Use of the root contact concept,an empirical leaf conductance model and pressure-volume curves in simulating crop water relations

A simulation model “DanStress” was developed for studying the integrated effects of soil, crop and climatic conditions on water relations and water use of field grown cereal crops. The root zone was separated into 0.1 m deep layers of topsoil and subsoil. For each layer the water potential at the root surface was calculated by a single root model, and the uptake of water across the root was calculated by a root contact model. Crop transpiration was calculated by Monteith's combination equation for vapour flow. Crop conductance to water vapour transfer for use in Monteith's combination equation was scaled up from an empirical stomatal conductance model used on sunlit and shaded crop surfaces of different crop layers. In the model, transpirational water loss originates from root water uptake and changes in crop water storage. Crop water capacitance, used for describing the water storage, was derived from the slope of pressure-volume (PV) curves of the leaves. PV curves were also used for deriving crop water potential, osmotic potential, and turgor pressure. The model could simulate detailed diurnal soil-crop water relations during a 23-day-drying cycle with time steps of one hour. During the grain filling period in spring barley (Hordeum distichum L.), grown in a sandy soil in the field, measured and predicted values of leaf water and osmotic potential, RWC, and leaf stomatal conductance were compared. Good agreement was obtained between measured and predicted values at different soil water deficits and climatic conditions. In the field, measured and predicted volumetric soil water contents (θ) of topsoil and subsoil layers were also compared during a drying cycle. Predicted and measured θ-values as a function of soil water deficits were similar suggesting that the root contact model approach was valid. From the investigation we concluded: (I) a model, which takes the degree of contact between root surface and soil water into account, can be used in sandy soil for calculation of root water uptake, so that the root conductance during soil water depletion only varies by the degree of contact; (II) crop conductance, used for calculation of crop transpiration, can be scaled up from an empirical single leaf stomatal conductance model controlled by the level of leaf water potential and micrometeorological conditions; (III) PV curves are usable for describing crop water status including crop water storage.     

水分胁迫环境与作物水分消耗剩余的宏观势态研究

根据旬等量供水耗水模型,把作物耗水及其剩余量的变化分解为由供水的偏移与耗水力作用所引起,则耗水与剩余强度是时间的函数,并受生育期环境条件的强烈约束,作物生育期供水特性与湿润度就决定了作物耗水与剩余量.     

农牧交错带不同耕作方式土壤水分动态变化特征

从耕作方式、覆盖和轮作3个因素系统地对莜麦整个生育期土壤含水量进行了动态的观测研究,结果表明,干旱地区单纯的免耕在提高土壤水分含量上作用不太明显,尤其是降低了表层土壤的含水量,免耕只有在覆盖下,才能真正起到增加土壤水分含量,提高水分利用效率的作用;而对于深松处理,无论是覆盖还是不覆盖,与传统翻耕处理相比,土壤水分均明显提高;同种耕作措施覆盖与无覆盖相比,覆盖处理下土壤含水量明显高于无覆盖处理;说明保护性耕作之所以能够提高土壤水分含量,关键因素在于残茬覆盖;同种耕作方式下轮作种植土壤水分含量与水分利用效率明显高于连作。可以看出,从理论上轮作深松覆盖处理是当地应采用的最佳耕作方式,然而,由于当地缺乏覆盖材料,因此,轮作深松是目前当地最适合的耕作方式。     

Competition, survivorship and growth in macrophyte communities

SUMMARY. 1. Transplant experiments tested the proposition that the intensity of competition within macrophyte communities varies with standing crop in a freshwater marsh in Ontario, Canada.
2. Transplants of three species ( Carex lasiocarpa, Juncus brachycephalus, Scripus validus ) were grown at sixty-six locations chosen to represent a range of standing crop values. At each location, transplants were grown in plots with all neighbours removed and in adjacent plots with all neighbours present.
3. The effect of neighbours on transplant growth did not vary with standing crop, soil, or water depth, with the exception of one species which was most suppressed by neighbours in shallow water. In contrast, the effect of neighbours on the survivorship of transplants was greatest on organic soils supporting high values of standing crop in shallow water, and least on mineral soils supporting low values of standing crop in deeper water.
4. The results indicated that establishment and survivorship of vegetative propagules was most likely to be affected by neighbours in shallow water, but that the growth of established plants was not influenced by neighbours anywhere. Growth results corroborate earlier findings that competition has little effect on aquatic macrophytes.     

陇东黄土旱塬作物组合系统农田耗水规律研究

本文根据１９８８－１９９１年陇东黄土旱塬作物组合模式（即作物轮作与复种模式）田间试验土壤水分测定资料,对作物组合系统中主要组分作物田间耗水量及其构成特征、变异规律及农田土壤水分的利用程度进行了研究,并探讨了不同作物组合系统的田间耗水量及其构成特征。结果表明,不同作物组合系统的田间耗水量及其构成特征存在明显差异;作物田间耗水量是一个动态变量,因作物种类、降水年型等不同而异,并与生育期有效降水量呈显著正相关;来自播前土壤有效储水的土壤供水量对秋播作物冬小麦和冬油菜生育期水分不足有重要补偿作用,是维持其较高的生产稳定性的关键原因;无论丰水年还是欠水年,冬小麦、玉米、谷子和马铃薯４种主要作物在农田水分利用程度上均存在一定差异。     

土壤含水量与头季稻和再生稻产量的关系

土壤含水量与头季稻和再生稻产量的关系熊洪ＳｏｍｂａｔＣｈｉｎａｗｏｎｇ（四川省农科院水稻高粱所,泸州６４６１００）（ＫａｓｅｔｓａｒｔＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｂａｎｇｋｏｋ７３１４０）ＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐＢｅｔｗｅｅｎＳｏｉｌＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎｔｅｎ...     

填闲种植及其在黄土高原旱作农业区的可行性分析

在主要粮食作物系统休闲期间种植填闲作物可兼顾环境与经济效益。综述了填闲种植对农田土壤水分、养分和后续粮食作物生产力形成等生态过程的影响及其具有的固碳减排、减少淋溶、控制侵蚀等环境与经济效益,并在此基础上从土壤水分限制、养分提高和产量经济效益等角度探讨了填闲种植在黄土高原旱作农业区的可行性,指出今后应重点加强填闲种植系统的水肥生产力形成机制、关键环境效益的形成机理、填闲作物与管理措施选择、生态经济效益评价以及气候变化背景下的填闲种植系统综合效益评估等方面展开定位观测与模型模拟研究,为填闲种植在黄土高原旱作农业区的推广提供科学依据。     

Modelling of soil salinity and halophyte crop production

In crop modelling the soil, plant and atmosphere system is regarded as a continuum with regard to root water uptake and transpiration. Crop production, often assumed to be linearly related with transpiration, depends on several factors, including water and nutrient availability and salinity. The effect of crop production factors on crop production is frequently incorporated in crop models using empirical reduction functions, which summarize very complex processes. Crop modelling has mainly focused on conventional crops and specific plant types such as halophytes have received limited attention. Crop modelling of halophytes can be approached as a hierarchy of production situations, starting at the situation with most optimal conditions and progressively introducing limiting factors. We analyse crop production situations in terms of water- and salt limited production and in terms of combined stresses. We show that experimental data as such may not be the bottleneck, but that data need to be adequately processed, to provide the basis for a first analysis. Halophytic crops offer a production perspective in saline areas, but in other areas long-term use of low quality irrigation water for halophyte production can result in serious soil quality problems. An overview is given of potential problems concerning the use of (saline) irrigation water, leading to the conclusion that soil quality changes due to poor quality water should be considered in determining the areas selected for halophyte growing.     

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅴ.不同降水年景作物产量对施肥的反应和水肥交互作用

通过比较平水年 ( 1996年 ,作物生长期降水 4 5 6mm)和丰水年 ( 1998年 ,作物生长期降水 5 98mm)作物对施肥的增产反应 ,初步估算了辽西半湿润 半干旱地区水肥交互作用对作物增产的贡献 .结果表明 ,施氮肥并增加水分供给 (降水增加 ) ,作物增产 (玉米、大豆 ) 30 5 6kg·hm-2 ,其中 1996kg·hm-2 来自水肥交互作用 ,占 6 5 .3% .施NP和堆肥并增加水分供给 ,作物增产 4 70 3kg·hm-2 ,其中 15 5 4kg·hm-2 来自水肥交互作用 ,占 33% .     

Soil tillage systems to reduce the harmful effect of extreme weather and hydrological situations

Soil as the largest potential natural water reservoir in the Carpathian Basin has increasing importance under conditions of predicted climate change resulting in increase of probability of extreme hydrological events. Soil management changes soil structure and has a major effect on soil water, heat and nutrition regimes. In this study the effect of four tillage treatments in combination with catch crop management was studied on soil hydraulic properties and water regime under semi-arid conditions. Investigations were carried out in a long-term soil tillage experiment established on Calcic Chernozem soil in Hungary. Tillage variants comprised mouldboard ploughing, disking, loosening combined with disking and direct drilling. The crop sequence between September 2003 and September 2004 comprised maize (main crop), rye (catch crop) and pea (forage). In May 2004, disturbed samples and undisturbed soil cores were collected from each tillage treatment/catch crop combination. The main soil physical and hydrophysical properties were determined in laboratory. In each treatment, capacitive soil moisture probes were installed up to 80 cm depth to ensure continuous measurement of soil water content. Total soil water amounts of chosen soil layers and soil water content dynamics as a function of depth were evaluated for selected periods in order to quantify the effect of the studied management systems on soil water regime. The main conclusion from the experiment is that under such (or similar) ecological conditions, the uniform, „over-standardized“ adaptation of tillage methods for soil moisture conservation is rather risky, their application needs special care and the future is for site-specific precision technologies. These are, in combination with catch crop application can be efficient measures of environmental protection and soil structure and water conservation.     

Prospects for crop production under drought: research priorities and future directions

The efficient use of water supplies requires a systems approach that encompasses all aspects of making water available and its use within society that must recognise global issues. Increasing the efficiency of water use within agricultural systems is an essential priority in many regions including the Mediterranean. This review examines the research priorities, the prospects for crop and soil management and plant breeding and biotechnology that are needed to achieve high stable yield under drought in the Mediterranean. Research must combine the latest genomics resources including quantitative genetics, genomics and biomathematics with an ecophysiological understanding of the interactions between crop plant genotypes and the growing environment to better inform crop improvement.     

间套作提高农田水分利用效率的节水机理

综合国内外多学科的研究成果,从地表水向土壤水的转化效率、农田水分的有效性、植物冠层结构、灌溉用水量和作物产量等方面,论述了间套作提高农田水分利用效率的节水机理.结果表明:间套作能够促进植物根系对农田水分的充分利用,有利于增加根层土壤的贮水量;间套作一方面减小棵间蒸发、抑制无效蒸腾,另一方面优化作物系统的源-库关系,创造出有利于植物生长发育的小气候,为资源在时间和空间上的集约利用和高产打好基础,在不增加农田灌溉水的同时大幅度提高单位面积产量,促进作物水分利用效率明显提高.     

基于水足迹的作物生产生态效率评价——以陕西省为例

传统生产函数很少考虑农业生产中自然资源的要素功能,也无法表达化肥、农药的使用对环境产生的损害。研究将绿水、蓝水和灰水足迹,分别代表降水资源、灌溉水资源和作物生产的环境影响,引入农业生产函数,采用随机前沿方法测算陕西省作物生产生态效率,并分析其影响因素。结果表明：1）1985-2018年间陕西省作物生产总水足迹呈上升趋势,作物生产单位面积用水强度不断增强。单位面积水足迹及蓝、绿、灰水占比与气候、种植结构,灌溉条件和农业污染相关。2）研究期内,陕西省作物生产生态效率以2003年为分界点呈现先降后升趋势,陕西省作物生产生态效率的U型波动对应政府对耕地资源保护和农业污染管控政策变化。3）作物生产生态效率低下的区域集中在生产落后的农业区和农业条件差的工业区,农业耕地质量差,灌溉条件匮乏,低效率（产值角度）的灌溉和化肥农药施用以及落后农业生产方式是导致作物生产生态效率低下的主要原因。4）研究期内,陕西省作物生产经历了从规模报酬递增,到规模报酬递减2个阶段,与耕地面积的变化基本对应。短期内,考虑各投入要素的产出弹性调整种植结构和化肥农药施用量是提高作物生产生态效率的有效措施,而促进农业产业升级和技术革新是推动作物生产生态效率提升的根本路径。     

Crop row spacing and its influence on the partitioning of evapotranspiration by winter-grown wheat in Northern Syria

A study was conducted during the 1996–97 crop growth season at ICARDA in northern Syria, to investigate the influence of wheat canopy architecture on the partitioning of moisture between soil evaporation and crop transpiration, on a soil with high hydraulic conductivity. The study was conducted on the long-term two course wheat-lentil rotation trial, established on a swelling clay soil (Calcixerollic xerochrept). The wheat canopy architecture was manipulated by sowing the crop at either of two row-spacings, 0.17 or 0.30 m, both at a constant sowing rate equivalent to 120 kg ha^–1. In this study, evapotranspiration from the crop was inferred from changes in soil moisture content over time, evaporation and rainfall interception were measured daily using microlysimetry, drainage was estimated as being the difference between potential daily evapotranspiration, and the evapotranspiration estimated from the soil water deficit. Between sowing and day 80 (tillering stage), evapotranspiration was calculated to consist mainly of soil evaporation. However, after day 80, transpiration became an increasingly dominant component of evapotranspiration. For both row-spacings, cumulative evapotranspiration over the season was approximately 373 mm. In the narrow-row crop, transpiration and soil evaporation were approximately 185 mm and 183 mm of water respectively. Conversely for the wide row-spaced crop, 172 mm of water was transpired while about 205 mm of water evaporated from the soil surface. While green leaf area index did not differ between row-spacings, the architecture of the crops as a result of sowing affected solar radiation penetration such that more incident radiation was intercepted at the soil surface of the wide row-spaced crop. This is likely to have made some contribution to the elevated levels of evaporation from the soil beneath the canopy of the wide-sown crop.     

Dynamics of water and ion transport driven by corn canopy in the Yellow River basin

Water and ion balance in a corn field in the semi-arid region of the upper Yellow River basin (Inner Mongolia, China) was analyzed with special reference to transpiration stream and selective nutrient uptake driven by the crop canopy. During the crop development stage (June 7 to July 17, 2005), crop transpiration and soil evaporation were evaluated separately on a daily basis, and concentrations of NO ₃ ^? , PO ₄ ^3? , K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Cl^? ions in the Yellow River water, irrigation water, ground water, soil of the root zone and xylem sap of the crop were analyzed.The crop transpiration accounted for 83.4% of the evapotranspiration during the crop development stage. All ions except for Na⁺ were highly concentrated in the xylem sap due to the active and selective uptake of nutrients by roots. In particular, extremely high concentrations of the major essential nutrients were found in the nighttime stem exudate, while these concentrations in the river water, the irrigation water, the ground water and the root-zone soil were lower. On the other hand, Na⁺, which is not the essential element for crop growth, was scarcely absorbed by roots and was not highly concentrated in the xylem sap. Consequently, Na⁺ remained in the ground water and the root-zone soil at higher concentrations. These results indicate that during the growing season, crop transpiration but not soil evaporation induces the most significant driving force for mass flow (capillary rise) transporting the ground water toward the rhizosphere, where the dynamics of ion balance largely depends on the active and selective nutrient uptake by roots.     

Water Use Efficiency of Field-grown Maize during Moisture Stress

Theoretical analysis of the CO₂ assimilation and water loss by single leaves suggests that the water use efficiency of C₄ species decreases as stomatal resistance increases. To confirm this hypothesis for a complete maize crop, results from computer simulations and a field experiment were compiled for varying stomatal resistances. A soil-plant-atmosphere model allowed simulations of the many simultaneous interactions between a crop canopy and its environment. The simulations for varying stomatal resistances clearly indicated that as stomatal resistance increased, water use efficiency of the maize crop decreased. The field experiment data also confirmed that water use efficiency was significantly decreased under water stress conditions when stomatal resistance increased. We concluded that management practices for maize, which induce moisture stress conditions resulting in increased stomatal resistance, reduce both crop photosynthetic productivity and water use efficiency.     

北疆地区棉花作物需水量时空演变及其气象影响因子

基于北疆25个气象站1961—2013年的气象资料和棉花生育期资料,利用 FAO 推荐的 Penman-Monteith 公式及作物系数法,对棉花各生育阶段的作物需水量和灌溉需水量进行估算.结果表明: 过去53年,北疆地区棉花需水量在各个生育期总体呈下降趋势,其中,花铃期作物需水量下降趋势最为显著,变化率为-0.15 mm·a^-1;各生育期内存在多尺度的周期变化,其中在30年左右的大周期尺度上,各生育期作物需水量大致呈现“偏高-偏低-偏高”的变化过程,在15～17年的中周期尺度上,经历了“偏低-偏高-偏低”的变化过程,而在较小年际尺度上,作物需水量无明显的周期特征;在空间分布上,作物需水量、灌溉需水量和水分盈亏指数多年均值总体上大致呈现自西向东递减的分布特征;突变结果显示作物需水量在各生育期均呈显著减少趋势,且在北疆西北和西南地区最为明显.各个生育期内,棉花需水量与平均风速、日照时数和平均气温都呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关.研究结果可为北疆棉花适时定量灌溉和提高水分利用效率提供基础数据支撑.     

半干旱地区地膜覆盖对作物产量和氮效率的影响

在年降水量415mm的半干旱地区黄绵土上,以春小麦为供试作物进行大田试验,研究地膜覆盖进程(包括不覆膜、播种后覆膜30d、覆膜60d和全程覆膜)、底墒和施N对作物产量和N效率的影响．结果表明,增加底墒、地膜覆盖和施N均会显著增加作物产量和吸N量(α＜0.01),其影响顺序为N肥＞底墒＞覆膜．覆膜对产量的效应因底、施N和覆膜进程而异．从平均看,在低底墒时,各种覆膜处理产量虽有增加,但与不覆膜处理间的差异并不显著,而在高底墒时,以覆膜60d的产量最高,以不覆膜最低．由于覆膜和底墒影响作物产量和吸N量,因而也影响N效率．在低底墒时,以不覆膜和覆膜30d时N效率最高,而在高低墒时,30d、60d和全程覆膜处理间差异不显著．综合作物产量和N效率,全生育期覆膜并没有多少实际意义．     

Yield responses of crops to changes in environment and management practices: Model sensitivity analysis. I. Maize

YIELD, a parametric crop production model, employs climatic data to calculate actual and potential yield for various crops and includes formulations for specific crop and growth stage effects. The objective was to demonstrate the sensitivity of YIELD for grain corn (maize) to changes in various environmental and decision-making inputs. Five temperature, five solar radiation, six relative humidity regimes, five water application schemes, and four irrigation frequencies were included in this study. The effects of different soil types and wind regimes on crop water requirements were investigated. The model output includes crop yield, water use efficiency, and management efficiency. Among the results, yield decreased on the average by 3.9% per one degree (C) increase in air temperature. A 1% change in solar radiation resulted in an average of 1% change in yield. Similar changes in relative humidity caused a yield change of about 0.8%.     

Evapotranspiration of Maize Plant in the Northern Part of the Linze Oasis

Evapotranspiration (ET) of maize plant during the developmental stages was measured with electronic weighing lysimeters. The results show that the crop ET varied with watering conditions and reached its maximum in the blooming-grouting period. The ratio ground evaporation to maize transpiration is 1:4. Influence of field micro-climate to crop ET is comprehensive, and solar radiation plays a leading role. Stomatal diffusion resistance is negative correlateff with the rate of crop ET . Leaf water potential decreases along with the acceleration of crop ET. Our preliminary conclusion is that stomatal diffusion resistance and leaf water potential would be the two important parameters of soil-plant-atmospheric water circulation.