森林生态系统健康与野生动植物资源的可持续利用

研究了森林生态系统健康与野生动植物资源之间的关系,以及人类活动对森林生态系统健康的影响,提出了以下三个论点：(1)野生动植物资源是构成森林生态系统的基本物质内容。野生动植物资源对森林生态系统具有不可估量的影响和作用。(2)野生动植物资源的减少是森林生态系统健康状况下降的“显示器”。森林生态系统健康状况的下降或衰退,会导致野生动植物资源数量或种类的减少甚至种群灭绝。(3)森林生态系统是野生动植物资源与人类活动关系的集合体和反映体。人类与野生动植物资源是对立又统一的矛盾综合体,而森林生态系统健康与否就取决于这二者的关系。如果人类对野生动植物资源在保护的基础上进行合理的利用,就能保证森林生态系统的结构的完整和功能的良好,因此森林生态系统处于健康的状态;但若人类对野生动植物资源过度利用而不加保护,那么随着野生动植物资源的逐渐衰竭,森林生态系统将逐渐失去某些功能且变得支离破碎,也就无法保持健康的状态。提出了维持森林生态系统健康并实现野生动植物资源可持续利用的解决途径：(1)实行森林的可持续经营。森林可持续经营是指长期保持森林的生产力和可再生性,以及森林生态系统的物种和生物多样性。(2)发展“接近自然的林业”。近自然林业是在服从自然规律的前提下为人类的木材及林产品利用目的而设计的容许有一点偏离自然的森林模式,以森林生态健康为目标的建设方法。     

贵州省野生皂荚种实表型性状多样性分析

为深入了解贵州省野生皂荚(Gleditsia sinensis)荚果表型性状的遗传多样性及其变异类型,为皂荚的遗传改良、种质鉴定、亲本选择以及品种培育奠定理论基础。该研究以贵州省7个野生皂荚群体70个个体为研究对象,采用方差分析、主成分分析、相关性分析及多性状综合评价等方法对皂荚群体的10个种实表型性状进行系统分析和综合评价。结果显示：(1)所测皂荚的表型性状差异在群体内均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);在群体间,除每荚粒数、种子宽、种子长宽积以及种子长宽比之外,其余表型性状的差异均达极显著水平(P＜0.01)。(2)7个居群野生皂荚各性状平均变异系数为21.16%,其中凯里市(P4)居群的变异系数最高(24.44%);居群间荚果的变异(29.22%)高于种子的变异(11.04%),且变异主要来自于群体内。(3)相关分析显示,皂荚种实各性状之间存在不同程度的关联性;主成分分析显示,前4个主成分(皂荚种子大小、单个荚果出籽数量、种子形态指数因子、与荚果长和种子厚相关的因子)的累积贡献率达69.783%,可基本反映皂荚表型性状的大部分信息;以10个种实性状对皂荚野生群体进行综合评价发现,来自于惠水县(P7)群体的皂荚种实性状综合评价最高。研究表明,贵州省野生皂荚在群体间及群体内具有丰富的表型变异,且群体内的变异大于群体间的变异,变异主要来自于群体内。     

加大林业生态建设保护与管理工作力度

本文紧紧围绕保护梨树县野生动植物资源这个中心任务,强化野生动物养殖和经营市场的监管,狠抓野生动物及森林资源管护,强化野保宣传,增强全民的野保意识,加大执法检查力度,推动野生动物驯养繁殖及林业产业化发展。     

基于形态学标记的山药种质资源遗传多样性研究

对收集的66份山药种质资源的19个农艺性状进行调查,通过遗传多样性分析、聚类分析与主成分分析,探讨其遗传多样性、亲缘关系及分类特征。结果表明,在15个质量性状中,遗传多样性指数最高的是叶片缺裂(1.18),其次是地下块茎形状(1.17)。叶脉数频率分布最高(92.65%),其次为叶先端渐尖(89.71%)。根据各农艺性状的遗传差异,可将66份淮山药种质聚为二大类群;第Ⅰ类群种质均为薯蓣,第Ⅱ类群种质为参薯。主成分分析结果表明,前5个主成分累计贡献率达76.496%,第一主成分反映高产株型综合因子,第二主成分反映山药抗病性因子,第三和第四主成分反应山药地下块茎形状因子,第五主成分反映地下块茎颜色。通过以上研究,为山药品种选育及生产利用提供参考。     

野生与池塘、工厂化养殖牙鲆肌肉理化品质及质构特性比较研究

实验以牙鲆为研究对象, 测定野生与池塘、工厂化养殖牙鲆肌肉的持水性、胶原蛋白含量、肌纤维直径和质构特性, 以了解3种生长方式下牙鲆肌肉理化品质及质构特性的差异。结果表明: (1) 3种生长方式牙鲆有眼侧及无眼侧肌肉的滴水损失均呈野生组池塘组工厂化组(P0.01); 工厂化组失水率显著小于野生组及池塘组(P0.01), 而野生组与池塘组无显著差异(P0.05)。(2) 3种生长方式牙鲆有眼侧及无眼侧肌肉胶原蛋白含量和纤维直径差异均不显著 (P0.05)。(3)通过主成分分析, 发现黏附性和胶黏性是反映牙鲆肌肉质构特性的主要因素。工厂化养殖牙鲆肌肉具有较好的持水能力, 池塘养殖牙鲆肌肉的理化品质和质构特性与野生牙鲆相近。野生牙鲆并没有在理化特性上表现出明显优势。       

唐鱼养殖种群与广州附近4个野生种群的遗传关系

唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)是为数不多的几种原产中国的世界性观赏鱼类之一。自2003年以来, 多个唐鱼野生种群相继被发现, 其濒危状态和等级由野外灭绝降为极危。为研究唐鱼养殖种群与广州附近野生种群之间的遗传关系, 本文分析了唐鱼3个代表性养殖种群和4个野生种群, 共计186个样本的Cyt b基因、2个核基因(ENC1和RAG1)以及13个微卫星位点数据。基于K2P模型的遗传距离结果显示, 唐鱼野生种群间的遗传距离在0.005-0.015之间, 养殖种群间的遗传距离为0.001-0.009。系统发育分析表明, 唐鱼养殖种群包含4个单倍型谱系分支, 其中2个分别与广州附近2个野生种群聚在一起, 另外2个分别独立成支。单倍型网络亲缘关系分析显示, 清远种群只有1个单倍型且与芳村养殖种群共享, 芳村养殖种群拥有最多的单倍型。基于微卫星数据的STRUCTURE分析表明, 所有种群最佳分簇数为2, 清远种群与养殖种群聚为一簇, 良口和石门种群聚为另一簇。主成分分析结果显示, 养殖种群高度重叠并能与野生种群分开, 清远种群与养殖种群存在部分重叠。利用IMa3的基因流分析表明, 存在清远种群至芳村养殖种群的单向基因流。综合本文结果, 作者认为唐鱼养殖种群应起源于广州附近多个野生种群。清远种群来源于养殖种群中的芳村养殖种群。建议在未来唐鱼的保护策略中, 应禁止不规范的放流活动并且禁止将不同野生种群补充至养殖种群, 同时加强唐鱼养殖种群和野生种群的遗传资源管理和持续监测。     

野生动植物贸易活动的特点及影响因子研究

不受控制的贸易可能导致野生动植物面临生存危机。探讨野生动植物贸易活动的特点和影响因子有利于提高野生动植物贸易的管理水平。本文从生物因素、社会因素、经济因素和文化因素等角度综合分析了除木材与海洋渔业以外的野生动植物贸易活动的特点。与一般贸易相比,这些野生动植物贸易活动具有传统性、地域性、流动的方向性、季节性、分散性、替代效应、反馈效应和补充性等特征。影响某一野生动植物物种进入野生动植物贸易活动的生物因子包括种群大小、易获得性、个体大小、周期性波动、耐受性、替代性等;社会因子包括政策、执法力度、社会心理、收入水平、猎捕技术等;同时,文化传统也会影响人们利用野生动植物和进行相关贸易的方式与范围。对野生动植物贸易活动特点和影响因子的分析为管理相关野生动植物贸易活动提供了依据。     

人类群体遗传结构的协方差阵主成分分析方法

目的:探讨基因频率矩阵的中心化(或均值化)协方差阵主成分分析方法在人类群体遗传结构研究中的适用性和合理性。方法:从基因频率矩阵的结构特征入手,分析中心化、均值化协方差阵主成分分析与标准化相关阵主成分分析在特征根、特征向量以及降维效果等方面的差异,并通过实例比较不同方法在解释群体遗传结构特征上合理性。结果:中心化(或均值化)协方差阵的主成分不仅反映了基因变异程度的“方差信息量权”,而且反映了基因间相互影响程度的“相关信息量权”;标准化相关阵的主成分反映的仅是“相关信息量权”,不包括“方差信息量权”。通过比较中国26个汉族人群HLA-A基因座中心化协方差阵和标准化相关阵2种主成分分析结果,证实中心化协方差阵主成分分析方法在特征根与特征向量、保留主成分的个数和对主成分的群体遗传学解释的合理性等方面均优于标准化相关阵主成分分析方法。结论:在对群体遗传结构进行主成分分析时,应使用中心化(或均值化)变换消除基因频率矩阵中量级的影响,然后在用其协方差阵提取主成分。     

应用植物形态学和AFLP分子标记鉴别陕西漆树品种

应用植物形态学和AFLP分子标记,对陕西8个漆树栽培品种和6个野生居群进行了鉴别.结果表明:从26个形态性状中筛选出3个主成分,其中:第1主成分指标7个(第5小叶长/宽、花瓣长、花瓣宽、花丝长、花丝直径、花药长和宽)贡献率为30.383%;第2主成分指标5个(小叶数、复叶长、复叶柄长、第5小叶叶柄长、顶端小叶叶柄长)贡献率为19.321%;第3主成分指标2个(第5小叶顶角角度、顶端小叶顶角角度)贡献率为13.777%.筛选的8对AFLP引物组合,均可将漆树14个样品完全区分开.植物形态学和AFLP分子标记相结合,不仅可用于漆树不同品种及野生居群间的鉴别,而且可反映其相互间的亲缘关系.     

企鹅珍珠贝养殖群体与涠洲岛野生群体的微卫星分析和形态分析

本研究应用19对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)微卫星引物,分析企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria penguin)涠洲岛野生群体和养殖群体的遗传多样性。结果显示,19个微卫星位点在野生和养殖群体中的平均等位基因数(Na)分别为4.0和3.0,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为3.255 5和2.803 5,群体平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.548 5,说明企鹅珍珠贝群体的多态性水平较高。野生群体的平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.679 8,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.674 9,平均Shannon's多样性信息指数(I*)为1.197 9;养殖群体的Ho、He和I*则分别为0.554 8、0.551 1和0.900 1,说明涠洲岛野生群体的遗传多样性要高于养殖群体。各座位平均遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.038 9,平均基因流(Nm)为6.177 5,说明涠洲岛野生群体和养殖群体间基因交流较频繁,群体遗传分化很小。采用通径分析法探讨涠洲岛野生和养殖群体的壳长、腹缘壳高和垂直壳高对壳宽的决定效应,以探索形态性状与分子标记的关联。结果显示野生群体壳长对壳宽的直接影响最大,养殖群体垂直壳高对壳宽性状的直接作用最大。将三个指标与腹缘壳高的比值进行比较,以消除两个群体年龄差异造成的误差,结果显示涠洲岛野生群体的壳长/腹缘壳高值(0.701 6)明显低于养殖群体(1.077 9),可作为SSR分子标记的有力补充用于快速鉴别企鹅珍珠贝野生群体和养殖群体。     

Wildlife habitat analysis – a multidimensional habitat management model

In intensively cultivated landscapes, the effects of land use – changing habitat quality and habitat availability - on wildlife populations are of major importance for wildlife management. Populations of some species reach high densities, grow rapidly, and can therefore cause damage to tree regeneration in forests; chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) is an example. Other species, like capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), suffer from substantial habitat loss resulting in a population decline. Consequently, the number of individuals and the quality of habitat are of crucial relevance for the development of wildlife management concepts. It is critical to know, which areas provide suitable habitat conditions for a species, and what quantity and quality of habitat is required to achieve a certain population size.

In order to evaluate habitat quality and to link wildlife research to practical habitat management, an integrated habitat management model has been designed. The model is based on a multi-dimensional habitat analysis which employs different methodological levels, which were defined according to different spatial scales. On a country scale (level 1), the wildlife ecological landscape type (WELT) is introduced. For this study the federal state of Baden-Wuerttemberg is divided into units which represent distinct regions with similar landscape ecological habitat conditions for wildlife species. On an eco-regional scale (level 2), the landscape ecological habitat potential (LEHP) was developed. It is based on the evaluation of species-related landscape parameters within an exemplary eco-region and provides information about the potential habitat available to a population. On two local scales (level 3: forest district, level 4: forest stand), a habitat structure analysis was conducted, which serves as a foundation for habitat improvement and the monitoring of habitat conditions. The three methodological elements WELT, LEHP and habitat structure analysis were integrated into a habitat management model. The model uses chamois and capercaillie as examples, but can be equally applied to other species and wildlife management regimes.     

Exploring the effects of spatial autocorrelation when identifying key drivers of wildlife crop‐raiding

Few universal trends in spatial patterns of wildlife crop‐raiding have been found. Variations in wildlife ecology and movements, and human spatial use have been identified as causes of this apparent unpredictability. However, varying spatial patterns of spatial autocorrelation (SA) in human–wildlife conflict (HWC) data could also contribute. We explicitly explore the effects of SA on wildlife crop‐raiding data in order to facilitate the design of future HWC studies. We conducted a comparative survey of raided and nonraided fields to determine key drivers of crop‐raiding. Data were subsampled at different spatial scales to select independent raiding data points. The model derived from all data was fitted to subsample data sets. Model parameters from these models were compared to determine the effect of SA. Most methods used to account for SA in data attempt to correct for the change in P‐values; yet, by subsampling data at broader spatial scales, we identified changes in regression estimates. We consequently advocate reporting both model parameters across a range of spatial scales to help biological interpretation. Patterns of SA vary spatially in our crop‐raiding data. Spatial distribution of fields should therefore be considered when choosing the spatial scale for analyses of HWC studies. Robust key drivers of elephant crop‐raiding included raiding history of a field and distance of field to a main elephant pathway. Understanding spatial patterns and determining reliable socio‐ecological drivers of wildlife crop‐raiding is paramount for designing mitigation and land‐use planning strategies to reduce HWC. Spatial patterns of HWC are complex, determined by multiple factors acting at more than one scale; therefore, studies need to be designed with an understanding of the effects of SA. Our methods are accessible to a variety of practitioners to assess the effects of SA, thereby improving the reliability of conservation management actions.     

Design and Implementation of Monitoring Studies to Evaluate the Success of Ecological Restoration on Wildlife

Restoration projects are often developed with little consideration for understanding their effects on wildlife. We contend, however, that monitoring treatment effects on wildlife should be an integral component of the design and execution of any management activity, including restoration. Thus, we provide a conceptual framework for the design and implementation of monitoring studies to understand the effects of restoration on wildlife. Our underlying premise is that effective monitoring hinges on an appropriate study design for unbiased and precise estimates of the response variables. We advocate using measures of population dynamics for response variables given that they provide the most direct measures of wildlife status and trends. The species to be monitored should be those constituting an assemblage of umbrella species that represent the range of spatial and functional requirements of wildlife in a restored ecological system. Selection of umbrella species should be based on strong empirical evidence that justifies their usage. We also advocate that monitoring be designed as true experiments or quasi‐experiments rather than as observational studies to allow for stronger inferences regarding the effects of restoration on wildlife. Our primary message is that if monitoring is to be done, it must be scientifically based.     

新冠肺炎时期公众对野生动物消费和贸易意愿的调查

新冠肺炎疫情的暴发, 使得对野生动物的消费与贸易中的公共健康安全问题引起广泛关注。为了给相关的立法和政策制定提供参考, 我们通过网络对于全国及部分海外华人发放问卷进行了调查, 共收回74,040份有效问卷。根据问卷调查结果, 本文对普通公众对于野生动物消费和贸易立法意愿及影响因素进行了分析。研究结果包括: (1)公众对全面取缔野味餐馆和集市、禁止消费野味、禁止野生动物及其制品的买卖以及禁止野生动物商业性活体展演的立法动议持赞成态度的比例均超过90%; (2)现有野生动物消费群体经历新冠肺炎疫情后倾向于停止消费行为; (3)曾经消费野生动物或周围有人从事野生动物相关产业的群体相比其他人群更有可能不支持全面禁止对野生动物的消费和贸易。结果表明, 全国人民代表大会常务委员会禁食野生动物的决定和修改野生动物保护法的动议在受高等教育者和城镇居民中有良好的公众基础。     

Wildlife value orientations and demographics in The Netherlands

This article identified the Dutch publics’ value orientations toward wildlife and examined differences in value orientations among four demographic characteristics: age, sex, current residence, and education. The two wildlife value orientations—domination and mutualism—were based on prior theorizing and research in the USA. People with a domination value orientation believe wildlife should be managed for human benefit and are more likely to prioritize human well-being over wildlife in their attitudes and behaviors. Individuals with a mutualism orientation view wildlife as part of an extended family, deserving of rights and care. Data were obtained from a mailed survey (n = 353) sent to randomly selected individuals in the Dutch population. K-means cluster analysis was used to segment respondents into three groups based on their responses to the 19 items used to measure their wildlife value orientations. As predicted by the literature, those with a domination wildlife value orientation were statistically older (M = 55.2) than mutualism oriented individuals (M = 51.5). Females (61%) and those living in an urban area (48%) tended to be more mutualism-oriented. There were no significant differences among the clusters in education level. Overall, this article provides information about wildlife value orientations and public demographic characteristics that can help wildlife managers to (1) understand the diversity of value orientations that exist and (2) gauge support for or opposition to management policies.     

Fear of humans as apex predators has landscape‐scale impacts from mountain lions to mice

Apex predators such as large carnivores can have cascading, landscape‐scale impacts across wildlife communities, which could result largely from the fear they inspire, although this has yet to be experimentally demonstrated. Humans have supplanted large carnivores as apex predators in many systems, and similarly pervasive impacts may now result from fear of the human ‘super predator’. We conducted a landscape‐scale playback experiment demonstrating that the sound of humans speaking generates a landscape of fear with pervasive effects across wildlife communities. Large carnivores avoided human voices and moved more cautiously when hearing humans, while medium‐sized carnivores became more elusive and reduced foraging. Small mammals evidently benefited, increasing habitat use and foraging. Thus, just the sound of a predator can have landscape‐scale effects at multiple trophic levels. Our results indicate that many of the globally observed impacts on wildlife attributed to anthropogenic activity may be explained by fear of humans.     

秦岭中段野生动物多样性的红外相机监测数据库平台介绍

秦岭地处我国中西部, 生物地理位置重要, 拥有丰富的生物多样性, 有大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)、秦岭羚牛(Budorcas bedfordi)、金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)和朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)等4个秦岭森林旗舰物种, 被称为“秦岭四宝”。利用红外相机技术开展秦岭野生动物的非损伤性监测不仅可以为秦岭山系提供物种名录信息, 还可以为了解秦岭野生动物的行为和活动格局提供科学数据。清华大学环境学院生态团队自2009-2020年在秦岭中段南坡先后实施了7个项目, 对秦岭南坡的4个保护区进行了野生动物监测, 面积达1,113 km ²(26.5 km × 42 km), 红外相机位点数267个, 相机日数152,160天, 共获取红外相机照片855,260张。共鉴定出27种野生兽类和63种野生鸟类, 并应用这些照片数据开展了信息挖掘工作, 对野生动物行为、稀有物种、与生境的关系, 以及人为活动对野生动物的影响等领域进行了研究, 已取得部分成果。在此基础上建立了“秦岭中段野生动物多样性的红外相机监测数据库平台”, 供团队内部及合作者使用。通过10年的监测, 我们提出未来研究建议: (1)对于非常偶见的物种, 还需要更长的时间并在更多样化的生境布设相机, 以获取更多影像数据评估其现状; (2)数据库需要在更大程度和深度上进行信息挖掘, 尤其在种间关系、物种-生境关系、种群动态等方面; (3)对典型大种群数量的物种(如秦岭羚牛和野猪Sus scrofa)及食物链顶端大型捕食动物(如金钱豹Panthera pardus)进行种群动态研究, 为整个秦岭生态系统的健康持续提供科学支撑; (4)利用数据库的数据及今后红外相机监测数据进行野生动物疾病的发生发展监测研究。     

基于熵值法的我国野生动物资源可持续发展研究

在构建我国野生动物资源可持续发展指标体系、采用熵值法确定各指标权重的基础上,研究了野生动物及栖息地的保护与资源经济协调发展情况,分析了野生动物资源可持续发展的总体运行趋势.结果表明:(1) 2001-2009年,我国野生动物及栖息地保护综合指数、资源经济综合指数和社会进步综合指数总体呈上升趋势.(2)2001-2005年、2007-2009年,野生动物及栖息地保护与资源经济的协调发展度值在0.14-0.35之间,整体协调发展水平较低,属于失调衰退类;2006年的协调发展度值为0.45,处于保护与利用协调发展的过渡阶段.(3)野生动物资源可持续发展水平呈上升趋势,但总体水平不高,2001-2005年的可持续发展综合指数在0.15-0.31之间,属于传统较落后的发展阶段,2007、2008年的可持续发展综合指数分别为0.45和0.47,属于传统较落后的发展阶段;2006年、2009年的可持续发展综合指数分别为0.55和0.56,实现了由传统发展向可持续发展的过渡.     

Validation of a landscape‐scale planning tool for cavity‐dependent wildlife

Tree cavities provide important habitat for wildlife. Effective landscape‐scale management of cavity‐dependent wildlife requires an understanding of where cavities occur, but tree cavities can be cryptic and difficult to survey. We assessed whether a landscape‐scale map of mature forest habitat availability, derived from aerial photographs, reflected the relative availability of mature trees and tree cavities. We assessed cavities for their suitability for use by wildlife, and whether the map reflected the availability of such cavities. There were significant differences between map categories in several characteristics of mature trees that can be used to predict cavity abundance (i.e. tree form and diameter at breast height). There were significant differences between map categories in the number of potential cavity bearing trees and potential cavities per tree. However, the index of cavity abundance based on observations made from the ground provided an overestimate of true cavity availability. By climbing a sample of mature trees we showed that only 5.1% of potential tree cavities detected from the ground were suitable for wildlife, and these were found in only 12.5% of the trees sampled. We conclude that management tools developed from remotely sensed data can be useful to guide decision‐making in the conservation management of tree cavities but stress that the errors inherent in these data limit the scale at which such tools can be applied. The rarity of tree cavities suitable for wildlife in our study highlights the need to conserve the tree cavity resource across the landscape, but also the importance of increasing the accuracy of management tools for decision‐making at different scales. Mapping mature forest habitat availability at the landscape scale is a useful first step in managing habitat for cavity‐dependent wildlife, but the potential for overestimating actual cavity abundance in a particular area highlights the need for complementary on‐ground surveys.     

Understanding risk perceptions to enhance communication about human-wildlife interactions and the impacts of zoonotic disease

Inclusion of wildlife in the concept of One Health is important for two primary reasons: (1) the physical health of humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife is linked inextricably through shared diseases, and (2) humans' emotional well-being can be affected by their perceptions of animal health. Although an explicit premise of the One Health Initiative is that healthy wildlife contribute to human health, and vice versa, the initiative also suggests implicitly that wildlife may pose threats to human health through zoonotic disease transmission. As people learn more about One Health, an important question surfaces: How will they react to communications carrying the message that human health and wildlife health are linked? In the absence of adequate relevant research data, we recommend caution in the production and dissemination of One Health messages because of possible unintended or collateral effects. Understanding how and why individuals perceive risks related to wildlife diseases is essential for determining message content that promotes public support for healthy wildlife populations, on the one hand, and, on the other, for identifying messages that might inadvertently increase concern about human health effects of diseased wildlife. To that end, we review risk perception research and summarize the few empirical studies that exist on perceived risk associated with zoonoses. We conclude with some research questions that need answering to help One Health practitioners better understand how the public will interpret their messages and thus how to communicate positively and without negative collateral consequences for wildlife conservation.