感染肺炎链球菌猕猴消化系统白细胞介素6 的表达观察

检测猕猴自发性感染肺炎链球菌后,白细胞介素6 在胃肠道以及肝脏、食管的表达变化,探讨肺炎链球菌的发病机制以及自发性肺炎链球菌性肺炎的病理特点。采用常规H. E.染色观察消化系统病理组织学变化,采用免疫组织化学和原位杂交方法检测白细胞介素6 在肝脏、食管、空肠、盲肠和胃组织的表达变化。各组织表现出典型的炎症病变,肝组织和肠腺均可见大面积坏死,在空肠、盲肠和肝脏中有明显的广泛性出血和充血现象;肠道有大量炎性细胞浸润。和健康组比较,白细胞介素6 在感染组的胃肠道以及肝脏、食管中的表达均呈现升高趋势,感染组的IL-6 阳性细胞总面积比正常组有显著性升高
(P < 0.05)。在胃肠道以及食管的表达主要集中在粘膜层,在肝脏相对集中分布于血管周围。阳性细胞包括了部分腺体细胞、肝细胞、内皮细胞、未角化
上皮细胞以及淋巴细胞。白细胞介素6 作为一种炎症细胞因子在肺炎链球菌感染中发挥了一定的作用,可能参与了肺炎的病理过程并对机体清除肺炎链球菌有一定促进作用。     

Mechanistic analysis of trehalose synthase from Mycobacterium smegmatis

Trehalose synthase (TreS) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of maltose and trehalose and has been shown recently to function primarily in the mobilization of trehalose as a glycogen precursor. Consequently, the mechanism of this intriguing isomerase is of both academic and potential pharmacological interest. TreS catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of α-aryl glucosides as well as α-glucosyl fluoride, thereby allowing facile, continuous assays. Reaction of TreS with 5-fluoroglycosyl fluorides results in the trapping of a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate consistent with TreS being a member of the retaining glycoside hydrolase family 13 enzyme family, thus likely following a two-step, double displacement mechanism. This trapped intermediate was subjected to protease digestion followed by LC-MS/MS analysis, and Asp(230) was thereby identified as the catalytic nucleophile. The isomerization reaction was shown to be an intramolecular process by demonstration of the inability of TreS to incorporate isotope-labeled exogenous glucose into maltose or trehalose consistent with previous studies on other TreS enzymes. The absence of a secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effect and the general independence of k(cat) upon leaving group ability both point to a rate-determining conformational change, likely the opening and closing of the enzyme active site.     

A mucous secretion in the malpighian tubes of a neotropical bumblebee,Bombus atratus Franklin

Summary A filamentous secretion composed of carboxylated and sulfated acid glycosaminoglycans (AGAG), neutral polysaccharides, and protein(s) appears in the lumen of the Malpighian tubes of the fully grown larvae of the bumblebee,Bombus atratus Franklin. A well-ordered macromolecular array was demonstrated specially for the carboxylated AGAG components of this secretion, based on their linear dichroism and birefringence properties. It is suggested that the carboxylated AGAG macromolecules can acquire a helical conformation when present at the lumen of the organ. The mucous secretion elaborated by the Malpighian tubes ofB. atratus is excreted from the larvae in the form of condensed filaments. Its function remains unclear. Globules with concentric lamination containing protein and neutral polysaccharides were seen detaching from the apical border of the epithelial cells of the Malpighian tubes of the fully grown larvae. It could not be established whether they contribute for the elaboration of the filamentous secretion. Morphologically similar globules have been assumed in some other insect groups to originate from cytolysomes. Urate crystals surrounded by a halo of calcium granules were also found in the lumen of the Malpighian tubes ofB. atratus.     

鲇肠道黏液细胞的类型、分布、发育及分泌方式研究

利用阿利新蓝-过碘酸雪夫氏试剂(AB-PAS,AB染液pH2．6),对鲇(Silurus asotus)肠道黏液细胞的类型与分布进行了研究,同时采用扫描和透射电镜,研究了黏液细胞的发育与分泌方式。结果显示:鲇肠道黏液细胞染色后呈深蓝色、淡蓝色和浅蓝色,主要含有酸性黏多糖:形态上进一步可将其分为囊状、梨状和杯状三种形态。肠道中黏液细胞的分布密度以中肠最高。其次是后肠,前肠最低;肠道黏液细胞由肠黏膜基底层细胞衍生后,不断向肠腔表层推移而发育成熟;发育过程中黏液细胞内富含大小不等的黏原颗粒,其分泌方式为顶浆分泌。     

Pinocytosis and locomotion in amoebae XIV. Demonstration of two different receptor sites on the cell surface ofAmoeba proteus

Summary Two different receptor sites, located on the cell surface ofAmoeba proteus were detected by using fluorescent analog cytochemistry (FAC) and electron microscopy (EM). Bovine serum albumin labeled with fluoresceine-isothiocyanate (FITC-BSA) and unlabeled ferritin bind, in a pH-dependent manner, as cations at the outer filaments of the mucous layer. The anionic receptor sites show a high affinity for Ca-ions which suppress the binding capacity of FITC-BSA and ferritin at low pH-values. The cation receptors obviously play an important role in the initiation of pinocytosis as demonstrated by the internalization, intracellular translocation and sequestration of the FITC-BSA. FITC- or ferritin-labeled concanavalin A (FITC-Con A, ferritin-Con A) bind predominantly in a pH-independent manner at the tips of the outer filaments and the basal zone of the mucous layer. The binding capacity of FITC-Con A is not influenced by external Ca-ions. Other lectins such asDolichos bifloris agglutinin (DBA), peanut agglutinin (PNA),Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA I), soybean agglutinin (SBA),Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) are not specifically bound to the cell surface. So far, no experimental evidence has been gathered for the definitive function of a Con-A receptor in the mucos layer ofAmoeba proteus.Abbreviations BSA bovine serum albumin - Con A concanavalin A - CTC chlorotetracycline - DBA Dolichos bifloris agglutinin - DTE dithioeritritol - FITC fluorosceine-isothiocyanate - IEP iso electric point - PIPES 1-4-piperazine-diethane sulfonic acid - PNA peanut agglutinin - RCA I Ricinus communis agglutinin I - SBA soybean agglutinin - Uac uranylacetat - UEA I Ulex europaeus agglutinin I - WGA wheat germ agglutinin     

两种海马鳃组织和消化道的黏液细胞类型及分布

运用阿新兰(AB,pH 2.6)和过碘酸雪夫氏(PAS)反应染色方法,对三斑海马(Hippocampus trimaculatus)和日本海马(H.japonicus)鳃组织与消化道中的黏液细胞类型及分布进行了研究。染色结果显示:两种海马的鳃组织和消化道中均含有黏液细胞,日本海马的鳃组织中含有Ⅰ型和Ⅳ型黏液细胞,三斑海马的鳃组织中含有Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型黏液细胞。两种海马消化道各部位的黏液细胞类型和数量有明显差异:日本海马的食道中Ⅰ型细胞最多,而三斑海马的食道中Ⅳ型细胞最多;日本海马的前肠中只含有Ⅰ型细胞,而三斑海马的前肠中含有Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型细胞,其中Ⅰ型细胞含量最多;日本海马的中肠中含有Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型细胞,其中Ⅲ型细胞含量最多,而三斑海马中肠中只含有Ⅰ型细胞;日本海马与三斑海马的后肠中都分布有Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型细胞,两者不同的是,日本海马的后肠中Ⅲ型细胞含量最多,三斑海马的后肠中Ⅳ型细胞含量最多。     

Surface architecture of the oropharyngeal cavity and the digestive tract of Mulloidichthys flavolineatus from the red sea,Egypt: A scanning electron microscope study

Surface architecture of the buccal cavity and the surface organization of the luminal mucosa of the oesophagus, stomach, and intestine of the carnivorous fish M. flavolineatus from the Red Sea were studied by using SEM. The results revealed that M. flavolineatus has four kinds of teeth; curved-blunt, wedge-shaped, flattened crowns, molariform and papilliform. Three types of taste buds (type I, II and III) were recorded in the oropharyngeal cavity. It was observed that taste buds and teeth are co-located in the pharyngeal region. Characteristic patterns of microridges of the surface cells in the oral cavity and oesophagus were observed. Mucous cells are distributed in the lining of the mouth cavity, oesophagus, stomach, and intestine. Characteristic patterns of mucosal folds throughout the alimentary canal, concerning oesophagus, stomach, and intestine were revealed. Numerous gastric pits, which represents the emergence of the gastric glands, were recorded in the anterior and middle regions of the stomach. Complex patterns of the folds and mucous cells were recorded in the intestinal mucosa. These results were discussed with other teleost fishes.     

Étude de la cytodifférenciation du rein de l'Epinoche femelle après traitement par la méthyltestostérone

Résumé Au microscope électronique, l'action de la méthyltestostérone sur les cellules rénales de l'Epinoche femelle se traduit par une cytodifférenciation conduisant à la formation de cellules glandulaires muqueuses. Elle a lieu simultanément à deux niveaux distincts:Au niveau du tubule proximal, le premier signe visible de cytodifférenciation est une activation du nucléole, accompagnée par une augmentation de taille des cellules. Puis on assiste à un développement de l'ergastoplasme et de l'appareil de Golgi et à l'élaboration de deux types de sécrétions: d'abord des granules de 2000–2500 Å, ensuite des grains de mucigène typiques, qui subissent rapidement une transformation muqueuse.Une cytodifférenciation régressive intervient en même temps. Elle concerne la pinocytose apicale qui disparaît.Au niveau des tubules collecteurs, la cytodifférenciation se traduit par la formation d'un mucus hyalin d'origine golgienne. Elle s'accompagne également d'une disparition de la pinocytose.La méthyltestostérone est capable de provoquer, chez la femelle, une cytodifférenciation rénale identique à celle que l'on observe chez le mâle pendant la période de reproduction. La transformation muqueuse des cellules rénales est donc sous le contrôle de la seule testostérone, qui déclenche au niveau cellulaire un ensemble de processus conduisant à la formation de mucus.Au microscope électronique, on constate que l'élaboration de mucus prêt à l'excrétion est achevée au bout de trois jours dans les tubules proximaux alors que dans les tubules collecteurs elle ne demande que 24 heures.

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Action of methyl testosterone on the cytodifferentiation of the kidney of the female three-spined Stickleback

Summary At the microscopic level, the action of methyl testosterone on the cells of the kidney of the female three-spined Stickleback gives raise to a cytodifferentiation which leads to the formation of mucous glandular cells. This action is evident at two different levels:At the level of the proximal tubule, the first visible sign of cytodifferentiation is an activation of the nucleolus, accompanied by a growth of the cell size. Then a rapid development of the ergastoplasm and the Golgi apparatus takes place, which leads to the elaboration of two types of secretory particles: granules of 2000–2500 Å in diameter appear first, then typical mucigen granules become visible. These latter undergo a rapid mucous transformation.A regressive cytodifferentiation occurs at the same time. It concerns the apical pinocytosis which disappears in the cells undergoing the glandular differentiation.At the level of the collecting tubules, the cytodifferentiation is characterized by the elaboration of a clear mucus which originates in the Golgi apparatus and migrates to the apex of the cells. A disappearance of the pinocytosis is also noticeable.In the kidney of the female, methyl testosterone induces a cytodifferentiation which is identical to that occuring in the male during the breeding period. So the mucous transformation of renal cells is under the control of a single hormone: the testosterone, which is able to give raise to a succession of phenomena leading to the formation of a mucous secretion.With the electron microscope, it is possible to demonstrate that three days are necessary for the elaboration of the mucus ready to be discharged in the lumen of the renal proximal tubules. In the collecting tubules, the reaction occurs more quickly, after only two days of treatment.

L'auteur tient à remercier Monsieur le Professeur E. Follénius pour ses conseils et son aide précieuse au cours de la réalisation de ce travail.     

大鳞副泥鳅肠道黏液细胞及消化酶活性分布特征研究

采用阿利新兰-碘酸雪夫氏反应(AB-PAS)染色法及酶学方法研究了大鳞副泥鳅成熟个体肠道各段黏液细胞分布及消化酶活性。结果表明, 大鳞副泥鳅肠道黏液细胞分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ 4种类型。前肠至后肠, 黏液细胞数量逐渐减少。前肠主要分布Ⅲ和Ⅳ混合型黏液细胞, 后肠则以Ⅱ和Ⅳ型酸性黏液细胞为主。肠道胰蛋白酶活性显著高于淀粉酶和脂肪酶。且后肠消化酶活性显著低于前肠和中肠。根据黏液细胞及消化酶活性分布特点, 表明大鳞副泥鳅属于杂食性鱼类, 前肠为其主要的消化吸收场所, 后肠中性黏液细胞的数量较少以及消化酶活性较低, 表明其对食物的消化吸收功能较弱, 与其为辅助呼吸功能的特点相关。     

Short term retinol treatment in vitro induces stable transdifferentiation of chick epidermal cells into mucus-secreting cells

Summary Epidermal mucous metaplasia of cultured skin can be induced by treatment with excess retinol for several days (Fell 1957). In the induction of mucous metaplasia, retinol primarily affects the dermal cells and retinol-pretreated dermis can alter epidermal differentiation towards secretory epithelium (Obinata et al. 1987). In this work, we found that mucous metaplasia could be induced by culturing 13-day-old chick embryonic tarsometatarsal skin in medium containing retinol (20 M) for only 8–24 h, followed by culture in a chemically defined medium (BGJb) without retinol or serum for 6 days. The application of cycloheximide together with retinol during the first 8 h of culture inhibited epidermal mucous metaplasia during subsequent culture for 6 days in BGJb, indicating that induction of a signal(s) in the dermis by excess retinol requires protein synthesis. However, the presence of 20 nM hydrocortisone (Takata et al. 1981) throughout the culture period did not inhibit retinol-induced epidermal mucous metaplasia of the epidermis. This indicates that a brief treatment of the skin with excess retinol determines the direction of epithelial differentiation toward secretory epithelium; this is a simpler in vitro system for the induction of epidermal mucous metaplasia than those established before. Offprint requests to: A. Obinata     

高等植物体内激子相干迁移与俘获

依据所建立的色素分子排列和取向的新型结构模型,利用激发能传递的广义主方程理论,提出了高等植物体内激子相干迁移与俘获的点阵理论,研究了静态荧光量子产额、定态能量传递速率和荧光强度的变化规律。指出激子相干迁移有助于活体的激发能转移与俘获,并且它有可能是活体内激子寿命的限制因素之一。     

根结线虫天敌真菌及其高效菌株筛选

本文报道捕食和寄生南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)和爪哇根结线虫(M.javanica)的天敌真菌6属14种。其中Arthrobotrys candida A.cladodes var.macroides,A.musiformis,Monacrosporium cionopagum,M.doedycoides,Drechmeria coniospora,Harposporium crassum,H.lilliputanum,Myzocytium humicola和Verticillum coccospora为我国新纪录种。室内测定结果表明:GACA 1B(Arthrobotrys oligospora)、GACM 102(Monacrosporium doedycoides)菌株对南方根结线虫和爪哇根结线虫均具极高的捕食率,接种线虫7天后,捕食率达98%以上,接种20天后,捕食率均达100%。     

短蛸外套膜和足粘液细胞的类型及分布

采用阿新兰与过碘酸雪夫氏反应(AB-PAS)染色法对短蛸(Octopusocellatus)外套膜和足各部位粘液细胞进行分类及分析。将粘液细胞分为Ⅰ~Ⅳ4种类型:分别呈红色、蓝色、紫红色和蓝紫色。胴体部背面和腹面的外套膜外表皮均有4种粘液细胞,以Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型粘液细胞为主,背面粘液细胞密度较小,腹面的密度较大。腕上皮皱褶处粘液细胞密度较大,其他大部分区域粘液细胞密度较小,以Ⅱ型为主,另有少量Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型粘液细胞;吸盘外上皮含有大量的粘液细胞,也以Ⅱ型为主。漏斗内外上皮粘液细胞密度较大,基部以Ⅱ型为主,其他部位则以Ⅲ型为主。通过对各部位粘液细胞的分类和比较,可以看出粘液细胞的分布和类型与其所在部位执行的功能有密切的联系。     

奥美拉唑联合法莫替丁治疗反流性食管炎的临床效果分析

目的：观察并分析奥关拉唑联合法莫替丁治疗反流性食管炎的临床效果。方法：选取2008年5月至2012年5月在本院确诊并治疗的反流性食管炎患者45例,随机平均分为三组。联合用药组（15例）：每日早餐前口服20mg奥关拉唑,睡前口服20mg法莫替丁;奥关拉唑组（15例）：每日口服两次奥美拉唑,每次20mg;法莫替丁组（15例）：每日口服两次法莫替丁,每次20mg。每组的治疗时间均为8周。在内镜指导下观察并比较三组患者的胸痛、反酸和烧心等主要病征的改善情况,综合评价三种治疗方法的临床疗效。结果：联合用药组较其他两组获得的疗效更明显,患者的症状得到较好的改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：奥美拉唑联合法莫替丁能够有效地抑制胃酸的分泌,对于反流性食管炎的,临床治疗具有良好的效果。     

胃食管反流病中安慰剂反应率的相关研究

目的：对胃食管反流病（GERD）随机对照试验中的安慰剂反应率进行Meta分析并研究影响该反应率的因素。方法：检索EMBASE,CochraneControlledTrialRegister和Medline数据库中公开发表的关于双盲、随机、安慰荆对照治疗GERD的英文文献,所有文献均包括质子泵抑制剂／H2受体阻滞剂,治疗时间至少为2周。对文献试验数据进行Meta分析,绘制森林图,同时绘制漏斗图检查发表偏倚。结果：纳入24个研究,共包括8917名患者。有效治疗的反应率与安慰剂反应率相比的OR为3．70（95％CI：2．77～4．95）。所有的安慰剂反应率为18．84％（2．93％-47．05％）。运用质子泵抑制剂治疗的患者与H：受体阻滞剂治疗者相比,安慰剂反应率明显降低（14．50％vs．24．68％,P=0．05）。糜烂性食管炎患者的安慰剂反应率与非糜烂性食管炎者相比略低,两者差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：在GERD随机对照试验中,安慰剂反应率确实存在。该反应率降低与质子泵抑制剂的运用相关,而与腐蚀性食管炎的存在与否无关。