节节草黄酮类化合物的提取及抑菌活性研究

目的：研究节节草地上部位黄酮类化合物的提取方法,并对提取物进行了抑菌试验。方法：比较各种提取方法,通过显色反应、沉淀反应和抑菌实验作用于该提取物。结果：索氏提取法总黄酮得率为0．749％,超声波辅助提取法居次。显色反应呈阳性,沉淀反应生成明显的沉淀;在抑菌实验中产生明显的抑菌圈。结论：超声波辅助提取法是提取节节草总黄酮的比较理想的方法,该植物含有较为丰富的黄酮类化合物,节节草黄酮类化合物对大肠杆菌、八叠球菌等具有明显的抑菌作用。     

番石榴叶黄酮类化合物提取及其粗提物对蔬菜病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用溶剂法提取番石榴Psidium guajava叶总黄酮,通过对溶剂浓度、提取温度、时间、料液比等因素进行正交试验,优化番石榴叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,溶剂法提取番石榴叶总黄酮的最佳工艺参数为：80 ℃加热,60%乙醇,料液比1∶15,加热回流提取1 h,在此条件下总黄酮提取率达3.51%。番石榴叶总黄酮粗提物对茄子白绢病菌、甘蓝黑斑病菌、白菜炭疽病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内抑菌EC50分别为184、209、180、102 mg·mL-1。     

大叶千斤拔的微波预处理-超声波提取工艺及其抑菌活性研究

对大叶千斤拔的微波预处理-超声波提取工艺及其抑菌活性进行研究。以染料木素得率和染料木苷得率为考察指标,通过单因素实验与正交实验优选大叶千斤拔中染料木苷和染料木素的最佳提取工艺,并对微波预处理-超声波提取法、超声波提取法和热水浸提法进行了对比研究,同时研究大叶千斤拔提取液和染料木素的抑菌活性。最佳提取工艺条件为:微波功率700 W,超声波功率200 W,解析剂比7∶1(m L/g),微波时间180 s,乙醇为提取溶剂,乙醇体积分数90%,液料比35∶1(m L/g),提取温度80℃,提取时间15 min。该工艺条件下,染料木苷得率为0.9047 mg/g,染料木素得率为0.4834 mg/g,总得率为1.3881 mg/g,优于超声波提取法和热水浸提法。在实验范围内染料木素和大叶千斤拔提取液对3种常见菌的抑制作用大小均为金黄色葡萄球菌枯草芽孢杆菌大肠杆菌,但染料木素对大肠杆菌无明显抑制作用。微波预处理-超声波提取法具有省时高效的特点,特别适用于大叶千斤拔染料木苷和染料木素的提取,大叶千斤拔提取液具有良好的抑菌活性,可作为天然的食品防腐剂。     

瓦松总黄酮的提取及其抑菌效果

目的：提取瓦松总黄酮并对其总黄酮含量进行测定,进一步观察总黄酮的抑菌效果。方法：采用超声法提取瓦松总黄酮,以芦丁为标准品,用紫外分光光度法测总黄酮的含量;并参照NCCLS规范,用微量稀释法来测定总黄酮最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果：测定标准曲线线性相关性良好,R2=0.999 2,线性范围在0.02~0.6 mg/mL。瓦松总黄酮对福氏志贺菌标准株抑菌效果最好,对部分临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林株（MRSA）、表皮葡萄球菌标准株、大肠埃希菌及其临床分离株、肺炎克雷伯菌标准株及其临床分离株抑菌效果较好,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果最弱。瓦松水提物抑菌趋势与总黄酮一致性较差,总黄酮及水提物均无明显的MBC。结论：瓦松总黄酮及其水提物对本试验选取的菌株均有一定的抑制作用,且抑制作用较好。黄酮好于水提物,作用机制以抑制为主,而非直接杀菌。瓦松总黄酮具有较好的抑菌效果,在食品开发上有较高研究价值。     

罗汉果果实总黄酮的含量变化及其抑菌作用

以30％乙醇溶液作提取剂,在超声波功率250W的条件下进行正交试验,结果表明,超声波辅助提取罗汉果果实中总黄酮的最佳条件为料液比1∶9、提取温度80℃、提取时间40 min,在此条件下总黄酮提取率最高,为2.86％.罗汉果果实在10月上旬至12月下旬的生长成熟过程中,总黄酮的含量变化表现为初期逐渐上升,至12月上旬达到最高值,其后快速下降.抑菌实验表明,罗汉果果实中的黄酮类物质对枯草芽胞杆菌、产气杆菌、藤黄八叠球菌和白色念球菌等革兰氏阳性菌的生长具有较显著的抑制作用,而对大肠杆菌、变形杆菌以及青霉和黑曲霉没有抑制作用.     

红花桑寄生枝叶总黄酮提取工艺

以Al(NO3)3显色法于510nm测定红花桑寄生枝叶提取液的吸光度,聚酰胺提纯,以芦丁为标准计算含量,正交实验方法探讨以乙醇为溶剂提取该类化合物的最佳工艺条件,结果表明,桑寄生叶最佳提取条件是溶剂为70％乙醇、料液比1：35、80℃条件下提取3h;桑寄生枝的最佳提取条件是溶剂为50％乙醇、料液比1：15、80℃条件下提取3h,在对应条件下桑寄生总黄酮平均得率叶为9.47%,枝为5.25%。     

超声波法优选苦豆子中总黄酮的提取工艺研究

目的:超声波法优选苦豆子中总黄酮的提取工艺。方法:以超声波为提取方法,以总黄酮提取率为考察指标,选取乙醇浓度(体积分数)、加溶剂倍量和超声时间为考察因素,采用均匀实验和正交实验,优选苦豆子中总黄酮的提取工艺。结果:影响总黄酮提取率各因素主次为:ACB,确定最佳提取工艺为A2B3C3,即70%乙醇,加溶剂40倍量,超声提取75 min。结论:采用该工艺提取苦豆子中总黄酮,提取率较高且稳定,说明该工艺合理可行。     

贯叶连翘醇提条件的多指标优化

本研究采用超声波提取法,对贯叶连翘中总黄酮、金丝桃素类和贯叶金丝桃素等主要有效成分在醇提过程中的提取条件(溶媒种类、浓度、提取时间等)进行了考察。结果表明,以总黄酮和金丝桃素类化合物为指标,用65％～80％的乙醇水溶液超声提取30min,提取效率较高;以贯叶金丝桃素为指标,则以用75％～90％的甲醇提取30min效果较好。     

葛根素提取及其抑菌实验研究

以湘西葛根为实验材料,选取水、甲醇和95％的乙醇作为提取溶剂,索氏提取法提取其葛根素。以提取率为指标,综合提取工艺中加入量、提取时间的影响,采用正交实验筛选出乙醇提取工艺,最佳参数为每次加入10倍量、回流提取时间3．5h。用滤纸片法研究葛根提取液对大肠杆菌等8种常见食品腐败菌的抑菌活性,结果表明,各种菌体的抑菌效果为：大肠杆菌〉金黄色葡萄球菌〉枯草芽孢杆菌〉假丝酵母青霉,对青霉无抑菌作用。各种菌的抑菌效果与浓度的关系为,葛根素浓度升高,抑菌效果增强。     

银杏叶总黄酮的超声波提取法

本文通过单因素实验和正交实验,确定了超声波法提取银杏叶中黄酮类化合物的最佳提取工艺,并与常规乙醇浸提法,微波提取法作了比较研究。实验表明：超声波提取法优于常规乙醇浸提法和微波提取法。超声波法的最佳操作条件为：320W超声波功率,温度30℃,70％乙醇,在液固比15：1条件下提取10min,连续提取2次,总黄酮提取率可达94．1％。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.