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Tracking a century of change in trophic structure and dynamics in a floodplain wetland: integrating palaeoecological and palaeoisotopic evidence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Giri Kattel Peter Gell Marie‐Elodie Perga Erik Jeppesen Rosie Grundell Sandra Weller Atun Zawadzki Linda Barry 《Freshwater Biology》2015,60(4):711-723
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Mirela Serti Peri Jens M. Nielsen Carsten J. Schubert Christopher T. Robinson 《Freshwater Biology》2021,66(1):114-129
- Glacial retreat, accompanied by shifts in riparian vegetation and glacier meltwater inputs, alters the energy supply and trophic structure of alpine stream food webs. Our goal in this study was to enhance understanding of dietary niches of macroinvertebrates inhabiting different alpine streams with contrasting glacial and non‐glacial (groundwater, precipitation, snowmelt) water inputs in conjunction with seasonal and habitat‐specific variation in basal resource availability.
- We measured a range of stream physico‐chemical attributes as well as carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) of macroinvertebrates and primary food sources at seven sites across seasons within a Swiss glaciated catchment (Val Roseg) undergoing rapid glacial retreat (1–2 km between 1997 and 2014). Sampling sites corresponded to streams used in a previous (1997/1998) study within the same alpine catchment.
- Physico‐chemical attributes showed wide variation in environmental conditions across streams and seasons. Significant correlation among physico‐chemical proxies of glacier meltwater (phosphate‐P, total inorganic carbon, conductivity, turbidity) and macroinvertebrate δ13C, δ15N, and size‐corrected standard ellipse area (a proxy for feeding niche width) values showed that the extent of glacial water input shapes the energy base among alpine streams. Feeding niche differences among common alpine stream insect taxa (Chironomidae, Baetidae, Heptageniidae) were not significant, indicating that these organisms probably are plastic in feeding behaviour, opportunistically relying on food resources available in a particular stream and season.
- Seasonal trends in macroinvertebrate δ13C largely followed patterns in periphyton δ13C values, indicating that autochthonous resources were the main consumer energy source within the stream network, as shown previously. The overall range in macroinvertebrate δ13C (?33.5 to ?18.4‰) and δ15N (?6.9 to 6.7‰) values also corresponded to values measured in the previous study, suggesting that macroinvertebrates altered diets in line with changes in environmental conditions and food resources during a period of rapid glacial retreat. Our results suggest that environmental changes brought on by rapid glacial retreat have not yet caused a profound change in the trophic structure within these fluvial networks.
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Fernando T. Maestre Susana Bautista Jordi Cortina 《植物学报(英文版)》2006,48(8):897-905
Recent studies have shown that the tussock grass Stipa tenacissima L. facilitates the establishment of late-successional shrubs, in what constitutes the first documented case of facilitation of woody plants by grasses. With the aim of increasing our knowledge of this interaction, in the present study we investigated the effects of S. tenacissima on the foliar δ13C, δ15N, nitrogen concentration, and carbon : nitrogen ratio of introduced seedlings of Pistacia lentiscus L., Quercus coccifera L., and Medicago arborea L. in a semi-arid Mediterranean steppe. Six months after planting, the values of δ13C ranged between -26.9‰ and -29.6‰, whereas those of δ15N ranged between -1.9‰ and 2.7‰. The foliar C : N ratio ranged between 10.7 and 53.5, and the nitrogen concentration ranged between 1.0% and 4.4%. We found no significant effect of the microsite provided by S. tenacissima on these variables in any of the species evaluated. The values of δ13C were negatively correlated with predawn water potentials in M. arborea and were positively correlated with relative growth rate in Q. coccifera. The values of δ15N were positively correlated with the biomass allocation to roots in the latter species. The present results suggest that the modification of environmental conditions in the are surrounding S. tenacissima was not strong enough to modify the foliar isotopic and nitrogen concentration of shrubs during the early stages after planting. 相似文献
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- Soil degradation resulting from various types of salinity is a major environmental problem, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Exploring the water‐related physiological traits of halophytes is useful for understanding the mechanisms of salt tolerance. This knowledge could be used to rehabilitate degraded arid lands.
- To investigate whether different types of salinity influence the water sources and water‐use efficiency of desert plants (Karelinia caspia, Tamarix hohenackeri, Nitraria sibirica, Phragmites australis, Alhagi sparsifolia, Suaeda microphylla, Kalidium foliatum) in natural environments, we measured leaf gas exchange, leaf carbon and xylem oxygen isotope composition and soil oxygen isotope composition at neutral saline‐sodic site (NSS) and alkaline saline‐sodic site (ASS) in northwest China.
- The studied plants had different xylem water oxygen isotope compositions (δ18O) and foliar carbon isotope compositions (δ13C), indicating that desert plants coexist through differentiation in water use patterns. Compared to that at the NSS site, the stem water in K. caspia, A. sparsifolia and S. microphylla was depleted in 18O at the ASS site, which indicates that plants can switch to obtain water from deeper soil layers when suffering environmental stress from both salinity and alkalinisation. Alhagi sparsifolia had higher δ13C at the ASS site than at the NSS site, while K. caspia and S. microphylla had lower δ13C, which may have resulted from interspecific differences in plant alkali and salt tolerance ability.
- Our results suggest that under severe salinity and alkalinity, plants may exploit deeper soil water to avoid ion toxicity resulting from high concentrations of soluble salts in the superficial soil layer. In managed lands, it is vital to select and cultivate different salt‐tolerant or alkali‐tolerant plant species in light of local conditions.
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The mollusc genus Mytilus is abundant in various modern marine environments and is an important substrate for palaeo‐proxy work. The redox‐sensitive chromium (Cr) isotope system is emerging as a proxy for changes in the oxidation state of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. However, potential isotopic offsets between ambient sea water and modern biogenic carbonates have yet to be constrained. We measured Cr concentrations ([Cr]) and isotope variations (δ53Cr) in recent mollusc shells (Mytilus) from open and restricted marine environments and compared these to ambient sea water δ53Cr values. We found a large range in mollusc [Cr] (12–309 ppb) and δ53Cr values (?0.30 to +1.25‰) and in the offset between δ53Cr values of mollusc shells and ambient sea water (, ?0.17 to ?0.91‰). Step digestions of cultivated Mytilus edulis specimens indicate that Cr is mainly concentrated in organic components of the shell (periostracum: 407 ppb, n = 2), whereas the mollusc carbonate minerals contain ≤3 ppb Cr. Analyses of individual Cr‐hosting phases (i.e., carbonate minerals and organic matrix) did not reveal significant differences in δ53Cr values, and thus, we suggest that Cr isotope fractionation may likely take place prior to rather than during biomineralisation of Mytilus shells. Heterogeneity of δ53Cr values in mollusc shells depends on sea water chemistry (e.g., salinity, food availability, faeces). The main control for δ53Cr values incorporated into shells, however, is likely vital effects (in particular shell valve closure time) since Cr can be partially or quantitatively reduced in sea water trapped between closed shell valves. The δ53Cr values recorded in Mytilus shells may thus be de‐coupled from the redox conditions of ambient sea water, introducing additional heterogeneity that needs to be better constrained before using δ53Cr values in mollusc shells for palaeo‐reconstructions. 相似文献
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Microbial mats that inhabit gypsum deposits in ponds at Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico, developed distinct pigmented horizons that provided an opportunity to examine the fixation and flow of carbon through a trophic structure and, in conjunction with previous phylogenetic analyses, to assess the diagenetic fates of molecular δ13C biosignatures. The δ13C values of individual biomarker lipids, total carbon, and total organic carbon (TOC) were determined for each of the following horizons: tan‐orange (TO) at the surface, green (G), purple (P), and olive‐black (OB) at the bottom. δ13C of individual fatty acids from intact polar lipids (IPFA) in TO were similar to δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the overlying water column, indicating limited discrimination by cyanobacteria during CO2 fixation. δ13CTOC of the underlying G was 3‰ greater than that of TO. The most δ13C‐depleted acetogenic lipids in the upper horizons were the cyanobacterial biomarkers C17 n‐alkanes and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bishomohopanol was 4 to 7‰ enriched, relative to alkanes and intact polar fatty acids (IPFA), respectively. Acyclic C20 isoprenoids were depleted by 14‰ relative to bishomohopanol. Significantly, ?[δ13CTOC ? δ13C∑IPFA] increased from 6.9‰ in TO to 14.7‰ in OB. This major trend might indicate that 13C‐enriched residual organic matter accumulated at depth. The permanently anoxic P horizon was dominated by anoxygenic phototrophs and sulfate‐reducing bacteria. P hosted an active sulfur‐dependent microbial community. IPFA and bishomohopanol were 13C‐depleted relative to upper crust by 7 and 4‰, respectively, and C20 isoprenoids were somewhat 13C‐enriched. Synthesis of alkanes in P was evidenced only by 13C‐depleted n‐octadecane and 8‐methylhexadecane. In OB, the marked increase of total inorganic carbon δ13C (δ13CTIC) of >6‰ perhaps indicated terminal mineralization. This δ13CTIC increase is consistent with degradation of the osmolyte glycine betaine by methylotrophic methanogens and loss of 13C‐depleted methane from the mat. 相似文献
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Photosynthetic activity in carbonate‐rich benthic microbial mats located in saline, alkaline lakes on the Cariboo Plateau, B.C. resulted in pCO2 below equilibrium and δ13CDIC values up to +6.0‰ above predicted carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrium values, representing a biosignature of photosynthesis. Mat‐associated δ13Ccarb values ranged from ~4 to 8‰ within any individual lake, with observations of both enrichments (up to 3.8‰) and depletions (up to 11.6‰) relative to the concurrent dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Seasonal and annual variations in δ13C values reflected the balance between photosynthetic 13C‐enrichment and heterotrophic inputs of 13C‐depleted DIC. Mat microelectrode profiles identified oxic zones where δ13Ccarb was within 0.2‰ of surface DIC overlying anoxic zones associated with sulphate reduction where δ13Ccarb was depleted by up to 5‰ relative to surface DIC reflecting inputs of 13C‐depleted DIC. δ13C values of sulphate reducing bacteria biomarker phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) were depleted relative to the bulk organic matter by ~4‰, consistent with heterotrophic synthesis, while the majority of PLFA had larger offsets consistent with autotrophy. Mean δ13Corg values ranged from ?18.7 ± 0.1 to ?25.3 ± 1.0‰ with mean Δ13Cinorg‐org values ranging from 21.1 to 24.2‰, consistent with non‐CO2‐limited photosynthesis, suggesting that Precambrian δ13Corg values of ~?26‰ do not necessitate higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Rather, it is likely that the high DIC and carbonate content of these systems provide a non‐limiting carbon source allowing for expression of large photosynthetic offsets, in contrast to the smaller offsets observed in saline, organic‐rich and hot spring microbial mats. 相似文献
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Li-Hung Lin James Hall T. C. Onstott Thomas Gihring Barbara Sherwood Lollar Erik Boice 《Geomicrobiology journal》2013,30(6):475-497
The vertical distribution and function of terrestrial planktonic microbial communities at depths greater than 600 m remain poorly established. Culture-independent methods using 16S rRNA genes and geochemical approaches were employed to investigate the heterogeneity and potential function of microbial communities residing within fractures at 0.7 to 1.4 kilometers below land surface of Beatrix Au Mine, South Africa. The salinity (26 to 47 mM Cl?), temperature (33 to 40°C) and age (1 to 5 Ma) of these fracture water increased with depth. The δD and δ18O values of fracture water ranged from ?44 to ?39‰ and from ?7 to ?4‰ VSMOW, respectively, and exhibited a mixing trend with fracture water collected from the same mine in a previous study where isotopic signatures were indicative of hydrothermal origin. Fracture water from Beatrix Mine was distinct from the groundwater in the overlying Karoo sedimentary strata in terms of its Cl?, He and CH4 concentrations, and its δD and δ18O signatures and from Vaal River (source of service water) in terms of its δD and δ18O signatures. The differences constrain the maximum amount of mixing with service water or shallow groundwater to be less than 4%. The 16S rDNA analyses revealed diverse and numerous novel 16S rRNA genes affiliated with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Nitrospira, Chlorobi, Thermus, Candidate Division OP3 and Euryarchaeota. The proportion of each phylum in clone libraries varied markedly among samples and suggests km-scale, spatial heterogeneity in community structures. Potential metabolisms inferred from the presence of 16S rRNA genes are generally consistent with estimates of the available free energy. 相似文献
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Pablo L. Peri Brenton Ladd David A. Pepper Stephen P. Bonser Shawn W. Laffan Wulf Amelung 《Global Change Biology》2012,18(1):311-321
Stable isotope natural abundance measurements integrate across several biogeochemical processes in ecosystem N and C dynamics. Here, we report trends in natural isotope abundance (δ13C and δ15N in plant and soil) along a climosequence of 33 Nothofagus forest stands located within Patagonia, Southern Argentina. We measured 28 different abiotic variables (both climatic variables and soil properties) to characterize environmental conditions at each of the 33 sites. Foliar δ13C values ranged from ?35.4‰ to ?27.7‰, and correlated positively with foliar δ15N values, ranging from ?3.7‰ to 5.2‰. Soil δ13C and δ15N values reflected the isotopic trends of the foliar tissues and ranged from ?29.8‰ to ?25.3‰, and ?4.8‰ to 6.4‰, respectively, with no significant differences between Nothofagus species (Nothofagus pumilio, Nothofagus antarctica, Nothofagus betuloides). Principal component analysis and multiple regressions suggested that mainly water availability variables (mean annual precipitation), but not soil properties, explained between 42% and 79% of the variations in foliar and soil δ13C and δ15N natural abundance, which declined with increased moisture supply. We conclude that a decline in water use efficiency at wetter sites promotes both the depletion of heavy C and N isotopes in soil and plant biomass. Soil δ13C values were higher than those of the plant tissues and this difference increased as annual precipitation increased. No such differences were apparent when δ15N values in soil and plant were compared, which indicates that climatic differences contributed more to the overall C balance than to the overall N balance in these forest ecosystems. 相似文献
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Jenny Davis Alexandra Pavlova Ross Thompson Paul Sunnucks 《Global Change Biology》2013,19(7):1970-1984
Refugia have been suggested as priority sites for conservation under climate change because of their ability to facilitate survival of biota under adverse conditions. Here, we review the likely role of refugial habitats in conserving freshwater biota in arid Australian aquatic systems where the major long‐term climatic influence has been aridification. We introduce a conceptual model that characterizes evolutionary refugia and ecological refuges based on our review of the attributes of aquatic habitats and freshwater taxa (fishes and aquatic invertebrates) in arid Australia. We also identify methods of recognizing likely future refugia and approaches to assessing the vulnerability of arid‐adapted freshwater biota to a warming and drying climate. Evolutionary refugia in arid areas are characterized as permanent, groundwater‐dependent habitats (subterranean aquifers and springs) supporting vicariant relicts and short‐range endemics. Ecological refuges can vary across space and time, depending on the dispersal abilities of aquatic taxa and the geographical proximity and hydrological connectivity of aquatic habitats. The most important are the perennial waterbodies (both groundwater and surface water fed) that support obligate aquatic organisms. These species will persist where suitable habitats are available and dispersal pathways are maintained. For very mobile species (invertebrates with an aerial dispersal phase) evolutionary refugia may also act as ecological refuges. Evolutionary refugia are likely future refugia because their water source (groundwater) is decoupled from local precipitation. However, their biota is extremely vulnerable to changes in local conditions because population extinction risks cannot be abated by the dispersal of individuals from other sites. Conservation planning must incorporate a high level of protection for aquifers that support refugial sites. Ecological refuges are vulnerable to changes in regional climate because they have little thermal or hydrological buffering. Accordingly, conservation planning must focus on maintaining meta‐population processes, especially through dynamic connectivity between aquatic habitats at a landscape scale. 相似文献
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Van HARDENBROEK A.F. LOTTER D. BASTVIKEN N.T. DUC O. HEIRI 《Freshwater Biology》2012,57(1):166-177
1. Methanogenic carbon can be incorporated by methane‐oxidising bacteria, leading to a 13C‐depleted stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of chironomids that feed on these microorganisms. This has been shown for the chironomid tribe Chironomini, but very little information is available about the δ13C of other abundant chironomid groups and the relationship between chironomid δ13C and methane production in lakes. 2. Methane flux was measured at the water surface of seven lakes in Sweden. Furthermore, fluxes from the sediments to the water column were measured in transects in two of the lakes. Methane fluxes were then compared with δ13C of chitinous chironomid remains isolated from the lake surface sediments. Several different chironomid groups were examined (Chironomini, Orthocladiinae, Tanypodinae and Tanytarsini). 3. Remains of Orthocladiinae in the seven study lakes had the highest δ13C values (?31.3 to ?27.0‰), most likely reflecting δ13C of algae and other plant‐derived organic matter. Remains of Chironomini and Tanypodinae had lower δ13C values (?33.2 to ?27.6‰ and ?33.6 to ?28.0‰, respectively). A significant negative correlation was observed between methane fluxes at the lake surface and δ13C of Chironomini (r = ?0.90, P = 0.006). Methane release from the sediments was also negatively correlated with δ13C of Chironomini (r = ?0.67, P = 0.025) in the transect samples obtained from two of the lakes. The remains of other chironomid taxa were only weakly or not correlated with methane fluxes measured in our study lakes (P > 0.05). 4. Selective incorporation of methane‐derived carbon can explain the observed correlations between methane fluxes and δ13C values of Chironomini. Remains of this group might therefore have the potential to provide information about past changes in methane availability in lakes using sediment records. However, differences in productivity, algal δ13C composition and the importance of allochthonous organic matter input between the studied lakes may also have influenced Chironomini δ13C. More detailed studies with a higher number of analysed samples and detailed measurement of δ13C of different ecosystem components (e.g. methane, dissolved inorganic carbon) will be necessary to further resolve the relative contribution of different carbon sources to δ13C of chironomid remains. 相似文献
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Bacterial abundance and composition in marine sediments beneath the Ross Ice Shelf,Antarctica 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. A. Carr S. W. Vogel R. B. Dunbar J. Brandes J. R. Spear R. Levy T. R. Naish R. D. Powell S. G. Wakeham K. W. Mandernack 《Geobiology》2013,11(4):377-395
Marine sediments of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, harbor microbial communities that play a significant role in the decomposition, mineralization, and recycling of organic carbon (OC). In this study, the cell densities within a 153‐cm sediment core from the Ross Sea were estimated based on microbial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations and acridine orange direct cell counts. The resulting densities were as high as 1.7 × 107 cells mL?1 in the top ten centimeters of sediments. These densities are lower than those calculated for most near‐shore sites but consistent with deep‐sea locations with comparable sedimentation rates. The δ13C measurements of PLFAs and sedimentary and dissolved carbon sources, in combination with ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene pyrosequencing, were used to infer microbial metabolic pathways. The δ13C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in porewaters ranged downcore from ?2.5‰ to ?3.7‰, while δ13C values for the corresponding sedimentary particulate OC (POC) varied from ?26.2‰ to ?23.1‰. The δ13C values of PLFAs ranged between ?29‰ and ?35‰ throughout the sediment core, consistent with a microbial community dominated by heterotrophs. The SSU rRNA gene pyrosequencing revealed that members of this microbial community were dominated by β‐, δ‐, and γ‐Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Bacteroidetes. Among the sequenced organisms, many appear to be related to known heterotrophs that utilize OC sources such as amino acids, oligosaccharides, and lactose, consistent with our interpretation from δ13CPLFA analysis. Integrating phospholipids analyses with porewater chemistry, δ13CDIC and δ13CPOC values and SSU rRNA gene sequences provides a more comprehensive understanding of microbial communities and carbon cycling in marine sediments, including those of this unique ice shelf environment. 相似文献
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Effects of leaf water evaporative 2H‐enrichment and biosynthetic fractionation on leaf wax n‐alkane δ2H values in C3 and C4 grasses
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Leaf wax n‐alkane δ2H values carry important information about environmental and ecophysiological processes in plants. However, the physiological and biochemical drivers that shape leaf wax n‐alkane δ2H values are not completely understood. It is particularly unclear why n‐alkanes in grasses are typically 2H‐depleted compared with plants from other taxonomic groups such as dicotyledonous plants and why C3 grasses are 2H‐depleted compared with C4 grasses. To resolve these uncertainties, we quantified the effects of leaf water evaporative 2H‐enrichment and biosynthetic hydrogen isotope fractionation on n‐alkane δ2H values for a range of C3 and C4 grasses grown in climate‐controlled chambers. We found that only a fraction of leaf water evaporative 2H‐enrichment is imprinted on the leaf wax n‐alkane δ2H values in grasses. This is interesting, as previous studies have shown in dicotyledonous plants a nearly complete transfer of this 2H‐enrichment to the n‐alkane δ2H values. We thus infer that the typically observed 2H‐depletion of n‐alkanes in grasses (as opposed to dicots) is because only a fraction of the leaf water evaporative 2H‐enrichment is imprinted on the δ2H values. Our experiments also show that differences in n‐alkane δ2H values between C3 and C4 grasses are largely the result of systematic differences in biosynthetic fractionation between these two plant groups, which was on average ?198‰ and?159‰ for C3 and C4 grasses, respectively. 相似文献