天蚕卵黄发生的激素调控

报告了蜕皮激素和保幼激素对天蚕Antheraea yamamai卵黄发生的调控作用。当单独以20－羟基蜕皮酮或保幼激素类似物methoprene处理,以及同时用这两种激素处理天蚕蛹时,蛹期脂肪体和血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白（Vg)含量明显高于对照,即二对Vg的合成起促进作用。然而,卵巢中卵黄蛋白（Vt)含量则因激素种类而异,以保幼激素处理时明显低于对照,以20－羟基蜕皮酮处理则反之,即前抑制卵巢对Vg的摄取,而后则起促进作用。离体培养脂肪体并以激素处理的结果表明,20－羟基蜕皮酮和methoprene均能促进Vg合成,但前作用更。综合考虑上述结果可以认为蜕皮激素对该蚕的卵黄发生起主要调控作用。     

高温对天蚕卵黄发生的影响(英文)

３２℃高温对天蚕（Ａｎｔｈｅｒａｅａ ｙａｍａｍａｉ）卵黄发生影响明显,其中影响程度与开始经受３２℃处理时天蚕发育阶段有关。结茧后第１天开始即受３２℃处理时,脂肪体和血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白（Ｖｇ）与可溶性蛋白含量均低于受２６℃处理的;化蛹后第１天开始即受３２℃处理时,脂肪体中Ｖｇ滴度与２６℃下的基本无明显差异,但血淋巴和卵巢中Ｖｇ或卵黄磷蛋白含量（Ｖｔ）均低于２６℃的;而在化蛹后第６天开始受３２℃处理时,脂肪体和血淋巴中Ｖｇ含量与２６℃的无明显差异,卵巢中Ｖｔ则明显高于２６℃的。此外,曾就化蛹后第１或６天开始受３２℃处理后脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢中可溶性蛋白含量的变化作了检测。建议在饲育或保护制种用茧蚕时,老熟幼虫和化蛹初期的蚕蛹不宜接触３２℃高温。     

EFFECT OF A HIGH TEMPERATURE ON VITELLOGE-NESIS IN THE JAPANESE OAK SILKWORM,ANTHERAEA YAMAMAI (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)*

Abstract The effect of a high temperature, i. e. 32°C. on vitellogenesis of the Japanese oak silkworm, Antheraea yamamai (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) was markedly significant. Its extent was dependent on the development stage of the silkworm exposed to 32°C. When exposed to 32 °C since the 1st day after cocooning, titres of both vitellogenin (Vg) and soluble proteins in the fat body and hemolymph of mature larvae were evidently lower than those at 26°C. When pupae were maintained at 32°C since the 1st day after pupation. the titres of Vg in the fat body showed no significant difference from those at 26°C, but those in the hemolymph and the titres of vitellin (Vt) in the ovary mostly were obviously lower in contrast to those at 26°C. While exposed to 32°C since the 6th day after pupation, at most instance the tires of Vg both in the fat body and hemolymph were not markedly different from those at 26°C, and those of Vt in the ovary were significantly higher than those at 26°C, In addition, the changes in the titres of soluble proteins in the fat body and hemolymph as well as the ovary were monitored when pupae were maintained at 32°C since the 1st or 6th day after pupation. It is recommended that both mature larvae and pupae at cocooning stage and earlier pupal stage should not be exposed to 32°C when the silkworm is reared for egg raising.     

天蚕卵黄原蛋白的合成、运转与沉积

系统测定了天蚕Antheraea yamamai吐丝结茧至成虫期脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢中卵黄蛋白和可溶性蛋白总含量的动态变化。结果表明,脂肪体是卵黄原蛋白(Vg)合成场所,Vg合成始于吐丝结茧后第4天;脂肪体、血淋巴中Vg滴度在吐丝结茧后第4天开始上升,化蛹后第6天或第8天达高峰,成虫羽化第1天则明显下降。卵巢对Vg摄取始于化蛹第1天,此后随蛹日龄逐渐上升,并渐趋平稳。同一卵巢管中卵黄蛋白(Vt)含量自顶端至基端随卵室增大而逐渐升高,不同日龄蛹中相应序号卵室的Vt含量以日龄大者为高;卵室中Vt含量与卵室体积大小呈正线性关系。电镜观察表明,Vg被卵母细胞摄入后以卵黄体形式存在,不同发育阶段卵巢中卵母细胞内卵黄体大小不同,以早期者为小;同一卵巢管中不同卵母细胞内卵黄体以顶端为小,基端明显增大,且卵黄体呈网状。     

两种饲料植物对天蚕饲育的效果(英文)

通过五个处理的一系列比较,白栎Quercus fabri叶片作为珍贵绢丝昆虫——天蚕Antheraea yamamai的饲料,无论幼虫存活率、化蛹率、二至四眠蚕体重、五龄幼虫体重增长曲线及理论极限体重K值、取食量、相对摄食速率、消化量、结茧率、全茧量、蛹重、茧层量等均明显高于过去普遍采用并认为理想的麻栎Q. acutissima的饲育结果,从而证实白栎是饲育天蚕的最佳饲料植物。     

THE EFFECT OF TWO FODDER PLANTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE JAPANESE OAK SILKWORM, ANTHERAEA YAMAMAI

Abstract  The Japanese oak silkworm, Antheraea yamami , is a precious wild silkworm. Through comparing survival rate, stadium, bodyweight, nutritional indexes, coconing rate and cocoon quality of the larvae reared on Quercus fabri fresh leaves with those on Q. acutissima , it was concluded that Q . fabri is a better fodder plant for this silkworm than Q. acutissima in East China.     

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AN APOLIPOPHORIN‐III GENE FROM THE CHINESE OAK SILKWORM,Antheraea pernyi (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)

Apolipophorin‐III (ApoLp‐III) acts in lipid transport, lipoprotein metabolism, and innate immunity in insects. In this study, an ApoLp‐III gene of Antheraea pernyi pupae (Ap‐ApoLp‐III) was isolated and characterized. The full‐length cDNA of Ap‐ApoLp‐III is 687 bp, including a 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) of 40 bp, 3′‐UTR of 86 bp and an open reading frame of 561 bp encoding a polypeptide of 186 amino acids that contains an Apolipophorin‐III precursor domain (PF07464). The deduced Ap‐apoLp‐III protein sequence has 68, 59, and 23% identity with its orthologs of Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori, and Aedes aegypti, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Ap‐apoLp‐III was close to that of Bombycoidea. qPCR analysis revealed that Ap‐ApoLp‐III expressed during the four developmental stages and in integument, fat body, and ovaries. After six types of microorganism infections, expression levels of the Ap‐ApoLp‐III gene were upregulated significantly at different time points compared with control. RNA interference (RNAi) of Ap‐ApoLp‐III showed that the expression of Ap‐ApoLp‐III was significantly downregulated using qPCR after injection of E. coli. We infer that the Ap‐ApoLp‐III gene acts in the innate immunity of A. pernyi.     

柞蚕卵巢中核酸和蛋白质的分布与含量的变化

本文报道柞蚕卵巢亚细胞组分中核酸和蛋白质的分布与含量变化。首先以差速离心盼方法从卵巢匀浆中分离出细胞核、重线粒体、轻线粒体、重微粒体、轻微粒体和105,000g上清六个组分,然后分别测定了各种组分中的DNA、RNA和蛋白质的含量。 结果表明,卵巢DNA主要分布在细胞核组分中(约占75%以上);RNA在佩粒体中含量较离(约占20—51%);蛋白质则主要分布于105,000g上清组分中(约占56—83%)。卵巢中核酸和蛋白质含量(毫克/头)在滞育蛹期很低,随着卵巢的发育迅速增长。DNA在发育蛹4期最高,比滞育蛹期增长61倍;RNA在发育蛹5期最高,比滞育蛹期增长144倍;蛋自质在成虫期达到高峰,约比滞育蛹期增长490倍。并讨论了核酸和蛋白质的含量变化与卵巢细胞分裂分化之间的关系。 为了获得进一步的生化资料,对不同时期的柞蚕卵巢105,000g上清组分中的蛋白质进行了聚丙烯酰胺凝获也泳和SDS-电泳的分析。初步推测柞蚕卵巢中卵黄蛋白亚基之一的分子量大约为200,000道尔顿。     

柞蚕蛹脂肪体和血淋巴中糖类含量动态的温度和光周期效应

本文研究了柞蚕Antheraea pernyti滞育蛹和非滞育蛹的糖类含量动态.两类柞蚕蛹血淋巴中所含糖类均为海藻糖和葡萄糖,但葡萄糖始终处于极低水平.滞育蛹的脂肪体糖原与血淋巴海藻糖之间存在相互转化的关系,这种转化受温度的制约.温度对于滞育的终止和海藻糖积累量影响很大.在保种温度范围内,滞育蛹接触低温越早,温度越低,海藻糖积累量越高.非滞育蛹即使经长期低温(0℃左右)处理,体内也不积累海藻糖,且耐寒力显著低于滞育蛹.在25℃条件下,光周期对滞育蛹和非滞育蛹的影响不同.     

柞蚕蛹血淋巴中凝集素的分离鉴定

在柞蚕蛹血淋巴中可以测得血凝活力,但在大肠杆菌诱导后血淋巴中血凝滴度有很大的升高.本文报道了分离正常柞蚕蛹血淋巴中凝集素的提取步骤.所得的凝集素在SDS垂直板电泳中表现单一条带,免疫扩散呈现单一的沉淀带,分子量为40,000道尔顿.制剂能凝集兔、鸭、豚鼠、羊、马及人的A、B、O和AB型的红细胞.其凝集活力可被半乳糖,乳糖,及N-乙酰半乳糖胺所抑制. 诱导后的柞蚕蛹血淋巴的凝集素成分比较复杂,经亲和层析后的制剂在免疫琼脂双扩散盘中呈现二条沉淀带,在垂直电泳中至少有二条带.     

家蝇的卵黄发生及其激素调节

用5—15%SDS-PAGE分析表明,家蝇Musce domestica viaina卵黄蛋白由三个亚基组成,其亚基分子量分别为58KD、50KD、48KD.火箭免疫电泳的结果表明,脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢内卵黄原蛋白的变化具有密切的相关性,卵黄原蛋白在体内最早出现在羽化后30小时左右,然后迅速增加,在羽化后48小时,脂肪体和血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白含量达到最大值,卵巢开始沉积卵黄蛋白在羽化后30小时,到产卵前达到最大值,脂肪体在离体培养条件下,通过测定³H-亮氨酸掺入卵黄原蛋白的量,对不同发育时期家蝇脂肪体合成卵黄原蛋白的能力及激素的调节作用进行了研究,结果表明,羽化12小时后,合成能力迅速上升,48小时时形成高峰,60小时后迅速下跌直至产卵,其合成能力一直维持在低水平,产卵后合成能力又迅速回升,激素处理结果表明,保幼激素可以促进卵黄发生前期和后期家蝇脂肪体的卵黄原蛋白合成,20-羟基蜕皮酮可以大幅度促进卵黄发生期家蝇脂肪体的卵黄原蛋白合成.当二种激素共同处理时,对卵黄发生前期和卵黄发生期的家蝇脂肪体有协同促进作用,而对卵黄发生后期的脂肪体没有这种作用.本文还对家蝇卵黄发生过程中脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢三者之间的关系及家蝇卵黄发生的激素调节进行了讨论.     

大肠杆菌及聚肌胞核苷酸对柞蚕、家蚕蛹诱导产生溶菌酶、抗菌肽及凝集素的动力学

大肠杆菌D₃₁诱导柞蚕蛹产生抗菌多肽。同时,溶菌酶和凝集素活性都比诱导前有明显增高.其活力高峰、抗菌多肽在第7天左右、溶菌酶在第5天,而凝集素在第3天即达最高水平。不同品种的柞蚕蛹,经诱导产生的三种活性物质其活力差异不明显,但741、河四和小混品种中的抗菌多肽P_9A及P_9B组成比例较高。上述三种活性物质的诱导变化与性别有关,雄性高于雌性。比较了柞蚕蛹和家蚕经细菌诱导后上述三种活性物质的变化,家蚕凝集素活力很低,诱导后活力增高不明显。抗菌活力及溶菌酶活力的提高程度柞蚕也高于家蚕。聚肌胞核苷酸(Poly I:C)也能诱导两种蚕产生抗菌多肽及溶菌酶,但活力提高的显著程度都不及大肠杆菌诱导,凝集素活力变化也不显著。     

锯缘青蟹卵黄发生期卵母细胞和卵泡细胞之间的结构变化

通过电镜研究了锯缘青蟹二次卵巢发育过程中卵黄发生期（分为初期和后期）卵母细胞表面的结构和胞质的变化。卵黄发生初期分为：内源性卵黄发生阶段和有卵泡细胞直接参与的外源性卵黄合成阶段,前者特征为：在卵母细胞中充满了内质网泡,在泡内有不同程度的卵黄物质合成,此时在卵母细胞的表面区域,可见很多卵泡细胞向卵母细胞表面迁移,并包围卵母细胞。后者其特征是在卵母细胞的表面,有大量的胞饮小泡出现在卵膜的内面,随着两细胞表面膜的逐步融合和胞饮作用加强最后形成链锁状结构,胞质中靠近卵质周围有卵黄体的积极合成和大更换 脂肪滴积累,在此阶段的后期,卵泡细胞质已基本吸收完毕,卵泡细胞膜和卵母细胞膜融合,某些界面已无膜结构。卵黄发生后期在亲蟹孵出幼体后的第11d至第27d基本结束,此期也主要以外源性卵黄发生为主,在卵母细胞的周围,卵泡细胞迅速扩大,其间分布着大量的大小不同的囊泡和线粒体,在接近卵母细胞表面,还常可见大量的脂肪滴存在。卵泡细胞与卵母细胞间其膜结构完全消失,从而可使滤泡大片细胞质直接融入卵母细胞中,以后随着卵黄发生的进一步发展,卵母细胞与卵泡细胞的交界面逐步形成一个网状的膜结构屏障,同时在卵巢中可见正在降解的卵母细胞,在卵黄发生近结束以后,在卵母细胞的表面,逐步形成两层卵膜,这时的卵母细胞质中几乎充满了卵黄体和脂肪滴。     

红铃虫生殖的激素调节控制

不同时期加温催化的红铃虫越冬代雌蛾,其卵巢的发育程度及速度是明显不同的,而卵巢的发育与否似乎又与其交配能力相关。4月上旬刚羽化的雌蛾卵巢小而透明,没有任何卵巢沉积,以后几天的发育甚微,而此时的交配率仅为13%左右。到8月初,刚羽化的雌蛾卵巢已部分发育,末端卵粒已有少量卵黄沉积,其发育速度也较前者快,而此时的交配率已上升至49%左右。 经ZR515点滴的刚羽化雌蛾(无论是什么时期加温催化的),它们的卵巢发育程度和速度均显著提高,并促进了卵黄沉积。因而,它们的交配能力也随之增强。经最适剂量0.1μg/头点滴的雌蛾,交配率可高达70%。 经点滴的雌蛾产卵周期和产卵高峰均大大提前,卵母细胞的成熟比较一致,因而每次均能产出成批的卵,总产卵量也明显高于对照。并且,这些卵均能孵化,胚后发育亦属正常。 本文还探讨了激素、卵巢以及交配等三者的相互关系,并试论了补充营养、激素对交配及产卵的作用。     

鸣禽鸟发声行为的激素调节

讨论了性类固醇激素对鸣食发声行为及其神经回路的影响,从细胞回路水平,行为水平对性激素在幼年鸣食发声学习和成年鸣食鸣啭可塑性中的作用进行了全面论述,介绍了国内外在鸣禽发声这一研究领域的最新进展,对深入开展动物学习记忆神经机制的研究具有借鉴作用。     

保幼激素类似物对家蚕丝腺与脂肪体蛋白质合成的调节作用

应用示踪原子法,研究了家蚕Bombyx mori 5龄幼虫丝腺与脂肪体细胞内蛋白质合成的变化规律及保幼激素类似物(JHA738)的调节作用。从5龄初到龄末,家蚕丝腺细胞内蛋白质合成持续升高,5龄中期、后期的蛋白质合成活性分别是前期的1.60倍和2.86倍;全龄出现2个合成高峰,一个是在5龄72h,为细胞固有蛋白质合成高峰,另一个是在5龄192h,为丝蛋白合成高峰。脂肪体细胞内蛋白质合成作用呈现脉冲式的变化。在5龄前期和中期用JHA处理家蚕(剂量为4μg/条),对丝腺细胞固有蛋白质合成和脂肪体细胞蛋白质合成均表现出抑制作用,而对丝蛋白合成则表现出促进作用。本实验结果为进一步阐明JHA增丝机理提供了直接证据。     

Juvenile hormone-like substances can induce vitellogenesis in the tick Ornithodoros moubata (Acarina: Argasidae)

Topical application of different juvenile hormone analogs (JHA) or of a mixture of stereoisomers of insect juvenile hormone (JH) 1 and 3 to fed virgin female Ornithodoros moubata immediately after feeding induced vitellogenesis and egg-laying in up to 70% of treated females. In controls only 13.7% oviposited. The eggs were sterile, with abnormal shape, but their number versus the weight of engorged females was normal or sometimes greater than in mated females. However, preoviposition period was longer than in mated females.

It was more difficult to induce egg-laying by similar topical applications 100 days after feeding of virgin females. A maximum of 58% of ovipositing females was obtained with a very high dosage of JH mixture (500 fig). Injection of this mixture into the females was more potent; 15 to 50 fig induced oviposition in about 60% of the females. The preoviposition period was also longer than in control females.

Our results suggest the presence of a JH-like substance which is involved in the hormonal control of vitellogenesis. However, since natural isomers of JH were much less efficient than isomeric mixtures or JHA, we suppose that the natural tick hormone does not correspond to JH, but rather to a JH-like substance.     

SUPPORT FOR THE IMMUNOCOMPETENCE HANDICAP HYPOTHESIS IN THE WILD: HORMONAL MANIPULATION DECREASES SURVIVAL IN SICK DAMSELFLIES

The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) states that hormones enhance sexual trait expression but impair immunity. Previous tests of the ICHH have been hampered by experimental design problems. Here, we report on an experimental test of the ICHH that includes manipulations of both hormones and infections in males of the territorial damselfly, Hetaerina americana, with accurate survival measurements. We conducted a fully factorial experiment subjecting each individual to one of three topical treatments: methoprene (a juvenile hormone analog), acetone, or control, and one of three injection treatments: bacteria, PBS, or control. We measured survival of manipulated males in both the wild and in captivity. As predicted, survival was most heavily impaired in methoprene‐bacteria males than in the other groups in the wild, and no survival differences emerged in captive animals. This result confirms that survival is one cost an animal pays for increased hormonal levels. This corroborates theoretical predictions of the ICHH.