碳源对K.fragilis LFS-8611β-D-半乳糖苷酶合成的影响

探讨了碳源对脆壁克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces fragilis)LFS-8611生长、β-D-半乳糖苷酶合成的影响及碳源对该酶合成的诱导作用。脆壁克鲁维酵母(K,fragilis)LFS-8611生长与β-D-半乳糖苷酶合成同步。该菌株生长和产酶的最适碳源为半乳糖,乳糖次之。菌体生物量和酶活力随着培养基中乳糖浓度的增加而增加,乳糖浓度为12mg／mL,菌体生物量和酶活力达到峰值,分别为5．84g／L、19,12U／mL。半乳糖和乳糖对β-D-半乳糖苷酶合成具有诱导作用。诱导物浓度对β-D-半乳糖苷酶的诱导合成有较大影响。半乳糖诱导以山梨醇为碳源预培养的K．fragilis LFS-8611细胞合成β-D-半乳糖苷酶的最适浓度为10mg／mL。     

分枝犁头霉a-半乳糖苷酶的底物特异性

测定了43种碳水化合物对酶活力的影啊。其中半乳糖、甘油醛及纤维二糖使酶活力下降50％以上,D-阿拉伯糖、塔格糖、半乳糖醛酸、D-枝糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D-葡萄糖酸内酯．乳糖及蔗糖使酶活下降到70％左右;而二羟丙酮、2-脱氧-D-半乳糖及异丙基β-D-硫代半乳糖苷使酶话提高50％左右;其余的碳水化合物对酶活无明显影响。测定了Hg2+、甘油醛及半乳糖对酶的抑制类型。结果表明,Hg2+是a-半乳糖苷酶的非竞争性抑制剂,半乳糖及甘油醛是酶的竞争性抑制剂,后两者的K,值分别为8．3及12．5 mmol／L。     

海枣曲霉产生的糖苷酶类

以木聚糖酶、β-D-岩藻糖苷酶活力较高的海枣曲霉作为试验菌株。该菌株的粗酶液含有多种糖苷酶,活力较高的有木聚糖酶、地衣多糖酶、β-木糖苷酶、α-半乳糖苷酶、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-D-岩藻糖苷酶及β-半乳糖苷酶等。其β-D-岩藻糖苷酶活力还高于β-半乳糖苷酶。将海枣曲霉培养不同时间后测活力,表明木聚糖酶在培养的第2天即大量产生,第3天达到高峰。Β-D-岩藻糖苷酶在第4天开     

三疣梭子蟹精子顶体反应前后胞内Ca~(2+)的变化

应用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)和Fluo-3/AM荧染技术对三疣梭子蟹精子顶体反应前后的胞内Ca2 变化进行了观察和检测.结果显示,在精子顶体反应过程中,胞内Ca2 主要分布在细胞核、穿孔器和胞质膜残存处,胞内Ca2 浓度([Ca2 ]I)总体上呈现先上升后下降的趋势.顶体反应前精子的平均荧光强度为35.95±5.71;穿孔器前伸、顶体囊膜翻转阶段精子的平均荧光强度为66.80±7.35;顶体囊膜脱落、顶体丝形成阶段精子的平均荧光强度为3.87±2.82;上述各阶段间精子荧光强度有极显著差异(P<0.01).顶体反应穿孔器前伸、顶体囊膜翻转阶段的精子相比顶体反应前精子,[Ca2 ]I显著提高;而在顶体囊膜脱落、顶体丝形成阶段,[Ca2 ]I则急剧下降,只在顶体丝基部胞质膜残存处有微量Ca2 存在.初步探讨了三疣梭子蟹精子顶体反应前后胞内Ca2 变化的功能.     

哺乳动物精子中的ZP3结合蛋白研究进展

哺乳动物卵透明带糖蛋白ZP3(zona pellucida3)是介导精卵初级结合、诱发精子发生顶体反应的关键分子。目前已在精子中发现多种ZP3结合蛋白。95kD酪氨酸激酶受体可能通过其酪氨酸激酶活性介导ZP3诱发的顶体反应。β—1,4—半乳糖基转移酶与ZP3的糖基结合后,通过激活下游信号分子诱发顶体反应。精子蛋白sp56可能介导了顶体反应期间顶体基质与ZP之间的相互作用。透明带粘附素(zonadhesin)也是在顶体反应发生之后才与ZP发生相互作用。这些精子蛋白介导的下游信号事件将是下一步研究的热点。     

三疣梭子蟹精卵相互作用的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜技术观察了三疣梭子蟹的精卵相互作用。未受精成熟卵表面较光滑、无受精孔,但有许多微孔。成熟卵外被卵膜,内为卵母细胞。在卵自然产出后,精子迅速发生顶体反应使顶体囊外翻并压入卵膜,而核仍留于卵膜外,核辐射臂不收缩且仍附着于卵膜上。三疣梭子蟹为多精着卵和多精入卵膜。精子外翻顶体囊压入卵膜后,核辐射臂陆续回缩直至消失。作用于顶体丝上的卵母细胞主动拖精作用对入卵膜精子的进一步入卵、受精至关重要,环状卵膜突起的向心伸展也有一定的协助作用。探讨了着卵精子的顶体反应、精子入卵膜的机制及卵子在精子入卵过程中的作用     

大肠杆菌β—D—半乳糖苷酶的定位突变及突变酶的动力学性质

利用人工合成的寡核苷酸探针,将编码大肠杆菌β-D-半乳糖苷酶(EC3.2.1.23)的Lac Z基因中537位Glu密码子GAA分别用GAC(Asp)、CAA(Gln)、GTC(Val)来替代,替代后的突变酶的催化活性显著降低.同天然β-D-半乳糖苷酶相比,作用于ONPG底物时,突变酶的k_(cat)值分别为0.13%(Asp-537)、0.0006%(Gln-537)、0.0035%(Val-537),但它们的K_m值并无明显改变.无论是天然酶还是突变酶,底物类似物IPTG是一个强有力的抑制剂,而过渡态类似物2-脱氧-2-氨基-半乳糖和L-核糖只对突变酶有微弱的抑制作用.活化剂叠氮钠的激活作用小于β-D-半乳糖苷酶的Glu-461突变酶.催化甲醇成酯反应的能力小于天然酶.突变酶对热更不稳定.以上结果表明Glu-537残基是该酶催化反应的必需基团.     

海枣曲霉β-半乳糖苷酶的催化性质

 通过测定海枣曲霉β-半乳糖苷酶的底物特异性,表明该酶水解对-硝基酚基β-半乳糖苷(PNP-β-gal)的活力最高。该酶水解PNP-β-gal,乳糖和对-硝基酚基β-D-岩藻糖苷(PNP-β-fuc)的相对活力为100,63.1,10.3。不同测定方法的结果均表明,这一PNP-β-fuc水解活性来自β-半乳糖苷酶本身。Hg~(2+)、D-半乳糖和D-半乳糖-r-内酯对该酶有强烈的抑制作用,Ag~+和4mol/l脲也有较强的抑制作用。该酶水解PNP-β-gal和乳糖的Km值分别为1.3及36.2mmol/l,Vmax则分别为478和189μmol.min~(-1).mg~(-1)。Lineweaver-Burk作图法及Dixon作图法均表明D-半乳糖和D-半乳糖酸-γ-内酯对该酶显示竞争性抑制作用,其Ki分别为4和0.9mmol/l。     

α-D-甘露糖残基在猪透明带中的分布及其

为证明α-D-甘露糖残基在猪透明带中的分布及其在受精中的作用, 用异硫氰酸荧光素络合小扁豆凝集素(fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Lens culinaris, FITC-LCA,一种D-甘露糖特异结合植物凝集素)标记去除卵丘细胞的体外成熟猪卵母细胞, 用于观察LCA的标记情况及体外受精, 并用甘露聚糖进行体外受精的竞争抑制实验及检测对精子顶体反应的影响. 结果显示, LCA均匀标记于整个透明带且呈强荧光反应; LCA标记能够显著减少透明带表面精子结合数量并几乎完全阻断卵母细胞的受精能力; 甘露聚糖能够显著降低透明带精子结合数量和卵母细胞的受精率; 甘露聚糖在精子培养的不同时间段上都能明显增加顶体反应的精子数量. 这些结果表明, 猪透明带糖蛋白上的α-D-甘露糖残基是精子受体的重要组成部分, 它能够诱导精子发生顶体反应, 促进精子侵入透明带.     

α-D-甘露糖残基在猪透明带中的分布及其在受精中的作用

为证明α-D-甘露糖残基在猪透明带中的分布及其在受精中的作用,用异硫氰酸荧光素络合小扁豆凝集素(fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Lens culinaris,FITC-LCA,一种D-甘露糖特异结合植物凝集素)标记去除卵丘细胞的体外成熟猪卵母细胞,用于观察LCA的标记情况及体外受精,并用甘露聚糖进行体外受精的竞争抑制实验及检测对精子顶体反应的影响.结果显示,LCA均匀标记于整个透明带且呈强荧光反应;LCA标记能够显著减少透明带表面精子结合数量并几乎完全阻断卵母细胞的受精能力;甘露聚糖能够显著降低透明带精子结合数量和卵母细胞的受精率;甘露聚糖在精子培养的不同时间段上都能明显增加顶体反应的精子数量.这些结果表明,猪透明带糖蛋白上的α-D-甘露糖残基是精子受体的重要组成部分,它能够诱导精子发生顶体反应,促进精子侵入透明带.     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418