工业污染土壤中镉的化学形态及植物修复研究

对工业污染地中重金属镉的分布及存在的化学形态进行了系统研究.结果表明,土壤中吸附的镉可被水所溶出,pH值越低（酸度越强）,镉的溶出率越大,移动性越强,越容易被作物所吸收.中性条件下,此类污染土壤可溶态（水溶态、交换态和络合态）镉含量较低,分别为0.68%、12.70%和12.40%;不可溶态镉（颗粒态）约为74.40%.箩卜的茎部为此类镉污染地中镉的超富集植物器官.     

Phytoextraction of Pb and Cu contaminated soil with maize and microencapsulated EDTA

Chelate-assisted phytoextraction using agricultural crops has been widely investigated as a remediation technique for soils contaminated with low mobility potentially toxic elements. Here, we report the use of a controlled-release microencapsulated EDTA (Cap-EDTA) by emulsion solvent evaporation to phytoremediate soil contaminated with Pb and Cu. Incubation experiments were carried out to assess the effect of Cap- and non-microencapsulated EDTA (Ncap-EDTA) on the mobility of soil metals. Results showed EDTA effectively increased the mobility of Pb and Cu in the soil solution and Cap-EDTA application provided lower and more constant water-soluble concentrations of Pb and Cu in comparison with. Phytotoxicity may be alleviated and plant uptake of Pb and Cu may be increased after the incorporation of Cap-EDTA. In addition phytoextraction efficiencies of maize after Cap- and Ncap-EDTA application were tested in a pot experiment. Maize shoot concentrations of Pb and Cu were lower with Cap-EDTA application than with Ncap-EDTA. However, shoot dry weight was significantly higher with Cap-EDTA application. Consequently, the Pb and Cu phytoextraction potential of maize significantly increased with Cap-EDTA application compared with the control and Ncap-EDTA application.     

Phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil with polymer-coated EDTA

EDTA-assisted phytoextraction of lead (Pb) has been developed, but concerns have arisen due to the possibility of leaching of both Pb and EDTA to ground water caused by uncontrolled release. We developed five types of controlled-release EDTA (polymer-coated EDTA) by coating the EDTA with a polyolefin polymer. A test of the release rate showed that the duration for the release of 75% of total EDTA ranged from 3 to 210 days. A pot experiment was conducted to compare the effect of these polymer-coated EDTA and non-coated EDTA on the concentrations of Pb and EDTA in soil solution, and Pb accumulation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. EARLY SUMAC) in a Pb-contaminated soil. One of the polymer-coated EDTAs, C-EDTA-4, with a release period of 80 days proved to be the best in decreasing Pb and EDTA concentrations in soil solution, and increasing Pb accumulation in sorghum shoots compared to the direct application of EDTA. Our results suggest that polymer-coated EDTA has a potential for phytoextraction of Pb with a reduced environmental risk.     

Distribution, transformation and bioavailability of trivalent and hexavalent chromium in contaminated soil

The purpose of this study was to investigate solid-phase distribution, transformation, and bioavailability of Cr in Cr(III) and Cr(VI) contaminated soils. The effects of EDTA treatment on solid-phase distribution of Cr in soils were also examined. The results show that Cr in both initially Cr(III)- and Cr(VI)-contaminated soils was mainly present in the organic matter bound fraction. Chromium had similar solid-phase distribution and similar overall binding intensity in both Cr(III)- and Cr(VI)-contaminated soils after a growing season. Transformation between Cr(III) and Cr(VI) took place in both Cr(III)- and Cr(VI)-treated soils. Chromium in the Cr(III)-contaminated soils was mostly present as Cr(III), while Cr in Cr(VI)-treated soils was mainly transformed into Cr(III). About 2% of Cr in native non-treated soils was found as Cr(VI). EDTA treatment increased Cr in soluble and exchangeable fraction in Cr(III)-treated soils. In both Cr(III)- and Cr(VI)-contaminated soils, Cr in oxide bound and organic matter bound     

利用乙二胺四乙酸淋洗修复重金属污染的土壤及其动力学

通过室内模拟试验,采用振荡淋洗的方法研究了乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)浓度、pH、淋洗时间对重金属去除效果的影响.利用一级反应动力学模型对试验数据进行拟合,并测定了EDTA处理前后土壤中重金属形态的变化.结果表明,EDTA溶液在浓度为0.1 mol·L^-1、pH 7、淋洗时间1 d的条件下能达到对污染土壤重金属的最大去除率,去除率分别为Cd 89.14%、Pb 34.78%、Cu 14.96%、Zn 45.14%.模型拟合结果表明,Cd的质量转移系数最大,其次是Zn、Pb和Cu.说明在土壤淋洗过程中,Cd和Zn最先达到质量转移的平衡状态,然后是Pb和Cu.形态分级结果表明,EDTA能有效地去除交换态、碳酸盐结合态和氧化物结合态重金属,而对有机态和残余态部分重金属作用效果不明显.     

Sequential extraction and speciation of Ba,Cu, Ni,Pb and Zn in soil contaminated with automotive industry waste

Abstract

Sequential extraction or fractionation of heavy metals in the solid phase and their speciation in soil solution are important tools for assessing changes resulting from land use and/or pollution. The distribution of the various forms of Ba, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was evaluated in soil samples taken from a polluted area, and the speciation of cations and anions in a soil solution contaminated with automotive industry waste. We evaluated the sequential extraction and speciation of Ba, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in a Leptosol associated with a Cambisol and contaminated with automotive industry waste. Soil samples were collected at 0-0.2 m (a mix of soil and waste); 0.2-0.4 m (waste only), and 0.4-0.6 m (soil only) both in the polluted area and in two contiguous unpolluted areas: a sugarcane plantation and a forest fragment. Total concentrations of metals in the polluted area were above limits for intervention established by European Community regulations. Cu was mostly distributed in the residual and in the oxide-bonded fractions, except for the waste-only sample, in which the carbonate-bonded fraction was significant. Zn was concentrated in the residual and carbonate-bonded fractions, while Ba, Ni and Pb predominated in the residual fraction of the contaminated samples. Metals in the soil solution were predominantly in the hydroxyl forms, except for Ba, which was mostly in the ionic form (Ba²⁺).     

Biodegradation of hexachlorobenzene by basidiomycetes in soil contaminated with industrial residues

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), one of twelve compounds classified as persistent organic pollutants (POP), is a byproduct of the manufacture of organochlorine compounds, and is a cause of environmental contamination in several parts of the world. Its degradation by Brazilian basidiomycetes was studied through chromatographic analyses and monitoring of the production of ¹⁴CO₂ from [¹⁴C]HCB in the soil. Nineteen strains of basidiomycetes were found to be capable of tolerating concentrations of 5000 to 50,000 mg of HCB kg^–1 of soil. In spite of the low rates of production of ¹⁴CO₂, Psilocybe cf. castanella CCB444 and Lentinus cf. zeyheri CCB274 were capable of removing nearly 3150 and 1400 mg of HCB kg^–1 from respective soil samples, during a 65-day study period.     

不同土壤水分条件下酸性硫酸盐土硫形态转化特征

以4种土壤湿度、3种干湿交替周期和原状土自然风干8个处理进行酸性硫酸盐土室内模拟实验,对模拟过程内土壤6种硫形态和pH等指标的动态变化过程的跟踪测定和分析结果表明,水分条件对酸性硫酸盐土中水溶性硫、交换性硫和黄铁矿硫的形态转化制约作用显著．淹水环境和过分干燥环境都不利于黄铁矿的氧化及水溶性硫和交换性硫的形成．潮湿但含水量不饱和环境有利于黄铁矿硫向水溶性硫和交换性硫的转换．在3种周期的干湿交替处理中,单一排干期水溶性硫和交换性硫土壤含量平均上升幅度分别为0．90～1．63g·kg^-1和0．58～1．47g·kg^-1,而黄铁矿硫含量下降幅度为1．29～3．20g·kg^-1．淹水期黄铁矿硫含量相对稳定而水溶性硫和交换性硫含量明显下降,并在排水过程中造成总硫的部分流失．硫形态转化量和硫的淋失量受到干湿交替周期的显著影响．同时分析了黄钾铁钒硫、有机硫和元素硫的动态．     

施污土壤重金属有效态分布及生物有效性

以城市污泥为研究对象,将城市污泥与土壤按照一定的质量比配成污泥混合土壤.采用6种不同性质提取剂(0.05mol/L EDTA、0.1 mol/L CH3 COOH、0.01 mol/L CaC12、1 mol/L CH3COONH4,0.05 mol/L NaHCO3和0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl)分别对污泥混合土壤中重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn)的螯合态、酸溶态、中性交换态、中性结合态、碱性交换态和蛋白质结合态进行提取,考察污泥的添加对土壤中不同形态重金属的消长规律.通过黑麦草盆栽试验,探究污泥混合土壤中不同形态重金属的植物可利用性.结果表明:污泥混合土壤中重金属螯合态比例较大,占总量的20.3％-40.0％;其次为酸溶态和中性结合态,而中性交换态、碱性交换态和蛋白质结合态的含量较低.污泥的添加促进了黑麦草对Cd、Cu和Zn的吸收,在污泥添加率为44.4％时根部对其吸收量达最大,分别较CK处理增加了0.3、2.3和6.5倍.抑制了对Pb的吸收,在污泥添加率为37.5％时,根部对Pb的吸收较CK处理下降0.4倍.Pearson相关系数分析结果表明:污泥混合土壤中以螯合态、酸溶态和中性结合态存在重金属可被黑麦草吸收利用.     

Cadmium accumulation and bioavailability in paddy soil under different water regimes for different growth stages of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Plant and Soil - Understanding plant adaptation to drought is a crucial challenge under climate change. This study aimed to investigate root traits and water use of grass populations exhibiting a...     

典型黑土区不同水土保持林表层土壤磷素形态及有效性

以典型黑土区人工营造的落叶松林、水曲柳林、樟子松林和美青杨林表层土壤(0～10 cm)为对象,研究不同类型水土保持林土壤磷素的形态和有效性.结果表明: 水曲柳林和美青杨林土壤全磷、速效磷和磷各组分含量均显著高于落叶松林和樟子松林;4种林地土壤磷主要以有机磷形式存在,并且中活性有机磷NaOH P_o含量最高,占土壤磷素总量的58.9%;对植物有效性相对较高的H₂O P_i和NaHCO₃ P含量较低,分别占土壤磷素总量的1.2%和6.6%;除NaHCO₃ P_o外,土壤中不同磷素形态之间以及磷各组分与土壤有机质、全磷和有效磷之间具有显著相关关系.表明研究区内阔叶林比针叶林能够显著地提高土壤磷的有效性.     

蚯蚓和秸秆对铜污染土壤微生物类群和活性的影响

试验设置4个Cu浓度水平：0、100、200和400 mg·kg^-1 Cu²⁺,每个Cu浓度水平设置4个处理：对照(CK)、表施秸秆(M)、接种蚯蚓(E)、同时加入蚯蚓和秸秆(ME),研究了在Cu污染土壤中加入蚯蚓和秸秆对土壤微生物数量及活性的影响.结果表明：Cu污染、秸秆和蚯蚓均明显影响土壤微生物类群; Cu污染对细菌、放线菌具有抑制作用,而对真菌没有影响;秸秆显著提高了真菌数量;蚯蚓使土壤细菌、放线菌数量显著增加,而对真菌数量影响不大.Cu污染浓度＞200 mg·kg^-1处理对微生物量碳具有抑制作用;加入秸秆或蚯蚓,可显著提高土壤微生物量碳,而且同时加蚯蚓和秸秆处理土壤微生物量碳增加最显著.加入蚯蚓和秸秆后,土壤呼吸值显著增高.Cu<200 mg·kg^-1时,蚯蚓处理土壤呼吸值最大,平均比对照高3.06～5.58倍;Cu≥200mg·kg^-1时,蚯蚓、秸秆同时加入处理土壤呼吸值最高.4个处理土壤代谢商大小顺序为：ME>E>M>CK.蚯蚓和秸秆处理对土壤NH₄⁺-N没有影响,而对土壤NO₃^--N影响各异.接种蚯蚓,可显著提高土壤NO₃^--N含量;加入秸秆,可显著降低土壤NO₃^--N含量;同时加入蚯蚓和秸秆处理NO₃^--N含量最低.相关分析表明,土壤有效态Cu(DTPA-Cu)与土壤放线菌、细菌呈显著负相关,而与土壤呼吸、土壤NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量呈显著正相关.引入秸秆和蚯蚓,可在一定程度上减缓Cu污染对微生物数量和活性的影响.     

Role of earthworm-straw interactions on phytoremediation of Cu contaminated soil by ryegrass

It is well known that the earthworm's activities can increase the availability of soil nutrients, improve soil structure, and enhance the biomass of plants in uncontaminated soil. Recently, many researchers found that some metal-tolerant earthworms can survive and even change the fractional distribution of heavy metals in contaminated soil. Furthermore, it has been revealed that earthworms are able to increase metal availability, and therefore, accumulate more metals in plants through their burrowing and casting activity. It is clear that the influence of soil animals is an important factor for phyto-remedation that must be taken into account. ~In this article, the authors studied some effects of addition of earthworms (Metaphire guillelmi), corn straw, and in combinations of earthworms and corn straw on the growth and Cu uptake by ryegrass in Cu contaminated pot soils. The experiment consisted of four levels of Cu addition (0, 100, 200, 400 mg·kg?1) and four treatments. The treatments were 1. control (CK); 2.straw mulching only (M); 3. earthworm additions to soil only (E); and 4.straw mulching plus earthworm additions (ME). Each treatment had three replicates. 10 seeds of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were sowed in each pot and harvested after 30 days. After 30 days of incubation, all earthworms were found to be alive and the pot soils were burrowed through by earthworms. Results showed that the biomass of earthworm declined with the increase of the dosage of Cu additions. The biomass of earthworm increased significantly in treatment 4 (ME) as compared with treatment 3 (E). Not only the earthworms could get more food from the straw, but also could counteract some negative effects of Cu on the earthworms. The rates of straw decomposition in ME treatment increased by about 58.11% ?77.32%. The earthworm activities increased root biomass of ryegrass significantly, but did not show the effect on plant root growth. On the contrary, straw enhanced roots biomass significantly instead of shoots biomass. It was also found that the concentration of Cu in the plant shoot and the plant root, as well as plant Cu uptake were enhanced by earthworm's activities and straw mulching. The increased amount by straw mulching was lower than that of earthworms (E). The treatment of the earthworm–straw mulching combinations enhanced plant Cu concentration, and the amount increased by it was lower than that of the earthworm treatment (E) but higher than that of straw mulching treatment (M). The accumulation factors of copper in the shoots of ryegrass were increased by 31.22% ?121.07%, 2.12% ?61.28% and 25.56% ?132.64%, respectively, in treatment 3(E), 2(M), and 4(ME), respectively. In conclusion, the earthworm activities, straw-mulching and their interactions may have potential roles in elevating phyto-extraction efficiency in low to medium level Cu contaminated soil.     

蚯蚓-秸秆及其交互作用对黑麦草修复Cu污染土壤的影响

以高沙土为供试土壤,加入Cu^2＋以模拟成：0,100,200,400mg／kgCu^2＋的Cu污染土壤,设置接种蚯蚓（E）、表施秸秆（M）,同时加入蚯蚓和秸秆（ME）及不加蚯蚓和秸秆的对照（CK）4个处理,并种植黑麦草。研究蚯蚓、秸秆相互作用对黑麦草吸收、富集铜的影响。结果表明：加入秸秆显著提高了蚯蚓的生物量,一定程度上缓解了重金属对蚯蚓的毒害,同时蚯蚓显著提高了秸秆的分解率,较无蚯蚓对照提高了58．11％～77．32％。接种蚯蚓（E,ME）还提高了土壤有效态重金属（DTPA-Cu）含量,秸秆处理（M）则降低了土壤有效态重金属含量。研究还发现,E处理促进了黑麦草地上部生长,而M和ME处理均显著提高了黑麦草地下部的生物量。E和ME处理同时提高了植物地上部和地下部的Cu浓度及Cu吸收量,M处理则只对植物的地下部Cu浓度和Cu吸收量有显著促进作用。总体来看,E处理、M处理及ME处理分别使黑麦草地上部Cu富集系数提高了31．22％～121．07％．2．12％～61．28％和25．56％～132．64％。     

Low-temperature bioremediation of a waste water contaminated with anionic surfactants and fuel oil

We conducted a laboratory study at 10 °C on the biological decontamination of the waste water from a garage and car-wash that was contaminated with anionic surfactants (57 mg l⁻¹) and fuel oil (184 mg hydrocarbons l⁻¹). The indigenous microorganisms degraded both contaminants efficiently after biostimu- lation by an inorganic nutrient supply. After 7 days at 10 °C, the residual contaminations were 11 mg anionic surfactants l⁻¹ and 26 mg hydrocarbons l⁻¹. After 35 days, only the anionic surfactants had been further reduced to 3 mg l⁻¹. Bioaugmentation of the unfertilized waste water with a cold-adapted inoculum, able to degrade both hydrocarbons (diesel oil) and anionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulphate), resulted in a significant increase of the hydrocarbon biodegradation during the first 3 days of decontamination, whereas biodegradation of anionic surfactants was inhibited during the first 21 days following inoculation. Bioaugmentation of the nutrient-amended waste water was without any effect. Received: 14 November 1997 / Accepted: 29 November 1997     

Role of earthworm-straw interactions on phytoremediation of Cu contaminated soil by ryegrass

It is well known that the earthworm's activities can increase the availability of soil nutrients, improve soil structure, and enhance the biomass of plants in uncontaminated soil. Recently, many researchers found that some metal-tolerant earthworms can survive and even change the fractional distribution of heavy metals in contaminated soil. Furthermore, it has been revealed that earthworms are able to increase metal availability, and therefore, accumulate more metals in plants through their burrowing and casting activity. It is clear that the influence of soil animals is an important factor for phyto-remedation that must be taken into account. ~In this article, the authors studied some effects of addition of earthworms (Metaphire guillelmi), corn straw, and in combinations of earthworms and corn straw on the growth and Cu uptake by ryegrass in Cu contaminated pot soils. The experiment consisted of four levels of Cu addition (0, 100, 200, 400 mg·kg?1) and four treatments. The treatments were 1. control (CK); 2.straw mulching only (M); 3. earthworm additions to soil only (E); and 4.straw mulching plus earthworm additions (ME). Each treatment had three replicates. 10 seeds of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were sowed in each pot and harvested after 30 days. After 30 days of incubation, all earthworms were found to be alive and the pot soils were burrowed through by earthworms. Results showed that the biomass of earthworm declined with the increase of the dosage of Cu additions. The biomass of earthworm increased significantly in treatment 4 (ME) as compared with treatment 3 (E). Not only the earthworms could get more food from the straw, but also could counteract some negative effects of Cu on the earthworms. The rates of straw decomposition in ME treatment increased by about 58.11% ?77.32%. The earthworm activities increased root biomass of ryegrass significantly, but did not show the effect on plant root growth. On the contrary, straw enhanced roots biomass significantly instead of shoots biomass. It was also found that the concentration of Cu in the plant shoot and the plant root, as well as plant Cu uptake were enhanced by earthworm's activities and straw mulching. The increased amount by straw mulching was lower than that of earthworms (E). The treatment of the earthworm–straw mulching combinations enhanced plant Cu concentration, and the amount increased by it was lower than that of the earthworm treatment (E) but higher than that of straw mulching treatment (M). The accumulation factors of copper in the shoots of ryegrass were increased by 31.22% ?121.07%, 2.12% ?61.28% and 25.56% ?132.64%, respectively, in treatment 3(E), 2(M), and 4(ME), respectively. In conclusion, the earthworm activities, straw-mulching and their interactions may have potential roles in elevating phyto-extraction efficiency in low to medium level Cu contaminated soil.     

纳米材料在污染水体和土壤修复中的应用

纳米材料由于其特有的理化性质,如强的吸附性能、高的催化效率,不仅克服了传统污染水体和污染土壤修复技术的不足,而且表现出更高的修复效率。因此,利用纳米材料对污染环境进行修复已成为当今环境领域的研究热点。本文对纳米Fe0、表面修饰的纳米材料、纳米螯合剂等纳米材料近几年在污染水体和污染土壤修复中的进展进行了归纳和总结,并且对其在环境科学与工程领域应用的研究重点进行了展望。     

土壤氟形态与氟污染土壤修复

我国土壤氟污染问题严峻,给部分地区人体健康和生态安全造成严重威胁,但土壤氟污染与防治问题仍没有受到人们的广泛关注.本文概述了土壤中氟的存在形态以及发生的主要化学反应,综述了近年来国内外有关氟污染土壤修复的研究进展,提出了今后氟污染土壤修复的研究方向,以期为氟污染土壤的修复提供借鉴和参考.土壤中氟主要分为5种形态,其中90%以上以残渣态存在,土壤溶液中的氟主要发生沉淀-溶解、络合-解离和吸附-解吸等反应来维持水-土系统中的氟平衡.目前,氟污染土壤修复技术研究主要集中在化学固定修复技术、化学淋洗技术、电动修复技术以及植物修复技术.今后需要重点研究氟在土壤中的赋存形态及其影响因子,筛选功能微生物和植物,开发联合修复技术以修复氟污染土壤.