人源抗狂犬病毒单克隆抗体Fab段基因的获得和表达

运用噬菌体表面呈现（phage display）技术获得了人源抗狂犬病毒糖蛋白基因工程单克隆抗体Fab段基因及其表达。从狂犬病毒PM株Vero细胞疫苗免疫的人抗凝血中分离获得外周淋巴细胞,提取细胞总RNA,通过RTPCR方法,用一组人IgG Fab基因4特异性引物,从合成的cDNA中扩增了一组轻链和重链Fab段基因,将轻链和重链Fab段基因,将轻链和重链先后克隆入噬菌体载体pComb3,成功地建立了抗狂犬病毒抗原的方法,对此抗体库进行富积筛选表达,成功地获得了抗狂犬病毒的人源单抗Fab段基因及其在大肠杆菌中的有效表达,对其中一株单抗G10进行了较为系统的分析,发现它与一株鼠源中和性狂犬病毒糖蛋白特异性单抗存在竞争,证实该单抗能识别狂犬病毒糖蛋白,其序列资料分析表明,该单抗为一株新的抗狂犬病毒人源基因工程抗体。     

抗结肠癌相关抗原单链抗体基因的构建和表达

通过PCR扩增和酶切分别得到抗结肠癌相关抗原抗体的重链可变区序列、轻链可变区序列及连接肽序列,将它们构建成为VHlinkerVL形式的单链抗体基因片段,并在大肠杆菌中进行了表达。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明,以pComb3为载体,在大肠肝菌JM83中,scF_v未获得有效表达,而以pET22b(+)为载体的scFv在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,30℃诱导培养获得了高效表达,表达水平占全菌蛋白的35.5%。     

SLE血清中抗-DNA抗体分离和性质的研究

本文用国产高分子树脂(T)接枝小牛胸腺DNA,通过亲合层析从系统性红斑狼疮SLE患者血清中纯化出抗-ds DNA抗体和抗-ss DNA抗体。酶联免疫吸附分析(ELISA)的研究表明:SLE抗-DNA抗体和DNA结合的差异性很大,是高度非均一性的。抗-ss DNA抗体不仅组成成分比抗-ds DNA抗体复杂,ss DNA/抗-ssDNA亲合能力也明显高于ds DNA/抗-ds DNA。纯化的抗-DNA抗体以IgG类抗体占主导,同时也有其它类型抗体存在(例如IgM等)。抗-ds DNA抗体有较抗-ss DNA抗体高的IgG含量(两者的IgG/IgM分别是7.0和4.0),说明IgG抗-DNA抗体更倾向于同dsDNA结合。     

结核分枝杆菌espK基因G-四链体核酸序列多态性与表达调控功能研究

DNA的G-四链体(G-quadruplex,G4)是由富含串联重复的鸟嘌呤(guanine,G)的核酸序列折叠形成的四链体螺旋结构,目前认为其与基因表达调控和基因组稳定性有关。已有研究表明,结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)的espK(Rv3879c)是构成ESX-1分泌系统的一个重要元件,其蛋白序列具有串联重复的GTPITP氨基酸序列多态性。本研究经核酸序列比对分析,确定该氨基酸序列多态性区域对应的模板链上存在G4序列,且该G4序列仅存在于结核分枝杆菌复合群。通过比对结核分枝杆菌临床分离株espK基因的核酸序列,发现espK基因的高频率G1573C突变位于G4序列。为研究该G4结构及基因表达调控功能,首先利用圆二色谱检测其核酸片段在钾离子存在条件下的光谱学特征,证实其可在体外形成具有顺式平行结构特征的G4,同义点突变G4会使其结构稳定性下降。采用重叠聚合酶链反应(overlapping polymerase chain reaction,overlapping PCR)构建含有G4突变的espK表达质粒,获得重组表达菌株。通过实时定量PCR测定espK重组表达菌株中基因转录水平变化,发现同义点突变G4后,其基因转录水平比野生型espK重组菌株提升 1.5 倍(P＜0.05)。此外,临床分离株中espK出现的高频率G1573C突变会破坏G4结构,但蛋白免疫印迹检测结果显示espK G1573C突变导致EspK蛋白表达水平上升。以上结果提示,espK的G4结构具有表达调控功能,该G4区域的序列多态性可能通过影响EspK表达水平来调节ESX-1分泌系统的活性。     

SENP1启动子G-四链体鉴定及其作用研究 *

目的:研究G-四链体(G4)对SUMO特异性蛋白酶1(SUMO-specific proteases 1, SENP1)基因的转录调控作用。方法:克隆不同的SENP1启动子片段构建SENP1启动子报告质粒,通过报告基因检测鉴定SENP1启动子核心转录调控区;分析SENP1启动子核心转录调控区序列,并进行G4形成序列预测;合成G4形成序列寡核苷酸,利用圆二色谱分析检测G4形成序列寡核苷酸的拓扑结构;通过G4配体TMPyP4处理和过表达G4解旋酶G4R1结合报告基因检测和Western blot鉴定启动子G4对 SENP1转录表达的调控作用。结果:发现-910 ~+226区域是SENP1启动子的核心转录调控区,序列富含G/C;生信分析发现SENP1启动子核心区存在G4形成序列;圆二色谱分析证实SENP1启动子G4形成序列能够形成G4结构;报告基因检测和Western blot检测发现启动子G4对SENP1转录表达具有抑制作用。结论:SENP1启动子核心转录调控区存在G4结构并对其转录表达具有抑制作用,为揭示SENP1在生理和病理过程中的作用机制提供新的研究思路和试验线索。     

血吸虫新抗原基因SjMF4的克隆、表达及功能分析

根据东方田鼠天然抗日本血吸虫病的现象 ,首次利用东方田鼠健康血清结合羊抗小鼠IgG3抗体免疫筛选日本血吸虫 (中国大陆株 )成虫cDNA表达型文库 ,获得两个阳性克隆 ,采用RACE技术对其中一cDNA片段进行扩增 ,获一含ORF的基因片段。序列分析表明该基因为一日本血吸虫新基因 ,命名为SjMF4 (SchistosomajaponicumMicrotusfortis 4 ,SjMF4 )。利用ExPASy的ScanProsite软件对此基因编码的蛋白质结构和功能域进行了分析。把该基因克隆到原核表达载体pET 2 8a( ) ,Western印迹显示表达产物具有良好的抗原性。又构建了真核表达质粒pcD NA3 SjMF4重组DNA疫苗 ,小鼠实验表明可诱导一定的保护作用。     

寨卡病毒囊膜E蛋白的原核表达及其抗体制备

目的:在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中重组表达寨卡病毒(ZIKV)囊膜(E)蛋白的200个氨基酸(138～338)截短片段ZIKV-E~(200),制备其多克隆抗体,为寨卡病毒亚单位疫苗后续研究提供检测抗体。方法:用全基因序列合成方法合成寨卡病毒E蛋白全长基因,以该基因为模板,用PCR方法克隆ZIKV-E~(200)基因片段,经EcoRⅠ/XhoⅠ双酶切后连接到pET22b载体并转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,获得重组质粒pET22b-ZIKV-E~(200),将其转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞得到重组表达菌株pET22b-ZIKV-E~(200)。将37℃诱导表达后的菌液超声波破碎处理后制备ZIKV-E~(200)蛋白,将制备的抗原ZIKV-E~(200)免疫BALB/c小鼠,经3次免疫后,采集血清制备其相应的多克隆抗体,采用Western印迹检测多克隆抗体的特异性。结果:获得ZIKV-E~(200)基因片段,并构建了其相应的原核表达载体pET22b-ZIKV-E~(200),在大肠杆菌中表达了重组ZIKV-E~(200)蛋白,其相对分子质量约为25 000,与理论值一致;用分离的蛋白ZIKV-E~(200)免疫小鼠后获得了抗ZIKV-E蛋白的多克隆抗体,该多克隆抗体检测到了酵母表达的寨卡病毒E蛋白。结论:ZIKV-E~(200)蛋白的多克隆抗体可用于酵母表达的寨卡病毒E蛋白的检测等研究。     

链间二硫键增强抗前胃泌素释放肽单链抗体稳定性

前胃泌素释放肽(pro-gastrin-releasing peptide, ProGRP)是小细胞肺癌的特异性标志物,¹³¹I标记的抗ProGRP单克隆抗体对小细胞肺癌具有明显的抑制作用。抗ProGRP单链抗体的制备具有重要的应用前景。本研究以抗ProGRP单克隆细胞株E-B₅ cDNA为模板,扩增获得VH和VL序列,并对其进行序列比对和同源建模,分析引入链间二硫键的突变位点。通过基因合成获得单链抗体Scfv_ProGRP和单链二硫键稳定抗体Sdsfv_ProGRP基因,并将其分别构建在质粒pET-28a,获得重组表达质粒pET28a-His-Scfv_ProGRP和pET28a-His-Sdsfv_ProGRP。重组表达质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),诱导表达出的ScFv_ProGRP和SdsFv_ProGRP以包涵体的形式存在。包涵体经变复性后进行纯化,获得ScFv_ProGRP和SdsFv     

米根霉菌ldhL基因的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

以米根霉菌基因组DNA为模板,根据GenBank上已公布的米根霉L-乳酸脱氢酶基因(ldhL)序列设计特异性引物,PCR扩增得到963 bp的DNA片段,经序列分析后将其亚克隆到原核表达载体pET30a上,构建成重组质粒pET30a-ldhL.将pET30a-ldhL转化到BL21感受态细菌中,经IPTG诱导表达后进行SDS-PAGE分析,可见约43 kD的与预期大小一致的目的蛋白条带,结果表明ldhL基因在大肠杆菌中进行了表达,经酶活分析产物的酶活力为98 U/mL,证明了表达产物具有预期的酶活性,这为进一步研究利用乳清为发酵原料高产L-乳酸的米根霉基因工程菌株奠定了基础.     

跨膜逆向转运蛋白NHXFS1多克隆抗体的制备及应用

NHXFS1基因是通过DNA家族改组（DNA family shuffling）技术,以拟南芥、水稻和菊花的液泡膜Na＋/H＋逆向转运蛋白基因（NHX1）为亲本获得的活性显著增强的新基因。为制备该蛋白的多克隆抗体,对该蛋白进行跨膜结构分析,选取跨膜蛋白的C末端为靶标,并将其克隆到原核表达载体pET32a中,成功构建了原核融合蛋白pET32a-NHXFS1-抗原表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）并诱导表达。通过镍柱亲和层析纯化该融合表达蛋白,获得了纯度约为80%的纯化蛋白,用于免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体。ELISA实验表明,该抗体的效价达到1：128 000,提取表达NHXFS1蛋白的酵母液泡经该多克隆抗体Western blot检测,证明该抗体具有较好的NHXFS1蛋白特异性。NHXFS1多克隆抗体的制备为进一步认识NHXFS1新蛋白结构与功能以及植物耐盐分子生物学的研究奠定了基础。     

Characterization of G-quadruplex antibody reveals differential specificity for G4 DNA forms

Accumulating evidence suggests that human genome can fold into non-B DNA structures, when appropriate sequence and favourable conditions are present. Among these, G-quadruplexes (G4-DNA) are associated with gene regulation, chromosome fragility and telomere maintenance. Although several techniques are used in detecting such structures in vitro, understanding their intracellular existence has been challenging. Recently, an antibody, BG4, was described to study G4 structures within cells. Here, we characterize BG4 for its affinity towards G4-DNA, using several biochemical and biophysical tools. BG4 bound to G-rich DNA derived from multiple genes that form G-quadruplexes, unlike complementary C-rich or random sequences. BLI studies revealed robust binding affinity (K_d = 17.4 nM). Gel shift assays show BG4 binds to inter- and intramolecular G4-DNA, when it is in parallel orientation. Mere presence of G4-motif in duplex DNA is insufficient for antibody recognition. Importantly, BG4 can bind to G4-DNA within telomere sequence in a supercoiled plasmid. Finally, we show that BG4 binds to form efficient foci in four cell lines, irrespective of their lineage, demonstrating presence of G4-DNA in genome. Importantly, number of BG4 foci within the cells can be modulated, upon knockdown of G4-resolvase, WRN. Thus, we establish specificity of BG4 towards G4-DNA and discuss its potential applications.     

Improving antibody affinity by mimicking somatic hypermutation in vitro.

In vivo affinity maturation of antibodies involves mutation of hot spots in the DNA encoding the variable regions. We have used this information to develop a strategy to improve antibody affinity in vitro using phage display technology. In our experiment with the antimesothelin scFv, SS(scFv), we identified DNA sequences in the variable regions that are naturally prone to hypermutations, selected a few hot spots encoding nonconserved amino acids, and introduced random mutations to make libraries with a size requirement between 10(3) and 10(4) independent clones. Panning of the hot spot libraries yielded several mutants with a 15- to 55-fold increase in affinity compared with a single clone with a fourfold increased affinity from a library in which mutagenesis was done outside the hot spots. The strategy should be generally applicable for the rapid isolation of higher-affinity mutants of Fvs, Fabs, and other recombinant antibodies from antibody phage libraries that are small in size.     

Intracellular antibody capture technology: application to selection of intracellular antibodies recognising the BCR-ABL oncogenic protein

The expression of antibodies inside cells to ablate protein function has the potential for disease therapy and for target validation in functional genomics. However, due to inefficient expression or folding, only a few antibodies or antibody fragments, usually as single-chain Fv antibody fragments (scFv), bind their antigens in an intracellular environment. We have established a genetic-selection technology (intracellular antibody capture, IAC) to facilitate the isolation of functional intracellular scFv from a diverse repertoire. This approach comprises an in vitro library screen with scFv-expressing bacteriophage, employing bacterially expressed antigen, followed by a yeast in vivo antibody-antigen interaction screen of the sub-library of in vitro scFv antigen-binders. Accordingly, we have isolated panels of scFv that bind intracellularly to the BCR or the ABL parts of the BCR-ABL oncogenic protein. Sequence analysis of the intracellular antibody scFv panels revealed a sequence conservation indicating an intracellular antibody consensus for both VH and VL, which could form the basis for the de novo synthesis of intracellular antibody libraries to be used with intracellular antibody-capture technology.     

The influence of antibody fragment format on phage display based affinity maturation of IgG

Today, most approved therapeutic antibodies are provided as immunoglobulin G (IgG), whereas small recombinant antibody formats are required for in vitro antibody generation and engineering during drug development. Particularly, single chain (sc) antibody fragments like scFv or scFab are well suited for phage display and bacterial expression, but some have been found to lose affinity during conversion into IgG.

In this study, we compared the influence of the antibody format on affinity maturation of the CD30-specific scFv antibody fragment SH313-F9, with the overall objective being improvement of the IgG. The variable genes of SH313-F9 were randomly mutated and then cloned into libraries encoding different recombinant antibody formats, including scFv, Fab, scFabΔC, and FabΔC. All tested antibody formats except Fab allowed functional phage display of the parental antibody SH313-F9, and the corresponding mutated antibody gene libraries allowed isolation of candidates with enhanced CD30 binding. Moreover, scFv and scFabΔC antibody variants retained improved antigen binding after subcloning into the single gene encoded IgG-like formats scFv-Fc or scIgG, but lost affinity after conversion into IgGs. Only affinity maturation using the Fab-like FabΔC format, which does not contain the carboxy terminal cysteines, allowed successful selection of molecules with improved binding that was retained after conversion to IgG. Thus, affinity maturation of IgGs is dependent on the antibody format employed for selection and screening. In this study, only FabΔC resulted in the efficient selection of IgG candidates with higher affinity by combination of Fab-like conformation and improved phage display compared with Fab.     

Humanization of fibroblast growth factor 1 single‐chain antibody and validation for its antitumorigenic efficacy in breast cancer and glioma cells

Single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies are the smallest immunoglobulins with high antigen‐binding affinity. We have previously reported that fibroblast growth factor 1 played pivotal roles in cancer development and generated a mouse scFv (mscFv1C9) could effectively prohibit cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Here, we further humanized this scFv (hscFv1C9) using a structure‐guided complementarity determining region grafting strategy. The purified hscFv1C9 maintained similar antigen‐binding affinity and specificity as mscFv1C9, and it was capable of inhibiting growth of different tumours in vitro and in vivo. These data strongly suggested that hscFv1C9 has antitumour potentials.     

The influence of antibody fragment format on phage display based affinity maturation of IgG

Today, most approved therapeutic antibodies are provided as immunoglobulin G (IgG), whereas small recombinant antibody formats are required for in vitro antibody generation and engineering during drug development. Particularly, single chain (sc) antibody fragments like scFv or scFab are well suited for phage display and bacterial expression, but some have been found to lose affinity during conversion into IgG.   In this study, we compared the influence of the antibody format on affinity maturation of the CD30-specific scFv antibody fragment SH313-F9, with the overall objective being improvement of the IgG. The variable genes of SH313-F9 were randomly mutated and then cloned into libraries encoding different recombinant antibody formats, including scFv, Fab, scFabΔC, and FabΔC. All tested antibody formats except Fab allowed functional phage display of the parental antibody SH313-F9, and the corresponding mutated antibody gene libraries allowed isolation of candidates with enhanced CD30 binding. Moreover, scFv and scFabΔC antibody variants retained improved antigen binding after subcloning into the single gene encoded IgG-like formats scFv-Fc or scIgG, but lost affinity after conversion into IgGs. Only affinity maturation using the Fab-like FabΔC format, which does not contain the carboxy terminal cysteines, allowed successful selection of molecules with improved binding that was retained after conversion to IgG. Thus, affinity maturation of IgGs is dependent on the antibody format employed for selection and screening. In this study, only FabΔC resulted in the efficient selection of IgG candidates with higher affinity by combination of Fab-like conformation and improved phage display compared with Fab.     

Generation of high-affinity fully human anti-interleukin-8 antibodies from its cDNA by two-hybrid screening and affinity maturation in yeast

We have developed a technology for rapidly generating novel and fully human antibodies by simply using the antigen DNA. A human single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library was constructed in a yeast two‐hybrid vector with high complexity. After cloning cDNA encoding the mature sequence of human interleukin‐8 (hIL8) into the yeast two‐hybrid system vector, we have screened the human scFv antibody library and obtained three distinct scFv clones that could specifically bind to hIL8. One clone was chosen for further improvement by a novel affinity maturation process using the error‐prone PCR of the scFv sequence followed by additional rounds of yeast two‐hybrid screening. The scFv antibodies of both primary and affinity‐matured scFv clones were expressed in E. coli. All purified scFvs showed specific binding to hIL8 in reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation and ELISA assays. All scFvs, as well as a fully human IgG antibody converted from one of the scFv clones and expressed in the mammalian cells, were able to effectively inhibit hIL8 in neutrophil chemotaxis assays. The technology described can generate fully human antibodies with high efficiency and low cost.     

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mimicry by an anti-idiotypic scFv isolated from anti-Id 6.C4 hybridoma

Since carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is expressed during embryonic life, it is not immunogenic in humans. The use of anti-idiotypic (Id) antibodies as a surrogate of antigen in the immunization has been considered a promising strategy for breaking tolerance to some tumor associated antigens. We have described an anti-Id monoclonal antibody (MAb), designated 6.C4, which is able to mimic CEA functionally. The anti-Id MAb 6.C4 was shown to elicit antibodies that recognized CEA in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we sought to verify whether a single chain (scFv) antibody obtained, the scFv 6.C4, would retain the ability to mimic CEA. Two scFv containing the variable heavy and light chain domains of 6.C4 were constructed with a 15-amino acid linker: one with and another without signal peptide. DNA immunization of mice with both forms of scFv individually elicited antibodies able to recognize CEA.