracellular levels of the protein. Depletion of Sec20p from cells results in the accumulation of an extensive network of ER and clusters of small vesicles. We suggest a possible role for the SEC20 product in the targeting of transport vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.     

A novel role for dp115 in the organization of tER sites in Drosophila

Here, we describe that depletion of the Drosophila homologue of p115 (dp115) by RNA interference in Drosophila S2 cells led to important morphological changes in the Golgi stack morphology and the transitional ER (tER) organization. Using conventional and immunoelectron microscopy and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, we show that Golgi stacks were converted into clusters of vesicles and tubules, and that the tERs (marked by Sec23p) lost their focused organization and were now dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. However, we found that this morphologically altered exocytic pathway was nevertheless largely competent in anterograde protein transport using two different assays. The effects were specific for dp115. Depletion of the Drosophila homologues of GM130 and syntaxin 5 (dSed5p) did not lead to an effect on the tER organization, though the Golgi stacks were greatly vesiculated in the cells depleted of dSed5p. Taken together, these studies suggest that dp115 could be implicated in the architecture of both the Golgi stacks and the tER sites.     

Membrane protein retrieval from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): characterization of the RER1 gene product as a component involved in ER localization of Sec12p.

Yeast Sec12p, a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, is required for formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Biochemical and morphological analyses have suggested that Sec12p is localized to the ER by two mechanisms: static retention in the ER and dynamic retrieval from the early region of the Golgi apparatus. The rer1 mutant we isolated in a previous study mislocalizes the authentic Sec12p to the later compartments of the Golgi. To understand the role of RER1 on Sec12p localization, we cloned the gene and determined its reading frame. RER1 encodes a hydrophobic protein of 188 amino acid residues containing four putative membrane spanning domains. The rer1 null mutant is viable. Even in the rer1 disrupted cells, immunofluorescence of Sec12p stains the ER, implying that the retention system is still operating in the mutant. To determine the subcellular localization of Rer1p, an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin was added to the C-terminus of Rer1p and the cells expressing this tagged but functional protein were observed by immunofluorescence microscopy. The anti-HA monoclonal antibody stains the cells in a punctate pattern that is typical for Golgi proteins and clearly distinct from the ER staining. This punctate staining was in fact exaggerated in the sec7 mutant that accumulates the Golgi membranes at the restrictive temperature. Furthermore, double staining of Rer1p and Ypt1p, a GTPase that is known to reside in the Golgi apparatus, showed good colocalization. Subcellular fractionation experiments indicated that the fractionation pattern of Rer1p was similar to that of an early Golgi protein, Och1p. From these results, we suggest that Rer1p functions in the Golgi membrane to return Sec12p that has escaped from the static retention system of the ER.     

Sec12 binds to Sec16 at transitional ER sites

COPII vesicles bud from an ER domain known as the transitional ER (tER). Assembly of the COPII coat is initiated by the transmembrane guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sec12. In the budding yeast Pichia pastoris, Sec12 is concentrated at tER sites. Previously, we found that the tER localization of P. pastoris Sec12 requires a saturable binding partner. We now show that this binding partner is Sec16, a peripheral membrane protein that functions in ER export and tER organization. One line of evidence is that overexpression of Sec12 delocalizes Sec12 to the general ER, but simultaneous overexpression of Sec16 retains overexpressed Sec12 at tER sites. Additionally, when P. pastoris Sec12 is expressed in S. cerevisiae, the exogenous Sec12 localizes to the general ER, but when P. pastoris Sec16 is expressed in the same cells, the exogenous Sec12 is recruited to tER sites. In both of these experimental systems, the ability of Sec16 to recruit Sec12 to tER sites is abolished by deleting a C-terminal fragment of Sec16. Biochemical experiments confirm that this C-terminal fragment of Sec16 binds to the cytosolic domain of Sec12. Similarly, we demonstrate that human Sec12 is concentrated at tER sites, likely due to association with a C-terminal fragment of Sec16A. These results suggest that a Sec12-Sec16 interaction has a conserved role in ER export.     

dGRASP localization and function in the early exocytic pathway in Drosophila S2 cells

The de novo model for Golgi stack biogenesis predicts that membrane exiting the ER at transitional ER (tER) sites contains and recruits all the necessary molecules to form a Golgi stack, including the Golgi matrix proteins, p115, GM130, and GRASP65/55. These proteins leave the tER sites faster than Golgi transmembrane resident enzymes, suggesting that they act as a template nucleating the formation of the Golgi apparatus. However, the localization of the Golgi matrix proteins at tER sites is only shown under conditions where exit from the ER is blocked. Here, we show in Drosophila S2 cells, that dGRASP, the single Drosophila homologue of GRASP65/55, localizes both to the Golgi membranes and the tER sites at steady state and that the myristoylation of glycine 2 is essential for the localization to both compartments. Its depletion for 96 h by RNAi gave an effect on the architecture of the Golgi stacks in 30% of the cells, but a double depletion of dGRASP and dGM130 led to the quantitative conversion of Golgi stacks into clusters of vesicles and tubules, often featuring single cisternae. This disruption of Golgi architecture was not accompanied by the disorganization of tER sites or the inhibition of anterograde transport. This shows that, at least in Drosophila, the structural integrity of the Golgi stacks is not required for efficient transport. Overall, dGRASP exhibits a dynamic association to the membrane of the early exocytic pathway and is involved in Golgi stack architecture.     

Biochemical requirements for the targeting and fusion of ER-derived transport vesicles with purified yeast Golgi membranes

In order for secretion to progress, ER-derived transport vesicles must target to, and fuse with the cis-Golgi compartment. These processes have been reconstituted using highly enriched membrane fractions and partially purified soluble components. The functionally active yeast Golgi membranes that have been purified are highly enriched in the cis- Golgi marker enzymes alpha 1,6 mannosyltransferase and GDPase. Fusion of transport vesicles with these membranes requires both GTP and ATP hydrolysis, and depends on cytosolic and peripheral membrane proteins. At least two protein fractions from yeast cytosol are required for the reconstitution of ER-derived vesicle fusion. Soluble fractions prepared from temperature-sensitive mutants revealed requirements for the Ypt1p, Sec19p, Sly1p, Sec7p, and Uso1 proteins. A model for the sequential involvement of these components in the targeting and fusion reaction is proposed.     

In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum and of ER export sites depends on active COPI machinery

Trafficking of secretory proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus depends on coat protein complexes I (COPI) and II (COPII) machineries. To date, full characterization of the distribution and dynamics of these machineries in plant cells remains elusive. Furthermore, except for a presumed linkage between COPI and COPII for the maintenance of ER protein export, the mechanisms by which COPI influences COPII-mediated protein transport from the ER in plant cells are largely uncharacterized. Here we dissect the dynamics of COPI in intact cells using live-cell imaging and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analyses to provide insights into the distribution of COPI and COPII machineries and the mechanisms by which COPI influences COPII-mediated protein export from the ER. We found that Arf1 and coatomer are dynamically associated with the Golgi apparatus and that the COPII coat proteins Sec24 and Sec23 localize at ER export sites that track with the Golgi apparatus in tobacco leaf epidermal cells. Arf1 is also localized at additional structures that originate from the Golgi apparatus but that lack coatomer, supporting the model that Arf1 also has a coatomer-independent role for post-Golgi protein transport in plants. When ER to Golgi protein transport is inhibited by mutations that hamper Arf1-GTPase activity without directly disrupting the COPII machinery for ER protein export, Golgi markers are localized in the ER and the punctate distribution of Sec24 and Sec23 at the ER export sites is lost. These findings suggest that Golgi membrane protein distribution is maintained by the balanced action of COPI and COPII systems, and that Arf1-coatomer is most likely indirectly required for forward trafficking out of the ER due to its role in recycling components that are essential for differentiation of the ER export domains formed by the Sar1-COPII system.     

Involvement of the penta-EF-hand protein Pef1p in the Ca2+-dependent regulation of COPII subunit assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Although it is well established that the coat protein complex II (COPII) mediates the transport of proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus, the regulation of the vesicular transport event and the mechanisms that act to counterbalance the vesicle flow between the ER and Golgi are poorly understood. In this study, we present data indicating that the penta-EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding protein Pef1p directly interacts with the COPII coat subunit Sec31p and regulates COPII assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ALG-2, a mammalian homolog of Pef1p, has been shown to interact with Sec31A in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner and to have a role in stabilizing the association of the Sec13/31 complex with the membrane. However, Pef1p displayed reversed Ca(2+) dependence for Sec13/31p association; only the Ca(2+)-free form of Pef1p bound to the Sec13/31p complex. In addition, the influence on COPII coat assembly also appeared to be reversed; Pef1p binding acted as a kinetic inhibitor to delay Sec13/31p recruitment. Our results provide further evidence for a linkage between Ca(2+)-dependent signaling and ER-to-Golgi trafficking, but its mechanism of action in yeast seems to be different from the mechanism reported for its mammalian homolog ALG-2.     

Human SEC13Rp functions in yeast and is located on transport vesicles budding from the endoplasmic reticulum

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sec13p is required for intracellular protein transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, and has also been identified as a component of the COPII vesicle coat structure. Recently, a human cDNA encoding a protein 53% identical to yeast Sec13p has been isolated. In this report, we apply the genetic assays of complementation and synthetic lethality to demonstrate the conservation of function between this human protein, designated SEC13Rp, and yeast Sec13p. We show that two reciprocal human/yeast fusion constructs, encoding the NH2-terminal half of one protein and the COOH-terminal half of the other, can each complement the secretion defect of a sec13-1 mutant at 36 degrees C. The chimera encoding the NH2-terminal half of the yeast protein and the COOH-terminal half of the human protein is also able to complement a SEC13 deletion. Overexpression of either the entire human SEC13Rp protein or the chimera encoding the NH2-terminal half of the human protein and the COOH-terminal half of the yeast protein inhibits the growth of a sec13- 1 mutant at 24 degrees C; this growth inhibition is not seen in a wild- type strain nor in other sec mutants, suggesting that the NH2-terminal half of SEC13Rp may compete with Sec13-1p for a common target. We show by immunoelectronmicroscopy of mammalian cells that SEC13Rp (like the putative mammalian homologues of the COPII subunits Sar1p and Sec23p) resides in the region of the transitional ER. We also show that the distribution of SEC13Rp is not affected by brefeldin A treatment. This report presents the first demonstration of a putative mammalian COPII component functioning in yeast, and highlights a potentially useful approach for the study of conserved mammalian proteins in a genetically tractable system.