Developing a pig model for crypt fenestration‐induced localized hypoplastic enamel defects in humans

Hypoplastic pits on human deciduous canine teeth are attributed to nutritionally induced thinning of the crypt wall prior to eruption, exposing ameloblasts to unspecified physical trauma through the fenestration. Traditionally known as localized hypoplasia of the primary canine (LHPC), this little‐understood condition is reported in fields ranging from public health to bioarchaeology. We propose the defect be termed a ‘crypt fenestration hypoplastic enamel defect’ (CFED) to reflect that an analogous lesion is created postnatally on maxillary molars of pigs. Pigs are accepted as a suitable proxy for many studies in human biology. We compare fenestration defects and CFEDs between 50 Sick Pen pigs, who died naturally, and 20 Controls. Observations were made of the presence, number and size of fenestrations in molar crypts. CFEDs were counted on erupted deciduous last molars and permanent first molars. Signs of being underweight and cranio‐dental infection at death were recorded. Sick pen pigs show significantly more fenestrations at death and CFEDs acquired before death. These conditions co‐occur with infection and poor growth. The deep fibers of temporalis muscle lie adjacent to the crypt wall of maxillary molars. We propose that contraction of this muscle during suckling and chewing creates large compressive forces against fenestrated bony surfaces sufficient to have physiological consequences for physically unprotected ameloblasts. While we conclude that a pig model is appropriate to study fenestration‐induced enamel defects, this naturalistic experiment leaves unresolved whether osteopenia in pigs, and by extension in human infants, is due to disease and/or malnutrition. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:239–250, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

城市森林公园景观环保型林相改造模式比较及评价——以老山国家森林公园为例

以实现景观和环保2项功能为主要目标,对老山国家森林公园的4类群落林相进行改造,分别将马尾松(Pinus massoniana)纯林群落(A1)、朴树(Celtis sinensis)纯林群落(B1)、水杉-侧柏(Metasequoia glyptostroboides-Platycladus orientalis)针叶混交林群落(C1)和以落叶树为主的麻栎-朴树(Quercus acutissima-Celtis sinensis)阔叶混交林群落(D1)改造成马尾松-锦绣杜鹃(P.massoniana-Rhododendron pulchrum)群落(A2)、朴树-乌桕-桂花-枸骨-红叶石楠-绵枣儿(C.sinensis-Sapium sebiferum-Osmanthus fragrans-Ilex cornuta-Photinia×fraseri‘Red Robin’-Scilla scilloides)混交林群落(B2)、水杉-侧柏-枫香树-构树-棕榈-阔叶山麦冬(M.glyptostroboides-P.orientalis-Liquidambar formosana-Broussonetia papyrifera-Trachycarpus fortunei-Liriope platyphylla)针阔叶混交林群落(C2)和以常绿树为主的麻栎-朴树-香樟-女贞-桂花-凤尾丝兰-海桐-阔叶山麦冬-络石(Q.acutissima-C.sinensis-Cinnamomum camphora-Ligustrum lucidum-Osmanthus fragran-Yucca gloriosa-Pittosporum tobira-Liriope platyphylla-Trachelospermum jasminoides)阔叶混交林群落(D2)。应用层次分析法(AHP),从群落结构和群落效益2方面,选取郁闭度、物种丰富度、构景层次、树冠水平投影重叠面积、常绿落叶比、吸收有害气体能力、滞尘与杀菌能力、季相变化、景观优美度和游憩资源10项评价指标,根据各指标的权重和赋值建立了城市森林公园景观环保型林相改造模式的评价体系。评价结果显示:改造后的群落林相各项指标得分值及综合评分值均高于改造前的群落,特别是群落D2的构景层次、季相变化与景观优美度最佳,对环境的净化功能最强,实现了景观与环境保护的有机结合。结果表明:城市森林公园景观环保型群落模式改造既要考虑植物自身的生理生态特征,也要注重植物的个体美与群体美等因素。