两面针基原植物考证及其活性成分含量分析

该研究选取广西不同类型的两面针为材料,通过查阅文献对两面针基原植物进行考证,用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)对两面针原变种及变种中的5种活性成分进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)毛两面针[Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb) DC. f. fastuosum How ex Huang]早已并入两面针原变种[Z. nitidum (Roxb.)DC. var. nitidum];虽然毛两面针与毛叶两面针中文名称相似,但不可认为是同一个变种。(2) RP-HPLC结果显示两面针原变种及变种均不含毛两面针素。(3) 5种活性成分在不同类型中存在显著性差异。(4)根据5种活性成分含量数据,对9份两面针样品进行聚类分析,结果划分为4组,与两面针形态划分一致。这不仅理清了"毛叶两面针"与"毛两面针"存在的混淆问题,而且还比较了不同形态类型间的活性成分含量,为两面针质量控制和资源的合理应用开发提供了参考。     

A unifying quantitative framework for exploring the multiple facets of microbial biodiversity across diverse scales

Recent developments of molecular tools have revolutionized our knowledge of microbial biodiversity by allowing detailed exploration of its different facets and generating unprecedented amount of data. One key issue with such large datasets is the development of diversity measures that cope with different data outputs and allow comparison of biodiversity across different scales. Diversity has indeed three components: local (α), regional (γ) and the overall difference between local communities (β). Current measures of microbial diversity, derived from several approaches, provide complementary but different views. They only capture the β component of diversity, compare communities in a pairwise way, consider all species as equivalent or lack a mathematically explicit relationship among the α, β and γ components. We propose a unified quantitative framework based on the Rao quadratic entropy, to obtain an additive decomposition of diversity (γ = α + β), so the three components can be compared, and that integrate the relationship (phylogenetic or functional) among Microbial Diversity Units that compose a microbial community. We show how this framework is adapted to all types of molecular data, and we highlight crucial issues in microbial ecology that would benefit from this framework and propose ready‐to‐use R‐functions to easily set up our approach.     

A Statistical Method for Comparison of Two Structures and Its Biological Applications

Some experimental methods applied to biological investigations allow to find a number q of homogeneous discrete components that determine a structure of the object in the study and the to establish the presence of some components from these q in compositions of other n objects. Such data form a nXq incidence matrix. In this paper a statistical approach is suggested for revealing the associated components in two different structures of the object. The procedure is based on joint consideration of two sampling incidence matrices. An application of this method is demonstrated by analysis of relationships between antigens and proteins of one strain of cyanobacteria. The method may be useful in different scientific areas, e.g. psychology, when direct experimental comparison of components from two structures is difficult.     

Studies on the Leaf Oils of Citrus Species

Leaf oil samples of four different citrus species were prepared from young leaves and the detailed composition of each leaf oil was investigated using gas chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectrometry. The following components were identified: α-pinene, α-thujene, β-pinene, limonene, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, p-α-dimethylstyrene, β-humulene, β-selinene, trans-2-hexen-l-al, cis-3-hexen-l-ol, trans-2-hexen-l-ol, linalool terpinen-4-ol and α-terpineol. In addition, camphene, sabinene, β-myrcene, α-terpinene, β-elemene, caryophyllene, neral, geranial, nerol and geraniol were tentatively identified. Most of the components were found to be contained in common in the leaf oils of four different citrus species, but the relative contents of some of the components such as limonene, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, linalool, neral and geranial were distinctly different from species to species. Thus, gas chromatographic analyses of leaf oils seemed to be useful for the identification of citrus species.     

Adaptive significance of amylase polymorphism in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila</Emphasis>: Effect of substrates with different carbohydrate composition on some life-history traits of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila subobscura</Emphasis>

The Amy locus polymorphism of Drosophila subobscura is used as a model system for an experimental population genetic study of adaptive significance of α-amylase activity on substrates of different carbohydrate compositions. So far, fitness components have not commonly been included in ecological-genetic studies of α-amylase polymorphism in this species. In the present paper, fitness components are analyzed in relation to different amylase activities in D. subobscura individuals homozygous for the “slow” and the “fast” Amy allele, associated with substrates of different carbohydrate compositions. The results indicate a significant effect of substrate carbohydrate composition on fitness components of the genotypes homozygous for S or F Amy allele in D. subobscura through their enzyme activity. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Chemical Composition Analysis and Discrimination of Essential Oils of Artemisia Argyi Folium from Different Germplasm Resources Based on Electronic Nose and GC/MS Combined with Chemometrics

In this study, the electronic nose and GC/MS were used to analyze the chemical components of essential oils from different germplasm resources of Artemisia argyi Folium (A. argyi), in order to quickly identify essential oils of A. argyi from different germplasm resources and clarify the differences among different A. argyi samples. The essential oils of A. argyi were extracted by steam distillation. This article describes for the first time that electronic nose combined with chemometrics can distinguish the essential oils of A. argyi from different germplasm, which proves the reliability and potential of this technology. GC/MS was used to identify 134 volatile components from the essential oil of A. argyi. The main bioactive components were cineole, thujarone, artemisia ketone, β-caryophyllene, (−)-4-terpinol, 3,3,6-trimethyl-1,5-heptadien-4-ol, (−)-α-thujone, camphor, borneol. In addition, the results of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that there were significant differences in the essential oils of A. argyi from different germplasm resources, terpenes, alcohols and ketones played an important role in identifying the essential oils of A. argyi from different germplasm resources. This indicates that electronic nose and GC/MS combined with chemometrics can be used as reliable techniques to identify different germplasm resources of A. argyi, and provide certain reference value for quality evaluation, selection of high-quality varieties and rational development of resources of A. argyi.     

Broadening the avenue of intersubgenomic heterosis in oilseed Brassica

Accumulated evidence has shown that each of the three basic Brassica genomes (A, B and C) has undergone profound changes in different species, and has led to the concept of the “subgenome”. Significant intersubgenomic heterosis was observed in hybrids between traditional Brassica napus and first generation lines of new type B. napus. The latter were produced by the partial introgression of subgenomic components from different species into B. napus. To increase the proportion of exotic subgenomic components and thus achieve stronger heterosis, lines of first generation new type B. napus were intercrossed with each other, and subjected to intensive marker-assisted selection to develop the second generation of new type B. napus. The second generation showed better agronomic traits and a higher proportion of introgression of subgenomic components than did the first generation. Compared with the commercial hybrid and the hybrids produced with the first generation new type B. napus, the novel hybrids showed stronger heterosis for seed yield during the 2 years of field trials. The extent of heterosis showed a significant positive correlation with the introgressed subgenomic components in the parental new type B. napus. To increase the content of the exotic subgenomic components further and to allow sustainable breeding of novel lines of new type B. napus, we initiated the development of a gene pool for new type B. napus that contained a substantial amount of genetic variation in the A^r and C^c genome. We discuss new approaches to broaden the avenue of intersubgenomic heterosis in oilseed Brassica.     

Distinct patterns of geographic variation for different song components in Daurian Redstarts Phoenicurus auroreus

Capsule: Components of Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus song have evolved along independent trajectories and show a mix of clinal and dialect patterns of geographic variation.

Aims: To investigate multiple structural components of song in Daurian Redstarts Phoenicurus auroreus as they varied among five locations across South Korea. To test whether different components of the same signal can evolve along independent trajectories, or else are constrained to evolve in correlated fashion.

Methods: Two distinct song components were investigated: the introductory whistle and the complex syllable. For both segments, we made both qualitative and quantitative comparisons of similarity among individuals both within and among populations.

Results: Patterns of geographic variation differed substantially between the two song segment types. Introductory whistles varied widely both within and among individuals, and were distributed across space in a mosaic pattern. Complex syllable parts showed high within-individual similarity and a distinctly clinal pattern of geographic variation, with the exception of a distinct dialect in one population isolated by a high-elevation mountain range.

Conclusions: The results suggest that different components of Daurian Redstart songs have evolved along independent trajectories; that specific song components may show a mix of clinal and dialect patterns of geographic variation; and that different song components might simultaneously transmit distinct patterns of information about individual, dialect or species identity.     

Chemical composition of lipophylic compounds from the body surface of unfed adult Ixodes persulcatus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)

Chemical compositions of ethereal extracts of the body surface of unfed male and female Ixodes persulcatus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) were studied by gas chromatography using mass-spectrometric detection. More than 100 different organic compounds were detected. The predominant components were saturated fatty hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, aldehydes, squalene, cholesterol and cholesterol derivatives. A number of compounds found in I. persulcatus are known as components of pheromones or constituents of dermal gland secretions in tick species of the genus Amblyomma: nonanoic acid, saturated fatty acids having from 14 to 16 carbons, and squalene. Saturated fatty aldehydes have not been reported previously as body surface components of hard ticks. Substituted phenols were not found in the extracts, although they are known as common components of sex and attraction–aggregation–attachment pheromones in Amblyomma ticks. With a few exceptions (henicosanal, 2,4-holestadiene and two unidentified cholesterol derivatives), there was no marked difference in composition of surface components between male and female I. persulcatus. The possible role of the different chemical groups in communication between I. persulcatus ticks is discussed.     

Distribution,diversity and functional dissociation of the mac genes in marine biofilms

Bacteria produce metamorphosis-associated contractile (MAC) structures to induce larval metamorphosis in Hydroides elegans. The distribution and diversity of mac gene homologs in marine environments are largely unexplored. In the present study mac genes were examined in marine environments by analyzing 101 biofilm and 91 seawater metagenomes. There were more mac genes in biofilms than in seawater, and substratum type, location, or sampling time did not affect the mac genes in biofilms. The mac gene clusters were highly diverse and often incomplete while the three MAC components co-occurred with other genes of different functions. Genomic analysis of four Pseudoalteromonas and two Streptomyces strains revealed the mac genes transfers among different microbial taxa. It is proposed that mac genes are more specific to biofilms; gene transfer among different microbial taxa has led to highly diverse mac gene clusters; and in most cases, the three MAC components function individually rather than forming a complex.     

湿度盐度pH协同驱动锡林河景观疣微菌群空间异质性

[目的] 为了阐明锡林河不同景观要素间疣微菌群的空间分布异质性及环境驱动力。[方法] 本文基于生境及微地形差异选择水生的河床中心、河床边缘与牛轭湖床,湿生的低河漫滩与高河漫滩,旱生的低阶地与高阶地等景观要素,基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术研究不同景观要素土壤疣微菌群的景观异质性,结合土壤湿度等环境变量研究其驱动力。[结果] 景观要素内疣微菌群呈协同的分布特征,景观要素间呈趋异的分布特征。斯巴达杆菌纲的Chthoniobacter成员及疣微菌纲的突柄杆菌属等成员主要分布在水生河床中心,与砂粒含量存在显著正相关关系（P<0.05）;丰祐菌纲成员主要分布在湿生河漫滩,与pH存在正相关关系（P<0.05或P>0.05）;斯巴达杆菌纲的DA101_soil_group成员主要分布在旱生河流阶地,与盐度及养分含量等存在极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。双组与三组环境变量的变异权重分析表明,湿度、盐度、pH对疣微菌群景观异质性的解释度分别高达24.7%与21.4%、24.3%与22.7%、23.1%与20.8%。[结论] 锡林河流域疣微菌群存在景观异质性。Chthoniobacter和突柄杆菌属等成员是河床中心景观要素的指示生物,DA101_soil_group是阶地景观要素的指示生物。湿度、盐度、pH协同驱动疣微菌群的景观异质性。     

不同甜叶菊品种叶中绿原酸类成分的比较研究

该文以14个扦插培育的甜叶菊品种叶为材料,从8种不同型号的树脂中筛选出一种合适的大孔吸附树脂对甜叶菊叶中绿原酸类成分进行纯化前处理,采用HPLC法对不同甜叶菊品种叶中所含绿原酸类成分进行比较分析。结果表明:(1)在8种不同型号的树脂中,XAD^-16对甜叶菊叶中绿原酸类成分吸附-解析性能最佳。(2)经优化,上样液浓度1.20 mg·mL^-1、样品溶液pH 3、解析液乙醇体积分数70%时XAD^-16树脂对甜叶菊叶中绿原酸类成分具有较好的纯化效果。(3) HPLC检测分析表明,在14个品种中共检测出新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、异绿原酸B、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸C六种绿原酸类成分,其中主要成分均为异绿原酸A、绿原酸、异绿原酸C,而在品种3、5、13、14中没有检测出异绿原酸B。(4) 14个品种中6个绿原酸类成分的含量分别为异绿原酸A 20.55⁵4.3 mg·g^-1、绿原酸17.96³2.93 mg·g^-1、异绿原酸C 4.15^1<...     

Yield components of potato microtubers: in vitro production and field performance

Genetic parameters, character association and path analysis for yield components of microtuber production in vitro and their field performance were studied in 37 potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes. Among the microtuber yield components, average microtuber weight had maximum genotypic (or phenotypic) coefficient of variation, heritability and predicted genetic advance; however, the estimated values of these genetic parameters were maximum for tuber yield among the field yield components. The heritability estimates of field yield components were higher than that of their corresponding in vitro yield components of microtuber production. The highest correlation coefficients between average microtuber weight and microtuber yield suggested that microtuber weight was more important than microtuber number in determining microtuber yield potential in vitro. However, tuber number was found to be more important than tuber weight in determining tuber yield potential under field conditions. Average microtuber weight had maximum direct effect on microtuber yield, whereas tuber number had maximum direct effect on tuber yield under field conditions. The study showed that the relative importance of the components of microtuber production in vitro differed from that of corresponding field yield components. The expression of a genotype for microtuber production in vitro is different from that of tuber production under field situation i.e. the performance of a genotype in vitro is not a measure of its field performance.     

Geometric isomers of sex pheromone components do not affect attractancy of Conopomorpha cramerella in cocoa plantations

The cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen), sex pheromone was previously identified as a blend of (E,Z,Z)‐ and (E,E,Z)‐4,6,10‐hexadecatrienyl acetates and corresponding alcohols. These pheromone components were synthesized by modification of an existing method and the relative attractiveness of synthetic blends that included different levels of non‐target pheromone components and chemical purities was tested in a cocoa field using Delta traps. Male captures were not significantly different among traps baited with pheromone blends containing 5% to 47% (based on four identified pheromone components) of other geometric acetates [(E,Z,E)‐, (Z,Z,Z)‐, (Z,E,Z)‐ and (Z,E,E)‐4,6,10‐hexadecatrienyl acetates], indicating that C. cramerella males did not discriminate among the pheromone components and other geometric isomers in the blends. Therefore, neither antagonistic nor synergistic effects from other pheromone geometric isomers were observed. The modified synthetic pathway offers the prospect of more economical production of CPB sex pheromone. During 17 weeks when C. cramerella monitoring coincided with the main cocoa pod harvest period in 2013–2014, CPB trap catch data from some blends showed a good correlation with the number of pods with C. cramerella infestation symptoms.     

围栏封育对黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸碳交换及其组分的影响

为明确围栏封育对斑块化退化高寒草甸净生态系统碳交换(NEE)不同组分的影响,本研究选取青藏高原黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸进行围封试验,设置4个围封年限(1、2、5、11 a)和1个正常放牧对照,研究NEE及组分对不同围封年限的响应。结果表明,围封5 a退化高寒草甸总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸(ER)显著大于正常放牧、围封1 a、2 a和11 a,围封2 a和5 a退化高寒草甸NEE显著小于正常放牧、围封1 a和11 a样地(P<0.01),其他NEE组分对不同围封年限的响应情况不一致。植被自养呼吸(Ra)、根系呼吸(Rr)和土壤异养呼吸(Rh)占ER的比例在不同围封年限间差异显著(P<0.01)。此外,土壤温度与NEE呈二次曲线的关系,与ER以及除Rh以外的其他呼吸组分呈指数关系,土壤含水量与NEE、GPP、ER、土壤呼吸(Rs)、Ra、Rr呈线性关系(P<0.05)。全氮、全磷、生物量和NEE及组分存在显著的相关关系。说明围封5 a能显著提高退化草地的土壤养分和固碳功能,并能维持草地生产力,无需进行长期围封。     

红外光谱结合多元统计方法的不同产地红根草红外指纹图谱比较研究

红根草为唇形科鼠尾带根全草植物,是著名的广西道地药材和常用中药,对白血病细胞有很强的抑制作用,同时具有较强的抗菌活性和抗癌作用,主治菌莉、腹泻、肠炎、肺炎、急性咽喉炎、扁桃体炎、感冒等症。为快速鉴别和评价不同产地中药红根草主要化学成分的差异,该研究利用红外光谱对不同产地红根草进行检测,并结合主成分分析和聚类分析及载荷因子等方法对不同产地样本进行鉴别。结果表明：(1)在1800~600 cm-1范围内,不同产地红根草根系在1727、1635、1551、1513、1442、1373、1255、1154、1036、795、776、690 cm-1等处均有较强的振动吸收,表明不同产地红根草主要化学组分构成比较相似。(2)红外指纹图谱结合主成分和聚类分析结果表明,不同产地红根草化学成分的差异与地理位置有明显对应性,产地相近的地区红根草化学成分的较似,产地较远的区域红根草化学成分差异较大,但两种方法检测结果均有自己的特征。(3)通过PCA载荷因子分析,可以得出比原始图谱更多的化学成分信息,对主成分聚类贡献较大的吸收峰主要表现在1670、1630、1616、1579、1473、1411、1159、1129、1082、1042、1000、972、946、913、891、806 cm-1附近,进一步揭示出不同产地红根草化学成分差异主要是红根草内酯和甾醇类成分,以及主要有效成分红根草邻醌和丹参酮类成分的差异。该研究结果为红根草的引种栽培及良种选育研究提供了参考。     

南亚热带红锥、杉木纯林与混交林碳贮量比较

造林再造林作为新增碳汇的一种有效途径,受到国际社会的广泛关注。如何通过改变林分树种组成,优化造林模式提高人工林生态系统碳贮量已成为国内外学者关注的重点。通过样方调查和生物量实测相结合的方法,对南亚热带26年生红锥纯林(PCH)、杉木纯林(PCL)及红锥×杉木混交林(MCC)生态系统各组分碳含量、碳贮量及其分配特征进行了比较研究。结果表明:杉木、红锥各器官平均碳含量分别为492.1—545.7 g/kg和486.7—524.1 g/kg。相同树种不同器官以及不同树种的相同器官间碳含量差异显著(P0.05)。红锥各器官碳含量的平均值(521.3 g/kg)高于杉木(504.7 g/kg)。不同林分间地被物碳含量大小顺序为PCHMCCPCL;不同树种之间的土壤碳含量差异显著(P0.05),0—100 cm土壤平均碳含量为PCLMCCPCH。生态系统碳贮量大小顺序为PCL(169.49 t/hm2)MCC(141.18 t/hm2)PCL(129.20 t/hm2),相同组分不同林分以及相同林分的不同组分碳贮量均存在显著差异(P0.05)。造林模式对人工林碳贮量及其分配规律有显著影响,营建混交林有利于红锥生物量和土壤碳的累积,而营建纯林有利于杉木人工林生物量碳的吸收,也有利于土壤碳的固定。因而,混交林的固碳功能未必高于纯林,在选择碳汇林的造林模式时,应以充分考虑不同树种的固碳特性。     

Conservation of peculiar structural properties by the hemoglobins of anguilloid eels (Teleostei)

The three species investigated, the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), the Mediterranean moray, Muraena helena L., and the conger eel, Conger coner (L.), represent three different superfamilies of the suborder Anguilloidei (infradivision Elopomorpha). Their hemoglobin systems show peculiar structural properties, which distinuish them from all other teleost species studied. They present acidic and basic components differing greatly in their isoelectric points; the basic components have the highest isoelectric points detected in teleost hemoglobins. While there is one major basic component, multiplicity is present in the acidic components in Muraena and Conger. The polyeptides of the acidic comonents show the same electrophoretic mobility in 8 M urea. In the three species, the electroploretic mobility with urea-SDS of the hemoglobin polypeptides shows a shorter β polypeptide in the basic components. These features had never been investigated among Elopomorpha, and are likely to be phylogenetically relevant.     

Identification and field testing of sex pheromone components of a Korean population of the allium leafminer,Acrolepiopsis sapporensis

The allium leafminer, Acrolepiopsis sapporensis Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), is a pest of Allium species (Liliaceae) in Asia and Hawaii, USA. We identified candidate sex pheromone components in pheromone gland extracts of female moths and field tested the response of male moths to blends with different components and ratios. Gas chromatographic comparison of abdominal tip extracts from both sexes showed three female‐specific components: (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11‐16:Ald), (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate (Z11‐16:OAc), and (Z)‐11‐hexadecen‐1‐ol (Z11‐16:OH). These compounds were identified by mass spectral analysis of natural pheromone components and dimethyldisulfide adducts, and retention index comparisons with synthetic standards. The average ratio of three components, Z11‐16:Ald, Z11‐16:OAc, and Z11‐16:OH, in female extract was 33:100:14. Field trapping experiments indicated that all three components were essential for maximal attraction of male moths. Traps baited with a ternary blend mimicking the blend found in the pheromone gland extracts caught significantly more males than traps baited with caged live females. Increasing doses of the pheromone blend in the lures from 0.01 to 1.0 mg increased catches of male A. sapporensis.     

Effects of Wolbachia on fitness of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Wolbachia pipientis is a widespread endosymbiont of insects and other arthropods exerting a wide range of biological effects on their hosts. A growing number of recent studies document the influence of Wolbachia on reproduction and lifespan of insect host species. However, little is known regarding effects of Wolbachia on the demographic traits of different host populations. Moreover, whether different Wolbachia strains exert different effects on fitness components of their hosts remains largely unknown. We studied the effects of (a) the Wolbachia strain wCer2 on fitness components of two laboratory lines of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) and (b) two different Wolbachia strains (wCer2 and wCer4) on one of the Mediterranean fruit fly lines. Wolbachia infection (wCer2) shortens the egg‐to‐adult developmental duration of both C. capitata lines, although it prolongs embryonic development. In one of the two lines, egg‐to‐adult mortality increased. Wolbachia infection shortens adult lifespan (to a different extent in males and females) and reduces female fecundity. The different Wolbachia strains differentially affect both immature mortality and developmental duration, and adult longevity and female fecundity. Our findings demonstrate both differential response of two C. capitata lines to Wolbachia infection and differential effects of two Wolbachia strains on the same Mediterranean fruit fly line. Practical and theoretical implications of our findings are discussed.