细菌的信息交流

细菌与细菌之间的信息交流是通过相互交换一种自动诱导物(autoinducer)的信号分子来实现的.这种信息交换的过程被称为群体感应(quorum system).细菌根据这种特定信号分子浓度的变化来监测环境中其它细菌数量的变化.细菌的群体感应系统分为种内和种间信息交流两大类.细菌间的信息交流涉及到细菌的多种生理功能,如细菌的致病能力等.因此研究细菌间的信息交流有可能找到一条新的防治细菌感染途径.     

群体感应信号分子AI-2研究进展

群体感应(QS)是细菌根据种群密度的变化调控基因表达,协调群体行为的机制。除具有种特异性的信号分子AI-1外,近年来发现一类新的信号分子AI-2在调控细菌基因表达中起重要作用。AI-2的结构和生物合成途径已被确定,其产生依赖于一种称为LuxS的蛋白。目前认为AI-2在细菌种间交流中起通用信号分子(universalsignal)的作用。了解细菌的QS调控过程以及种间细胞交流的新机制,有助于对细菌病害进行防治。     

细菌中的群体感应

群体感应(quorum sensing)是细菌根据细胞密度变化进行基因表达调控的一种生理行为。具有群体感应的细菌能产生并释放一种被称为自体诱导物(autoinducer)的信号分子,它随着细胞密度增加而同步增加。当自体诱导物积累到一定浓度时会改变细菌特定基因的表达。革兰氏阳性及阴性细菌通过群体感应与周围环境进行信息交流,从而改变细菌的一系列生理活性,这些细菌的生理特性包括共生、细菌毒性、竞争、接合、抗生素的产生、运动性、孢子及生物膜的形成。这种信号传递方式可能对低等的细胞进一步进化,并形成高等的生物体有重要作用。细菌中群体感应系统的进化可能是多细胞体形成的早期阶段。     

细菌群体感应LuxR solos蛋白研究进展

N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones,AHLs)信号分子介导的群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)是一种普遍的革兰氏阴性细菌信息交流方式。AHL-QS系统包括Lux I型AHLs合成酶和LuxR型受体蛋白。然而,部分革兰氏阴性菌缺失1个或多个LuxI型AHLs合成酶,仅有未配对的LuxR型受体蛋白,该LuxR型受体蛋白称为LuxR solo或Orphan蛋白。LuxR solos蛋白在细菌窃听、种间和种内的信号交流中起重要作用,为群体感应研究领域的热点。本文主要综述细菌LuxR solos蛋白的发现、基本概念、蛋白结构及类型,阐述感应AHLs和非AHLs信号分子的重要LuxR solos蛋白及功能,并对群体感应LuxR solos蛋白的研究前景和意义进行了展望。     

细菌群体感应信号分子与抑制剂研究进展

具有群体感应系统的细菌通过相互交换一种自动诱导（autoinducer）信号分子来实现彼此问的信息交流。当信号分子积累到一定浓度时会改变细菌特定基因的表达,如生物膜的形成、生物发光行为、毒性基因的表达、孢子的形成等。近年来,人们发现了多种天然或者人工合成的群体感应抑制剂,可以干扰群感系统的信息回路。本文系统地阐述了细菌群体感应信息系统的划分、自体诱导分子及其抑制剂的研究进展。     

细菌群体感应信号分子淬灭酶的研究进展

群体感应(Quorum sensing,QS)是细菌细胞间通过信号分子互相交流的一种现象,细菌细胞通过分泌并感应特定的信号分子浓度,当信号分子浓度达到一定阈值时,细菌细胞会启动特定基因尤其是很多致病基因的表达,这就给防治某些植物、动物性疾病提供了一种新思维。群体淬灭(Quorum quenching,QQ)就是基于群体感应而提出的,它主要是通过分解细菌细胞所产生的信号分子,使信号分子浓度在阈值之内,从而使细菌无法表达特定致病因子,进而防治病害的一种方法,群体淬灭酶是研究的最多也是最有效的淬灭途径。到目前为止,很多群体淬灭酶已经被分离出来。系统总结了群体淬灭酶的种类、特性、催化机制和生理功能方面的进展。     

真菌的群体感应现象及群体感应分子(QSMs)研究进展

为适应环境变化,微生物细胞间进行信息交流,导致其菌体形态、生物被膜的形成、毒素分泌等生理生化特征发生变化,这种细胞间交流的现象称为群体感应现象。最初在细菌中发现这种复杂的交流方式,后来,在真核生物(真菌)中也发现了这种现象,白色念珠菌是较早被报道具有群体感应系统的真菌之一。目前,已经在各种真菌中鉴定出了许多群体感应分子,其中,围绕白色念珠菌的群体感应现象及机制研究报道较多,发现了其主要的群体感应分子及其调控作用机制。本文中,笔者主要针对白色念珠菌群体感应分子的挖掘及其生理效应进行系统综述,此外,还对其他真菌群体感应现象及群体感应分子进行概述。最后,笔者预测不同真菌群体感应研究发展方向和潜在应用。     

细菌中群体感应调节系统

细菌根据特定信号分子的浓度可以监测周围环境中自身或其它细菌的数量变化,当信号达到一定的浓度阈值时,能启动菌体中相关基因的表达来适应环境中的变化,这一调控系统被称为细菌的群体感应调节系统(QuorumSensing系统)。本文系统介绍了细菌感知种内与种间数量的群体感应调节系统,并阐述了植物针对病原菌这一信号系统的抗病策略。     

细菌群体感应淬灭酶及其病害防治研究进展

微生物细胞间通过信号分子进行信息交流的现象即群体感应(Quorum sensing,QS),QS广泛存在于微生物群体中,且可以调控特定基因尤其是很多致病基因的表达。群体感应淬灭(Quorum quenching,QQ)是基于群体感应现象提出的新型病害防治策略,即通过抑制信号分子的合成、监测或对信号分子进行酶降解、修饰的途径来干扰群体感应以达到防治病害的目的。利用群体感应淬灭酶(Quorum quenching enzymes)降解微生物信号分子,是目前毒性最小、最为有效的群体感应淬灭途径。迄今为止,多种细菌信号分子的群体感应淬灭酶都已有报道,其中,酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-acyl homoserine lactones,AHLs)和顺-11-甲基-2-癸烯酸(cis-11-Methyl-2-dodecenoic acid)群体感应淬灭酶研究最为深入。综述并分析了群体感应淬灭酶及其病害防治的研究现状、存在的问题和未来研究方向,为今后发展新型绿色安全病害防控措施提供关键理论和技术支撑。     

细菌群体感应及其信号分子介导的植物-细菌跨界信息交流

细菌利用群体感应(Quorum sensing,QS)系统进行细胞间的通讯联系,进而参与调控细菌多种生物学功能。近年的研究表明,细菌QS信号分子也可以被细菌的真核植物宿主感应,从而介导植物-细菌的跨界信息交流。本文综述细菌QS及其介导的植物-细菌信息交流的最新研究进展,以期为通过操纵细菌QS达到提高植物病害防治效果提供理论基础和指导。     

Quorum sensing intervened bacterial signaling: Pursuit of its cognizance and repression

Bacteria communicate within a system by means of a density dependent mechanism known as quorum sensing which regulate the metabolic and behavioral activities of a bacterial community. This sort of interaction occurs through a dialect of chemical signals called as autoinducers synthesized by bacteria. Bacterial quorum sensing occurs through various complex pathways depending upon specious diversity. Therefore the cognizance of quorum sensing mechanism will enable the regulation and thereby constrain bacterial communication. Inhibition strategies of quorum sensing are collectively called as quorum quenching; through which bacteria are incapacitated of its interaction with each other. Many virulence mechanism such as sporulation, biofilm formation, toxin production can be blocked by quorum quenching. Usually quorum quenching mechanisms can be broadly classified into enzymatic methods and non-enzymatic methods. Substantial understanding of bacterial communication and its inhibition enhances the development of novel antibacterial therapeutic drugs. In this review we have discussed the types and mechanisms of quorum sensing and various methods to inhibit and regulate density dependent bacterial communication.     

The LuxS family of bacterial autoinducers: biosynthesis of a novel quorum-sensing signal molecule

Many bacteria control gene expression in response to cell population density, and this phenomenon is called quorum sensing. In Gram-negative bacteria, quorum sensing typically involves the production, release and detection of acylated homoserine lactone signalling molecules called autoinducers. Vibrio harveyi, a Gram-negative bioluminescent marine bacterium, regulates light production in response to two distinct autoinducers (AI-1 and AI-2). AI-1 is a homoserine lactone. The structure of AI-2 is not known. We have suggested previously that V. harveyi uses AI-1 for intraspecies communication and AI-2 for interspecies communication. Consistent with this idea, we have shown that many species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria produce AI-2 and, in every case, production of AI-2 is dependent on the function encoded by the luxS gene. We show here that LuxS is the AI-2 synthase and that AI-2 is produced from S-adenosylmethionine in three enzymatic steps. The substrate for LuxS is S-ribosylhomocysteine, which is cleaved to form two products, one of which is homocysteine, and the other is AI-2. In this report, we also provide evidence that the biosynthetic pathway and biochemical intermediates in AI-2 biosynthesis are identical in Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, V. harveyi, Vibrio cholerae and Enterococcus faecalis. This result suggests that, unlike quorum sensing via the family of related homoserine lactone autoinducers, AI-2 is a unique, 'universal' signal that could be used by a variety of bacteria for communication among and between species.     

LuxS quorum sensing: more than just a numbers game

Quorum sensing is a process of bacterial cell-to-cell communication involving the production and detection of extracellular signaling molecules called autoinducers. Quorum sensing allows populations of bacteria to collectively control gene expression, and thus synchronize group behavior. Processes controlled by quorum sensing are typically ones that are unproductive unless many bacteria act together. Most autoinducers enable intraspecies communication; however, a recently discovered autoinducer AI-2 has been proposed to serve as a 'universal signal' for interspecies communication. Studies suggest that AI-2 encodes information in addition to specifics about cell number.     

Bacterial social engagements

Quorum sensing is a process that enables bacteria to communicate using secreted signaling molecules called autoinducers. This process enables a population of bacteria to regulate gene expression collectively and, therefore, control behavior on a community-wide scale. Quorum sensing is widespread in the bacterial world and, generally, processes controlled by quorum sensing are unproductive when undertaken by an individual bacterium but become effective when undertaken by the group. Cell-cell communication can occur within and between bacterial species, and between bacteria and their eukaryotic hosts, which suggests that the chemical lexicon is complex. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic mechanisms for enhancing and inhibiting quorum sensing have been identified, which suggests that manipulation of quorum-sensing-controlled processes could be common in bacterial-bacterial and bacterial-eukaryotic associations.     

Quorum Sensing,or How Bacteria “Talk” to Each Other

Reviewed are recent advances in studying the quorum-sensing systems, which regulate gene expression depending on population density. Low-molecular-weight acyl derivatives of L-homoserine lactone (N-AHL) freely diffuse through cell membranes and determine cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. The quorum-sensing systems have first been found to regulate bioluminescence in marine bacteria Photobacterium(Vibrio) fischeriand Vibrio harveyi. Such systems are widespread and control expression of genes for virulence factors, proteases, antibiotics, etc., in various Gram-negative bacteria, including plant, animal, and human pathogens. Quorum sensing is a prominent example of social behavior in bacteria, as signal exchange among individual cells allows the entire population to choose an optimal way of interaction with the environment and with higher organisms.     

群体感应系统在合成生物学中的应用*

群体感应(quorum sensing, QS)是一种广泛存在于多种微生物中的胞间通信系统,细菌产生的自诱导物随着种群密度的增加而积累,诱导细菌对种群密度的响应,调节生物膜的形成或特定基因的表达。近年来,随着群体感应系统原理与关键元件的逐渐清晰,应用合成生物学手段进行多技术联合以及多系统间正交性设计具有极大的发展潜力,群体感应系统已成为合成生物学家动态调控胞间通信常用的重要手段之一。在群体感应是细胞-细胞间通信系统的基础上,对多种群体感应系统的联合设计在生物基化学品生产中自动化调控的研究进展进行综述;并针对群体感应系统在生物电化学转化领域实现双向生物信息交流的应用进行总结;同时归纳了医学领域中群体感应系统的动态调控功能与多种疾病诊断及治疗结合的研究进展,讨论了群体感应系统在多细胞通信和实际应用等方面的发展前景。     

The Fe(III) and Ga(III) coordination chemistry of 3-(1-hydroxymethylidene) and 3-(1-hydroxydecylidene)-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione: novel tetramic acid degradation products of homoserine lactone bacterial quorum sensing molecules

Bacteria use small diffusible molecules to exchange information in a process called quorum sensing (QS). An important class of quorum sensing molecules used by Gram-negative bacteria is the family of N-acylhomoserine lactones (HSL). It was recently discovered that a degradation product of the QS molecule 3-oxo-C₁₂-homoserine lactone, the tetramic acid 3-(1-hydroxydecylidene)-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione, is a potent antibacterial agent, thus implying roles for QS outside of simply communication. Because these tetramic acids also appear to bind iron with appreciable affinity it was suggested that metal binding might contribute to their biological activity. Here, using a variety of spectroscopic tools, we describe the coordination chemistry of both the methylidene and decylidene tetramic acid derivatives with Fe(III) and Ga(III) and discuss the potential biological significance of such metal binding.