短效不育剂控制下季节性繁殖害鼠种群的动态模型

害鼠给人类带来很大的危害,人们可以利用杀鼠剂和不育剂对其进行控制.害鼠在摄食不育剂后导致不育,但有时不育鼠会恢复生育能力,生育后代,使种群规模增大.本文建立了灭杀控制和短效不育控制下害鼠种群的动态模型,在模型中每隔固定时间施行两种控制,在害鼠的繁殖具有季节性的前提下,分析了模型的形态以及害鼠不育率、灭杀率、控制间隔、不育剂有效期等参数对种群动态的影响.结果表明： 较高的不育率和灭杀率,以及较短的控制间隔会达到更好的控制效果,可以使种群较小,甚至灭绝.短效不育剂限制了不育剂在控制害鼠上的作用,也降低了控制的效果.在使用短效不育剂控制害鼠的情况下,在繁殖季节后期,害鼠种群会有小的恢复.     

鼠类不育控制的生态学基础

（１）不育控制是与传统的单一化学灭杀截然不同的鼠害防治策略,它着重于降低种群生育率来达到控制鼠类数量的目的。（２）传统不育控制在不育个体对生育个体的竞争性繁殖干扰方面注意不够,低估了不育控制的潜力。（３）本文依据生态学原理,经过数学推理和分析后认为,即使在不考虑竞争性繁殖干扰的情况下,不育控制基本上可以达到同样水平单纯灭杀的控制效果;若再考虑到不育个体的竞争性繁殖干扰作用,不育控制的实际效果将明显     

EP-1不育剂对黑线毛足鼠种群繁殖的影响

为检验EP-1 不育剂对野外鼠类的施用效果,2004 年在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗白音图嘎800 hm² 草场进行了大田实验,并随后进行了逐月的夹线跟踪调查,分析了不育剂(EP-1) 对黑线毛足鼠种群繁殖的效应。结果表明,EP-1 不育剂对黑线毛足鼠种群繁殖的抑制效果良好,投药区与对照区相比,投药区黑线毛足鼠的子宫损伤率达到80% ,平均胎仔数下降到对照区的2 /3 水平,妊娠率也下降到对照区的20% 。但EP-1 不育剂对雄鼠睾丸下降率的作用不明显。一次性投放EP-1 不育剂,对黑线毛足鼠种群的繁殖作用时间可维持4 个月以上,基本可实现对整个繁殖期的控制成效,这可能与黑线毛足鼠具有储藏种子的习性,储藏药饵多次进食有关。     

利用不育技术防治高原鼠兔的理论模型

高原鼠兔数量的激增加剧了高寒草甸的退化,采取化学灭杀的方法控制高原鼠兔,只能暂时降低高原鼠兔的数量,在较短的时间内种群又会恢复到原来的水平。本文从理论上探讨不育控制对高原鼠兔种群的影响,建立了具有性别结构的高原鼠兔种群的数学模型,探讨在不育控制中两性的不育率对种群动态的影响并比较不育控制与化学灭杀的区别。结果表明：不育控制比化学灭杀在抑制和消灭种群上都具有更好的效果;在不育控制中雌性的不育率具有更为重要的作用,所以在利用不育技术控制高原鼠兔时要特别注意雌性不育率。     

利用不育技术防治高原鼠兔的理论模行

高原鼠兔数量的激增加剧了高寒草甸的退化,采取化学灭杀的方法控制高原鼠兔,只能暂时降低高原鼠兔的数量,在较短的时间内种群又会恢复到原来的水平.本文从理论上探讨不育控制对高原鼠兔种群的影响,建立了具有性别结构的高原鼠兔种群的数学模型,探讨在不育控制中两性的不育率对种群动态的影响并比较不育控制与化学灭杀的区别.结果表明:不育控制比化学灭杀在抑制和消灭种群上都具有更好的效果;在不育控制中雌性的不育率具有更为重要的作用,所以在利用不育技术控制高原鼠兔时要特别注意雌性不育率.     

炔雌醚对长爪沙鼠种群数量和性比的影响

炔雌醚是一种激素类新型鼠类不育剂,已有研究表明,炔雌醚对某些鼠类种群繁殖具有良好的控制成效。为检验新型不育剂对长爪沙鼠种群的控制效果,2006年5月在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟锡林浩特市农牧交错带开展了炔雌醚对野外长爪沙鼠种群的控制实验,本次实验设投药区和对照区2个组别,5—8月开展逐月的夹线调查以及四分之一圆洞口计数法,对样地内长爪沙鼠进行系统的追踪调查,分析炔雌醚对长爪沙鼠种群数量以及种群性比的作用。结果显示:投药1个月之后,投药区雌鼠比例(16.3%)不及对照组雌鼠比例(51.9%)的三分之一,投药区的雌鼠比例(16.3%)仅为雄鼠比例(83.7%)的五分之一;与对照区相比,投药区长爪沙鼠的密度下降达60%以上。这表明:炔雌醚对野外长爪沙鼠种群的不育控制具有良好效果,且炔雌醚对长爪沙鼠的种群性比影响很大,过量投放炔雌醚可造成雌鼠死亡,单独使用炔雌醚可降低野外不育剂的药物成本。     

左炔诺孕酮和炔雌醚复合物(EP-1)及组分对鼠类不育效果的研究进展

由于当前传统灭杀带来的一系列问题,鼠害不育控制逐渐受到重视。自张知彬等2004年率先报道左炔诺孕酮和炔雌醚复合物(EP-1)对野生鼠类不育效果的研究以来,国内多个研究团队对EP-1及其组分的不育效果、剂量、饵料制作、环境安全性、行为与分子机理等方面开展了大量的验证和完善研究,取得了许多重要的进展。这些结果进一步说明EP-1及组分对鼠类具有很好的不育效果,并具有两性不育、高效低量、可持续、相对环保与安全、野外投放方便、经济可行等特点。EP-1或炔雌醚毒饵的不育剂量约为10-50μg/m L(0.001%-0.005%),甚至更低;其组分在土壤和水体的半衰期约为5-16 d和小于3 d。在鼠类繁殖的早期,采取野外一次饱和投放即可有效降低全年鼠类的繁殖,效果可延续至第二年。可见,EP-1及其组分有望成为鼠害控制的一个新手段。建议今后进一步加强野外不育与跨年持续效应的验证、环境安全性评价和行为生态学机制等研究工作。     

不育和"灭杀”对围栏内大仓鼠种群繁殖力和数量的影响

本文采用结扎不育的方法研究了不育和“灭杀”对围栏内大仓鼠（Cricetulus triton）实验种群繁殖力和数量的作用,主要验证模型的两个预测：不育能够达到灭杀的效果;双性不育优于单性不育,同时探讨了大仓鼠种群调节中的关键因子。本实验设4个处理（2个重复）来模拟67％的不育率或灭杀率：对照组（9正常♂,9正常♀）;灭杀组（3正常♂,3正常♀）;雌雄不育组（3正常♂,6不育♂;3正常♀,6不育♀）;雌性不育组（9正常♂;3正常♀,6不育♀）。研究结果表明：对照组和灭杀组的平均繁殖力接近且较高,雌性不育组居中,雌雄不育组最低,不育成体鼠与正常成体鼠、正常雄性成体鼠与正常雌性成体鼠、新生雄性与雌性幼鼠之间的存活率差异都不显著。新生幼鼠雌：雄性比为53：49＝1.0816,与1：1 无显著性差异。大仓鼠体重增长基本符合Logistic模型,不育雌鼠的体重相对增长率比正常雌鼠高,且最大体重也比正常雌鼠大;正常雌鼠的体重相对增长率比正常雄鼠较高,在食物和水分充分供应的情况下,围栏内种群密度的高低对雌鼠繁殖力的影响不大,说明食物可能是引起野外大仓鼠种群繁殖力变化的关键因素,而社群因素的作用不大。在围栏内,雄鼠的存活率比雌鼠略低,但幼鼠的存活率比成体鼠的存活纺低很多;围栏内大仓鼠成体的存活率与自然种群比较接近,而幼体存活率却比自然状况下低了很多,说明与密度关联的大仓鼠社群调节可能主要是通过影响存活率,特别是幼体存活率却比自然状况下低了很多,说明与密度关联的大仓鼠社群调节可能主要是通过影响存活率,特别是幼体的存活率而起作用。     

城镇灭鼠后鼠类种群数量的恢复及其控制对策的探讨

根据室内繁殖和野外调查获得的生态学数据及种群参数,从理论上分析我国南方城镇主要害鼠（褐家鼠、小家鼠、黄胸鼠）种群的数量恢复动态．研究不同杀灭效果和杀灭时间间隔对种群恢复的影响。并从实践出发,提出城镇灭鼠后控制害鼠种群数量恢复的措施,以达到长期控制城镇害鼠的目标。     

"社会-经济-自然复合生态系统"中的鼠害治理

在自然生态系统中,鼠类并非完全有害,作为生态系统中的一个组成部分和物流与能流的一环,有其存在的必然性。只有在与人类的生活和生产发生冲突时,鼠类才表现出其危害,生态系统的失衡是鼠类暴发成灾最根本的原因。目前,害鼠对工农业生产造成严重的危害,并威胁着人们的身体健康,害鼠防治的异化则对生态环境造成严重的影响。对鼠害的治理是一项社会性的工程,当地政府的政策法令、组织管理、人们的科学化素质以及科技普及程度,对害鼠的控制有着重要的作用。从长远发展来讲,随着社会的进步,经济的发展,人民生活水平的提高,害鼠种群数量将会受到控制而趋于下降。但中短期而言,社会经济建设的某些活动可能引发局部或大面积害鼠种群的暴发。因此在实施那些措施时,若能注意害鼠种群的发生发展,或对有关项目可能对鼠类生存环境的影响进行预测,并采取有效措施控制害鼠种群,将会减少害鼠带来的各种损失,更有利于我们的经济建设。由此提出,可适时地采用“社会—经济—自然复合生态系统”的思维,并关注目前社会经济活动中重大举措对鼠类群落的影响,科学地制定鼠害控制对策。     

高山姬鼠种群数量动态及预测预报模型

为了摸清高山姬鼠种群数量变节变动规律,探讨其种群数量预测方法,采用夹夜法调查逐月捕获率,用捕获率为预测指标,建立种群数量预测预报模型。对1996-2008年贵州省大方县高山姬鼠种群数量动态及种群数量进行分析预测,结果表明:高山姬鼠主要分布于稻田、旱地耕作区,是大方县农田害鼠优势种,占总鼠数的62.32%。10a平均捕获率为(2.58±1.27)%,全年种群数量变动曲线呈单峰型,各年度种群数量的变化曲线基本相似,一年内种群数量在6月份出现1个数量高峰,平均捕获率达(4.63±3.03)%。不同年度、不同月份、不同季节之间种群数量存在显著差异。根据历年高山姬鼠种群数量变动幅度及发生危害情况,结合当地鼠害防治指标,制定了高山姬鼠种群数量分级标准。分析1996-2008年高山姬鼠数量高峰期前各月捕获率、种群繁殖参数(性比、怀孕率、胎仔数、睾丸下降率、繁殖指数)与数量高峰期6月种群密度的关系后发现,4月份种群数量基数与6月份种群密度之间相关极显著,运用回归分析方法,建立了应用4月份种群数量基数(X)预测数量高峰期6月份种群密度(Y)的短期预测预报模型:Y=1.7558X+0.1442,可提前2个月预测当年数量峰种群密度和发生程度,经回测验证,数值和数量级预测值与实测值基本相符,数值预测和数量级预测平均吻合率为92.84%、100.00%,结果比较准确,故该预测预报模型具有一定的实用性和可行性。     

Lack of fitness costs associated with acetamiprid resistance in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a devastating pest that can cause severe damage to a range of crops by direct feeding and by plant virus transmission. Because of indiscriminate use of insecticides, this whitefly has developed resistance to several insecticides, including neonicotinoids. Our objectives were to determine fitness components affected by acetamiprid resistance in B. tabaci. Assay results showed that selection with acetamiprid had removed heterozygotes from the field population because the survival rate of the resistant population was significantly greater than that of the field population at a very high dose. Comparison of various life traits between the acetamiprid-selected (Aceta-SEL) population and three other populations showed that the numbers of eggs laid by acetamiprid Aceta-SEL population were significantly lower compared with that of other populations but that the proportions of eggs hatched were significantly higher. However, the time taken by nymphal stages of the Aceta-SEL population to develop was significantly higher than that of the susceptible populations. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate, mean generation time, and doubling time of Aceta-SEL was significantly higher than Lab-PK and UNSEL populations, but the growth index was similar for all populations. The growth index and high intrinsic value of Aceta-SEL population suggest that the resistance allele may not have detrimental impact. The lack of fitness costs in B. tabaci could promote the rapid development of resistance to acetamiprid and other neonicotinoids. This resistance could threaten the sustainability of whitefly management program on genetically engineered cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) where neonicotinoids are being sprayed to manage sucking pests in the field.     

从保护生物多样性角度谈频振式杀虫灯的应用

频振式杀虫灯诱杀昆虫的效果较好 ,但是在诱杀昆虫的过程中选择性不强 ,在诱杀害虫的同时对天敌和其它无益无害昆虫也具有较强的杀伤能力。为了更好地保护自然生态平衡和生物多样性。作者建议在自然生态条件好的地区最好不要使用频振式杀虫灯 ,在适合使用的地区应该事先做好害虫监测 ,应在防治适期使用。     

Early warning of cotton bollworm resistance associated with intensive planting of Bt cotton in China

Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins kill some key insect pests, but evolution of resistance by pests can reduce their efficacy. The predominant strategy for delaying pest resistance to Bt crops requires refuges of non-Bt host plants to promote survival of susceptible pests. To delay pest resistance to transgenic cotton producing Bt toxin Cry1Ac, farmers in the United States and Australia planted refuges of non-Bt cotton, while farmers in China have relied on "natural" refuges of non-Bt host plants other than cotton. Here we report data from a 2010 survey showing field-evolved resistance to Cry1Ac of the major target pest, cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), in northern China. Laboratory bioassay results show that susceptibility to Cry1Ac was significantly lower in 13 field populations from northern China, where Bt cotton has been planted intensively, than in two populations from sites in northwestern China where exposure to Bt cotton has been limited. Susceptibility to Bt toxin Cry2Ab did not differ between northern and northwestern China, demonstrating that resistance to Cry1Ac did not cause cross-resistance to Cry2Ab, and implying that resistance to Cry1Ac in northern China is a specific adaptation caused by exposure to this toxin in Bt cotton. Despite the resistance detected in laboratory bioassays, control failures of Bt cotton have not been reported in China. This early warning may spur proactive countermeasures, including a switch to transgenic cotton producing two or more toxins distinct from Cry1A toxins.     

Conceptual framework and rationale

The sterile insect technique (SIT) has been shown to be an effective and sustainable genetic approach to control populations of selected major pest insects, when part of area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programmes. The technique introduces genetic sterility in females of the target population in the field following their mating with released sterile males. This process results in population reduction or elimination via embryo lethality caused by dominant lethal mutations induced in sperm of the released males. In the past, several field trials have been carried out for mosquitoes with varying degrees of success. New technology and experience gained with other species of insect pests has encouraged a reassessment of the use of the sterility principle as part of integrated control of malaria vectors. Significant technical and logistic hurdles will need to be overcome to develop the technology and make it effective to suppress selected vector populations, and its application will probably be limited to specific ecological situations. Using sterile males to control mosquito vector populations can only be effective as part of an AW-IPM programme. The area-wide concept entails the targeting of the total mosquito population within a defined area. It requires, therefore, a thorough understanding of the target pest population biology especially as regards mating behaviour, population dynamics, dispersal and level of reproductive isolation. The key challenges for success are: 1) devising methods to monitor vector populations and measuring competitiveness of sterile males in the field, 2) designing mass rearing, sterilization and release strategies that maintain competitiveness of the sterile male mosquitoes, 3) developing methods to separate sexes in order to release only male mosquitoes and 4) adapting suppression measures and release rates to take into account the high reproductive rate of mosquitoes. Finally, success in area-wide implementation in the field can only be achieved if close attention is paid to political, socio-economic and environmental sensitivities and an efficient management organization is established taking into account the interests of all potential stakeholders of an AW-IPM programme.     

农田生态系统植物多样性对害虫种群数量的影响

着重分析植物多样性影响害虫发生为害及种群数量的生态学机制,综合评述了关于这种机制的两种主要假说,即天敌假说和资源集中假说．同时总结了植物多样性增大和减少对害虫控制的有利和不利因素．研究表明农田生态系统中植物多样性的增大在多数情况下能导致某些害虫种群数量的下降,但是目前很难就不同栖境中所有类型的害虫形成一般性的结论     

The control of vertebrate pests by vertebrate predators

Carnivores can control mammalian pests for long periods, but only after pest numbers have been reduced by other means. In Australia, the cause is prolonged dry weather. The consequent low populations of rabbits can then be regulated by European foxes, feral cats and dingoes. Kangaroos, and probably feral goats and pigs, succumb to dingoes at the same time, as substitute prey for rabbits. In the general case, such regulatory predation may be triggered climatically, by disease or by human intervention. When predators are themselves pests to be controlled, integrated pest management may be required to avoid unwanted resurgences of other pests.