Childhood predictors of late‐life diabetes: The case of Mexico

Abstract

We investigated the interplay between characteristics of early childhood circumstances and current socioeconomic conditions and health, focusing specifically on diabetes in mid and late life in Mexico. The analysis used data from the 2001 Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS), a large nationally representative study of Mexicans born before 1950. We analyzed the extent to which childhood conditions, such as exposure to infectious diseases, a poor socioeconomic environment, and parental education, affect the risk of diabetes in later life. Our results indicate that individuals age 50 and older who experienced serious health problems before age 10 have a higher risk of having late‐life diabetes. There is a significant inverse relationship between maternal education and diabetes in late life of adult offspring. Individuals with better educated mothers have a lower risk of being diabetic after age 50. This relationship remains after controlling for other childhood and adult risk factors.     

Pet Ownership,Other Domestic Relationships,and Satisfaction with Life among Seniors: Results from a Canadian National Survey

ABSTRACT

Given unprecedented aging in the global population along with the physical and psychological challenges associated with aging, it is important to identify ways to protect and promote quality of life for seniors. Previous research has suggested that pet ownership may confer a variety of health and social benefits among seniors. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether pet ownership was associated with satisfaction with life among Canadian seniors. Quantitative data were obtained from the Canadian Community Health Survey—Healthy Aging, a nationally representative survey of Canadians ≥ 45 years of age conducted between December 2008 and November 2009. Analyses were restricted to a subsample of 11,973 individuals ≥ 65 years of age, and multiple logistic regression was used to model the relationship between pet ownership and satisfaction with life while controlling for sociodemographic factors. The final model was stratified to detect interaction. Pet ownership was negatively correlated with satisfaction with life in the sample as a whole (AOR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.72–0.87) and among those who were married, in common-law relationships, and/or lived with others, while no association was found among those who were widowed, single, or living alone. Among those who were both divorced and living alone, pet ownership demonstrated the potential for being associated with greater satisfaction with life (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.89–1.73). Overall, this analysis showed that the relationship between seniors and their pets is complex. Whether pet ownership correlates with satisfaction with life appears to depend on the presence and nature of other domestic relationships.     

杭州市主城区居住生态环境评价

随着社会经济的快速发展和工业化、城市化的快速推进,城市生态环境日益恶化,城市生活诉求逐渐转向对居住生态环境的关注。对居住生态环境进行评价,有助于为城市发展规划、环境规划,以及城市房地产的区域开发模式和开发方向提供科学依据。采用主成分分析方法,定量研究了杭州市主城区居住生态环境质量及其空间格局。结果表明:杭州市主城区居住生态环境质量基本呈从风景旅游区向城市中心区和北部工业区递减的梯度结构;植被、交通、地表温度、人口密度和空气质量是影响居住生态环境的关键因素,决定了杭州市主城区居住生态环境的总体格局,而工业密度和水体覆盖率对少数区域的居住生态环境有着重要影响。良好的居住生态环境是未来杭州市不断增强城市竞争力的重要资本,应根据不同城市区域居住生态环境限制因素的特点,因地制宜地采取相应措施,加大居住生态环境脆弱区的保护和建设。     

中老年黄斑变性患者跌倒风险与视力的关系及对生存质量的影响

摘要 目的：分析中老年黄斑变性患者跌倒风险与视力的关系及其影响因素,并分析其对生存质量的影响。方法：研究对象为我院2018年1月~2020年12月期间收治的中老年黄斑变性患者95例,采用修订版社区老年人跌倒危险评估工具（MFROP-COM）评估患者跌倒风险。采用世界卫生组织生存质量量表（WHOQOL-BREAF）评价患者的生存质量。采用本院自制的调查问卷获取患者的临床资料。中老年黄斑变性患者跌倒风险的影响因素采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果：本次研究共发放调查问卷95份,回收有效问卷95份,回收率100.00%。其中存在跌倒风险的患者38例（40.00%）。无跌倒风险的患者视力、生存质量各领域评分均优于有跌倒风险的患者（P<0.05）。单因素分析显示：中老年黄斑变性患者跌倒风险与视力、文化程度、年龄、家中安全行走、婚姻状况、居住方式、日常生活能力、居家环境安全、足部疾病、社区安全行走有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：日常生活能力、视力、家中安全行走、足部疾病、社区安全行走、居家环境安全是中老年黄斑变性患者跌倒风险的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论：中老年黄斑变性患者存在跌倒风险的人数占比较高,且跌倒风险受多种因素影响,有跌倒风险的患者生存质量更低,因此临床需积极评估并帮助此类患者建立科学防跌倒生活行为,对改善中老年黄斑变性患者生存质量具有重要意义。     

北京城市土地复合生态服务功效演变特征

城市的发展依赖于土地复合生态系统提供各项的生态服务功能,其产出是生态服务功效,可分为正向和负向的服务功效。快速的城市化导致的土地利用变化影响了土地的生态服务功效。在GIS平台的支持下,基于遥感影像和城市社会经济发展数据,以特大城市北京为案例城市,建立了基于正向和负向生态功效的空间指标体系,采用划分单元空间网格评价方法,评估了上一版城市总体规划实施以来土地复合生态服务功效的变化特征。研究表明由于城市化的快速发展影响了土地的复合生态功效,2003—2011年城市土地复合生态功效评价结果显示,土地的生态服务负功效在增长,而正功效在不断减少,2003年土地正负服务功效空间分别为57.7%和42.3%,2011年则分别为51.3%和48.7%。2003年的生态服务负功效空间以中心城为核心,成放射状向新城辐射;而2011年生态服务负功效空间以中心城为核心向外呈饼状蔓延;外延式的城市发展空间发展模式是导致负功效增长的主要因素。为建设良好的城市生态环境,需要在未来的城市规划和管理中,重视非建设用地的生态功能管理,引导外部生态空间渗入城市,强化土地生态服务功能;同时优化城乡结合部的用地结构,保育郊区的生态环境。     

露天矿区景观生态风险空间分异

以露天矿区为研究对象,评价矿区景观生态风险,并采用ESDA方法定量研究矿区生态风险空间分异特征.结果表明,矿区景观生态风险空间分布以高风险区域为核心,由高到低呈环形包围特征.其中,高风险主要分布在矿业生产及城市生活区域,以土地破坏、压占及城市建设为主要风险来源;中等风险主要分布于自然、半自然功能区,以城市生活与农业生产为主要风险来源;低风险区域以林地、荒草地等植被覆盖区域为主,但大面积植被退化、水土流失导致该区域生态基底较差、环境脆弱,加之露天煤矿作业频繁,整体生态环境质量堪忧.同时,不同功能区的风险高低排序(人工区＞半自然区＞自然区)特征符合常规的区域生态风险等级差异规律.此外,基于ESDA分析矿区景观生态风险,其空间自相关性高达0.7521,风险的空间集聚效应明显;而对比矿区景观生态风险的空间分异特征发现,景观干扰度是高、低风险区域的主要驱动因子;而景观脆弱度则是中等风险区域的驱动因子;基于以上研究结果可对矿区环境管理和风险决策提供一定的数据支撑和理论依据.     

环杭州湾城市群生态环境与社会经济耦合协调关系及其影响因素

生态环境与社会经济之间的耦合协调关系是可持续发展关注的一个重点和热点。以环杭州湾城市群为研究对象,构建环杭州湾城市群生态环境与社会经济耦合协调度综合评价指标体系,借助ArcGIS软件,采用耦合协调度模型和Pearson相关分析,分析环杭州湾城市群在2000—2019年间生态环境、社会经济发展指数与耦合协调度的演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明：(1)2000—2019年间环杭州湾城市群的社会经济指数呈稳定上升趋势,生态环境指数呈先上下波动后逐年上升的变化趋势;(2)2000—2014年间环杭州湾城市群社会经济的发展速度大于生态环境的发展速度,2015—2019年间生态环境的发展速度大于社会经济发展速度;(3)2000—2019年,环杭州湾城市群生态环境和社会经济之间的耦合协调度从良好协调过度到了完美协调,其中,2000年上海和杭州的耦合协调度小于其它城市,2019年苏州是杭州湾城市群中唯一没有达到完美协调的城市;(4)人口密度、空气质量、工业废水排放量、工业固体废弃物是环杭州湾城市群生态环境与社会经济耦合协调度提高的主要阻碍因素。     

转型中工业城市的公园绿地社会公平性研究——以东莞市东城街道为例

作为城市重要的生态空间,公园绿地为城市提供环境基础及景观保障,其资源的合理分配是社会公平的重要体现。提出公园绿地社会公平性新的内涵,即无论个体所处的人居环境条件如何,其获得的城市公园绿地质量应该平等。工业城市向服务型、创新型城市的转变是中国城镇发展的典型趋势,研究其公园绿地的社会公平性为城市更新改造与公共资源分配提供重要的科学依据。以东莞市东城街道为例,构建社会-经济-自然复合人居指标体系与公园质量评价体系,基于可达性模型与Pearson相关性系数对公平性进行测度。结果表明：由于区域更新强度及顺序不同,研究区的绿地布局存在不公平现象,居民享受的公园质量与小区的自然、经济要素具有一定的关联。转型中的工业城市高质量公园聚集于风景资源优越的高端居住区,其他公园质量普遍不佳。工业园区以及旧城区为公园服务盲区的主要聚集地。     

禁牧政策背景下宁夏盐池县农民生活满意度影响因素

为了改善北方农牧交错区退化的草原,国家从21世纪初开始实施了禁牧政策,政策实施以后,北方农牧交错区农民的生产生活都受到很大的影响。对该地区农民主观幸福感的影响因素进行研究,尤其是研究收入和禁牧政策的感知对主观幸福感的影响,可以为后续政策实施和改善提供理论支持,并为营造幸福生活、建立幸福乡村提供更多依据。基于此本文以典型北方农牧交错区宁夏自治区盐池县为例,通过调查问卷数据,采用OLS回归模型和分位数回归模型分析了农民生活满意度的影响因素。结果表明：（1）自评价的相对收入、自评价的收支状况、禁牧政策满意度、禁牧政策对收入的影响、参加社会活动的频率和环境满意度对生活满意度有显著的正向影响。（2）自评价的相对收入、自评价的收支状况和禁牧政策满意度的正向影响随农民生活满意度分位点的提高而降低,而禁牧政策的收入影响只对中分位点农民的生活满意度起到显著的正向影响。参加活动的频率对低生活满意度分位点农民的正向影响不显著,而环境满意度只在高分位点对农民的生活满意度有显著的正向影响。（3）较高的生活满意度可以使农村居民更支持和愿意参与到生态政策中去。所以,有必要继续完善现有生态补偿政策,在继续保护和改善北方农牧交错区生态环境的同时,提高北方农牧交错区农村居民的主观幸福感,促进社会的可持续发展。     

Relationship between Air Pollutants and Economic Development of the Provincial Capital Cities in China during the Past Decade

With the economic development of China, air pollutants are also growing rapidly in recent decades, especially in big cities of the country. To understand the relationship between economic condition and air pollutants in big cities, we analysed the socioeconomic indictorssuch as Gross Regional Product per capita (GRP per capita), the concentration of air pollutants (PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂₎ and the air pollution index (API) from 2003 to 2012 in 31 provincial capitals of mainland China. The three main industries had a quadratic correlation with NO₂, but a negative relationship with PM₁₀ and SO₂. The concentration of air pollutants per ten thousand yuan decreased with the multiplying of GRP in the provinical cities. The concentration of air pollutants and API in the provincial capital cities showed a declining trend or inverted-U trend with the rise of GRP per capita, which provided a strong evidence for the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), that the environmental quality first declines, then improves, with the income growth. The results of this research improved our understanding of the alteration of atmospheric quality with the increase of social economy and demonstrated the feasibility of sustainable development for China.     

我国典型城市空气质量演变及其调控——以深圳市2000—2017年为例

目前国内外许多城市面临严重的空气污染问题,严重制约城市发展、影响人体健康。同时,部分城市(如深圳)空气质量已经达到并保持在良好的水平。探究这些城市空气质量演变过程及其调控,可为我国大量仍面临严重空气污染问题的城市提供参考和借鉴。以深圳市为案例,利用环境质量公报数据和统计年鉴数据,通过分析多个社会经济因子与典型污染物的相关关系,探究其空气质量演变特征与调控经验。结果表明,深圳市各类型空气污染物与城市社会经济发展均符合EKC模型假说,但不同污染物所处阶段不同。颗粒物、SO2和NO2均处于下降阶段,而O3目前处于高水平平稳阶段。总结深圳市空气质量改善历程及调控措施,发现主要有两大方面:宏观上严格把控;微观上精准治理。宏观上,重点放在产业结构和能源结构的快速调整上,对于空气质量的改善起到了非常明显的作用。而在微观精细化的管理上,对于空气污染的治理政策要具有持续性、精准性和及时性。当下,针对首要的O3污染问题,深圳市应重点关注城市人为排放VOCs和植物释放VOCs对O3生成的影响,以及城市热环境对O3浓度的影响。     

烟台生态城市建设指标体系构建与评价

城市化进程导致的生态环境问题严重制约了城市的发展.建设生态城市是实现可持续发展的重要举措.该研究运用PSR模型建立烟台生态市建设的指标体系框架,在国家生态市建设指标的基础上针对沿海城市生态建设的特征构建了烟台生态市建设的指标体系,并运用全排列多边形图示指标法对烟台市进行了生态城市综合发展能力的趋势分析.结果表明,从2005年到2010年综合发展能力从一般到较好;根据《烟台生态市建设规划》的方案,预测到2020年综合发展能力将从2010年的较好发展到良好.此研究提出了具有针对性的管理措施.研究为烟台生态市建设提供了科学依据,对沿海生态城市评价指标体系的完善作了有益补充.     

环境因素对中国城市青少年体表面积发育的影响

用Stevenson和Du Bois公式计算30个省市城市7~18岁男女青少年的体表面积均值,并对其进行因子分析求得发育分。采用发育分与自然因素和社会经济因素进行相关分析和多元逐步回归分析,研究环境因素对中国城市青少年体表面积发育的综合影响。结果显示,中国城市青少年体表面积发育存在地域差异,男女青少年体表面积发育分排在前5位的均位于环渤海地区;发育分与地球经度、地球纬度、年日照时数、气温年较差、人均GDP、人均可支配收入以及每千人中卫生技术人员数呈显著性正相关,与海拔、年降水量、年均相对湿度、恩格尔系数、人口出生率、人口增长率以及儿童负担率呈显著性负相关;影响中国城市青少年体表面积发育的关键因素为海拔、年均相对湿度、恩格尔系数和儿童负担率。青少年体表面积发育在环境因素方面是受自然环境因素与社会经济生活两者之间共同相互作用的结果。     

城市群空气污染综合评估范式与应用——以京津冀城市群PM2.5污染为例

城市群已成为中国城市发展的主要形式,城市化发展引发的一系列环境污染问题成为目前的研究重点之一,尤其是近年来明显的空气污染问题。由于传统的针对某一城市地区进行细致研究,难以解决在城市聚集的城市群下形成的区域性空气污染来源和影响机制等问题,使区域性空气污染造成的负面效应难以评估。通过构建综合评估模型范式,并运用空间分析,对京津冀168个区县2000年,2005年,2010年,2015年PM_2.5人口暴露风险、人类活动对PM_2.5的贡献、以及5种土地利用类型的"源汇"特征进行了实证研究。结果发现:(1)2000—2015年,京津冀城市群的人口暴露风险、空气污染分布、综合评估结果总体呈现北低南高的现象。(2)2000—2015年,各县域的人口暴露风险和空气污染的程度、范围呈上升趋势。不同的土地利用类型具有不同的源汇特征,且对污染的贡献不同。本研究通过综合评估模型范式对城市群或区域城市发展与空气质量的权衡关系模式开展量化解析,为城市的可持续发展提供了科学的范式和初步的实证示范。     

京津唐城市生态系统能值比较

运用能值(emergy)分析方法,以京津冀地区的北京、天津、唐山为研究对象,建立了复合生态系统与可持续发展的能值指标,对3个城市1991～2005年自然环境与社会经济可持续发展状况进行了比较分析.研究结果表明:1991～2005年期间,由于北京、天津的本地资源能值对经济发展的驱动力不足,城市发展对外部输入能值的依赖程度越来越高;北京、天津、唐山社会子系统的能值指标均呈上升趋势,城市居民生活水平和经济发展水平不断提高;北京经济子系统的各项指标均优于天津和唐山,但环境子系统和能值可持续指标体现出,北京的环境压力最大、可持续发展能力低于天津和唐山.在此分析基础上,对北京、天津、唐山的可持续发展提出了几点建议,为制定城市发展策略和产业调整提供科学依据.     

辽宁省重化工业地区公众的环境意识调查与评价

公众环境意识对国家环境保护政策的制定与实施具有重要影响.辽宁省中部重化工业区公众环境意识水平的调查对象为5个城市的居民、决策者、教师、学生、企业职工与农民,主要调查内容包括公众对环境质量变化的评价、对所居住社区环境的满意程度、公众关注的环境问题、环境污染类型、环境污染和生态破坏的原因、造成地区环境质量差异的原因、对环境保护的认知程度及国家未来的发展目标等.调查表明,78.7%的公众认为环境质量同5年前相比明显好转;但65.3%的公众认为居住社区环境一般,公众对于环保经费的使用排序为垃圾处理＞植树造林＞建污水处理厂＞改善空气质量.总体来看,多数公众缺乏必要的环境保护知识,对水体、食品污染的严重性普遍认识不足;居民环保意识差对环境质量改善具有明显制约作用;公众对环境意识宣传具有很强要求.本调查结果可为研究辽宁地区的环境保护、生态建设、经济可持续发展和政府部门制定各种环保政策法规提供依据.     

Increasingly expanded future risk of dengue fever in the Pearl River Delta,China

BackgroundIn recent years, frequent outbreaks of dengue fever (DF) have become an increasingly serious public health issue in China, especially in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) with fast socioeconomic developments. Previous studies mainly focused on the historic DF epidemics, their influencing factors, and the prediction of DF risks. However, the future risks of this disease under both different socioeconomic development and representative concentration pathways (RCPs) scenarios remain little understood.Methodology and principal findingsIn this study, a spatial dataset of gross domestic product (GDP), population density, and land use and land coverage (LULC) in 2050 and 2070 was obtained by simulation based on the different shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), and the future climatic data derived from the RCP scenarios were integrated into the Maxent models for predicting the future DF risk in the PRD region. Among all the variables included in this study, socioeconomics factors made the dominant contribution (83% or so) during simulating the current spatial distribution of the DF epidemics in the PRD region. Moreover, the spatial distribution of future DF risk identified by the climatic and socioeconomic (C&S) variables models was more detailed than that of the climatic variables models. Along with global warming and socioeconomic development, the zones with DF high and moderate risk will continue to increase, and the population at high and moderate risk will reach a maximum of 48.47 million (i.e., 63.78% of the whole PRD) under the RCP 4.5/SSP2 in 2070.ConclusionsThe increasing DF risk may be an inevitable public health threat in the PRD region with rapid socioeconomic developments and global warming in the future. Our results suggest that curbs in emissions and more sustainable socioeconomic growth targets offer hope for limiting the future impact of dengue, and effective prevention and control need to continue to be strengthened at the junction of Guangzhou-Foshan, north-central Zhongshan city, and central-western Dongguan city. Our study provides useful clues for relevant hygienic authorities making targeted adapting strategies for this disease.     

Musculoskeletal Pain as a Marker of Health Quality. Findings from the Epidemiological Sleep Study among the Adult Population of S?o Paulo City

BackgroundWe are witnessing the growth of urban populations, particularly in the developing world. São Paulo, the largest city in South America, continues to grow, and this growth is dramatically effecting the environment and human health. The aim of this study was to estimate the point prevalence of chronic pain in São Paulo city dwellers and to explore the influence of aspects related to urbanicity.MethodsA two-stage cluster randomized sample included 1100 individuals of the city of Sao Paulo, representing the population proportionally in terms of gender, age and social classes in 2007. For this observational cross-sectional study, the household sample was interviewed using validated questionnaires for sociodemographic aspects, the Beck inventories for anxiety and depression, the WHOQoL-REF for quality of life, the Chalder Fatigue Scale. Musculoskeletal pain was defined as diffuse pain or pain located in the back, joints or limbs. Data regarding sleep complaints and polysomnography were obtained from the Epidemiologic Sleep Study conducted in São Paulo city in 2007.ResultsThe prevalence estimate of chronic musculoskeletal pain was approximately 27%, with a female/male ratio of approximately 2.6/1. The predictors were being in the age-range of 30–39 years, low socioeconomic and schooling levels, obesity, sedentarism, fatigue, non-restorative sleep, daytime sleepiness, poor sleep quality, poor life quality, anxiety and depression symptoms. Psychological wellbeing was the main discriminator between responders with chronic musculoskeletal pain and the controls, followed by depression for the participants with poor psychological wellbeing, and fatigue, for the remaining ones. Insomnia syndrome was the third-level discriminator for those with fatigue, whereas sleep quality for those without fatigue.ConclusionsMusculoskeletal pain was frequently reported by São Paulo city dwellers and its correlates with psychological and sleep aspects are suggestive of a response to urbanicity.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00596713     

Factors Affecting the Job Satisfaction of U.S. Adult Endocrinologists: A Nationwide Survey

ObjectiveDespite the increased demand and worsening burnout among U.S. endocrinologists, there is a paucity of data on job satisfaction and associated factors. This study examines the factors associated with job satisfaction among a nationally representative sample of U.S. endocrinologists.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of 1700 U.S. adult endocrinologists on the Facebook group “Endocrinologists.” The survey was conducted over 4 weeks using an anonymous online questionnaire. The 45-question survey assessed job and salary satisfaction scores on a 5-point Likert scale along with multiple job-related variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify the factors affecting job satisfaction.ResultsOut of 1700, 654 adult endocrinologists (504 women and 139 men) completed the survey. The mean job satisfaction score was 3.72 ± 0.86, with 67.5% having high job satisfaction. Comparatively, 339 (52.1%) had high salary satisfaction. There was a statistically significant relationship between the job and salary satisfaction scores (P < .01). Factors significantly associated with the job satisfaction score (P < .05) included the practice region, gender, number of medical assistants per endocrinologist, self-performance of thyroid ultrasound, and number of patients in the hospital per week. Multivariate analysis showed that full-time employment, along with high salary satisfaction, seeing fewer new patients per day, performing thyroid ultrasounds, and fewer patients in the hospital were associated with the highest job satisfaction.ConclusionThis study found about one-third of endocrinologists to have lower job satisfaction and identified multiple modifiable factors associated with endocrinologists’ job satisfaction. Interventions focused on these potentially modifiable factors may improve job satisfaction among U.S. endocrinologists.     

Levels of formaldehyde in residential indoor air of Gonabad,Iran

Abstract

Human health has been identified to be affected more significantly by indoor air quality. Among numerous pollutants present in indoor air, formaldehyde (FA) is of great concern because of its highly hazardous nature. The concentrations of FA were determined from 20 newly decorated homes in the city of Gonabad, Iran during 2015. It was found that the indoor air levels of FA in all the sampled houses were exceptionally high in the range of 21 to 360 µg/m³ (mean of 149.3 µg/m³). If the 24-h average concentrations of FA measured from those sites were concerned, nearly 40% of them were seen to exceed the WHO guideline values (i.e., 100 µg/m³). One of the important reasons for the high concentrations could be low air exchange rates in those houses (e.g., from 0.18 to 0.37?h^?1), high levels of humidity in the newly decorating houses and stronger sources in the indoor environment. Furthermore, its pollution in homes with natural ventilation was seen to be much higher than those of mechanical ventilation. Due to high levels of indoor FA, more effective control procedures should be developed and employed to reduce the risk associated with formaldehyde exposure.