全球商品种子市场价值有望在2018年达到533.2亿美元

<正>透明度市场研究(Transparency Market Research)发布了一项传统种子和生物技术种子市场2012年到2018年的全球产业分析。2011年全球商品种子市场市值345亿美元,2018年有望达到533.2亿美元。生物技术种子市场2011年市值为156亿美元,2018年有望达到301.2亿美元。分析报告强调生物技术种子市场在过去十年间一直在增长,未来六年更有望达到两位数增长。而且,未来还会有新的生物技术种     

贵州岩溶峡谷NDVI变化及与人口的关系

研究岩溶峡谷NDVI变化,可为退耕还林、石漠化治理、峡谷生态保护提供科学参考。以贵州境内岩溶峡谷为研究区,选取2000—2018年NDVI数据和2010年人口数据,探究了其NDVI时空演变规律及与人口的关系。结果表明:(1)2000—2018年NDVI由0.659增长至0.807,增长0.148,表明植被处于恢复趋势;(2)2000—2018年城市及其附近NDVI较低;期间NDVI上升地区面积超过97%,下降地区不足3%;(3)将2000—2018年NDVI分为6等级,小于0.4、0.7—0.8、大于0.8的区域NDVI占比呈现上升趋势, 0.4—0.5、0.5—0.6、0.6—0.7的区域NDVI占比处于下降趋势;(4)2000—2018年随人口密度增加NDVI总体处于下降趋势,期间NDVI增量随人口密度增加呈减少趋势。贵州岩溶峡谷NDVI总体保持上升,人口密度与NDVI变化关系密切。     

三江源地区环境足迹及居民福祉的动态变化特征评价

环境足迹表征人类发展过程对环境的影响程度。环境足迹和居民福祉水平是衡量区域可持续发展能力的重要指标。计算了2000—2018年三江源地区的环境足迹与环境边界,构建了三江源地区居民福祉评价框架,评估了2000—2018年三江源地区环境足迹及居民福祉的耦合协调关系及动态变化特征,得到了2000—2018年三江源地区环境足迹与居民福祉间的定量关系,可为有关部门制定合理的区域发展策略提供科学支撑。结果表明：(1) 2000—2018年三江源地区人均环境足迹呈一直超过环境边界限额的状态。(2)三江源地区居民福祉按重要性排序表现为社会文化福祉高于安全健康福祉和基本需求福祉。2000—2018年,三江源地区居民福祉总体呈波动式上升趋势,其中安全与健康福祉的波动最大且对居民福祉的贡献度最高。(3)三江源地区环境足迹与居民福祉的耦合度与耦合协调度呈现波动上升趋势,二者关联水平逐渐提高,逐步趋于协调发展。     

珠江下游广东鲂体长-体重关系和肥满度的年间变化北大核心CSCD

本研究通过对2010至2018年珠江下游肇庆江段广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)的生物资料调查,探究了其体长-体重关系以及肥满度及年龄结构年间变化趋势。结果表明,2010至2018年珠江下游肇庆段广东鲂种群的体长及5+龄以上个体占比率总体呈现下降趋势。2010至2018年珠江下游广东鲂种群体长-体重幂函数相关的条件因子a为0.011~0.004,异速生长因子b为2.816~3.261。广东鲂种群在2010、2011和2014年呈现负异速生长,而在2013及2015至2018年份表现出正异速生长。2010至2018年珠江下游广东鲂种群肥满度总体呈现出上升趋势。此外,2010至2018年珠江下游肇庆段日平均水温20℃以上天数占比率呈现逐渐上升趋势,而洪峰数量减少且相对集中。本研究发现广东鲂异速生长因子与日平均水温和径流量呈现一定线性正相关关系,揭示栖息地环境与广东鲂生长潜在的关联性。持续的高捕捞压力加快了广东鲂种群生长速度,并导致了该种群负异速生长。珠江禁渔期制度实施及其栖息地水温变化,可能是珠江下游广东鲂种群肥满度逐渐升高的原因。     

我院2015-2018年度抗菌药物的使用强度与鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性的关系研究

摘要 目的：分析我院2015-2018年度抗菌药物的使用强度与鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性的关系。方法：统计2015年1月～2018年12月北京中医医院顺义医院抗菌药物的应用情况以及鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性。鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性资料来源于检验科临床送检的伤口分泌物、痰液、血液、尿液等病原学标本。结果：2015年～2018年,共分离到菌株13246株,其中分离到鲍曼不动杆菌株1927株,分离率为14.55 %。其中 2015 年的分离率为3.11 %,2016年的分离率为4.51 %,2017 年的分离率为5.15 %,2018 年的分离率为2.11 %;鲍曼不动杆菌标本分离率最高的为痰液,占78.83 %,其次为伤口分泌物,占12.51 %,尿液标本占5.81 %,血液标本占2.85 %;鲍曼不动杆菌在我院所有致病菌中的排序均为第一位或者第二位;2015年～2018年抗菌药物的使用强度逐年升高,2018年有所降低;2015年～2018年鲍曼不动杆菌对哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠、美洛培南以及亚胺培南的耐药率均逐年升高,2018年有所降低;哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠、美洛培南以及亚胺培南的耐药性与抗菌药物使用强度之间具有明显的相关性（P<0.05）。结论：哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠、美洛培南以及亚胺培南的使用,是造成鲍曼不动杆菌耐药的重要原因之一,临床应加以重视。     

辽西风沙半干旱区氮肥减施对花生干物质积累和产量的影响

为评估辽西风沙半干旱区花生减施氮肥的可行性及对花生产量的影响,以‘白沙1016’花生为研究材料,开展为期两年的试验(2018—2019年),设置不施氮(N0)、低氮(N1)、中氮(N2)和高氮(N3)4个处理,施氮量分别为0、40、80和120 kg·hm^-2,研究雨养条件下施氮对单作花生产量和干物质积累的影响。结果表明：辽西降水时空变异大,2018和2019年分别为干旱年和丰水年。在两种年型下,增加施氮量均未显著提高花生产量和干物质。由于2018年前期水分条件限制,每平米荚数极显著低于2019年(P<0.01)。高氮水平下,单荚粒数减小,2018年显著高于2019年(P<0.01)。两年各施氮处理百粒重无显著差异。缺水的2018年氮肥效应发挥受限,影响叶片生长;2019年生长季水氮协调不佳,各处理下干物质无显著差异;但施氮缩短了花生达最大干物质量及最大生长率的时间;相较2018年,丰水的2019年施氮更有利于茎、叶干物质形成,但差异不显著。因此,在该干旱区可选择少施氮(40 kg·hm^-2)的施肥方案,既不会因氮胁迫影响花生生长...     

酶制剂发展应用及相关问题

<正>不论是酶,还是工业应用的酶制剂,从来不是个大行业,将来也不大可能成为一个很大的行业。不同来源的统计显示,2018年全球工业酶制剂的市场约为55亿～60亿美元。Markets And Markets公司2014年的报告"Industrial enzymes—global trends and forecasts to 2018"中预估2018全球工业酶制剂市场为55亿美元;2018年BCC Research公司的最新报告"Global market for enzymes     

博耶和科恩重组质粒转化实验所证明的生物学内涵

高考题是对高中各学科重要知识点的集中体现,2017年和2018年的全国卷Ⅰ生物学高考题中,都对基因工程的相关知识进行了考核,充分说明基因工程相关知识在高中生物学中的重要性。从2018年高考题第38题的答案出发,对博耶和科恩的重组质粒转化实验所证明的生物学内涵进行分析。     

长江流域生态系统服务价值时空演变与预测

长江流域是我国的经济重心和生态保育区,揭示其生态系统服务价值(ESV)的历史演变和发展趋势对支撑长江流域的生态经济系统持续发展具有重要意义。采用长江流域1992—2018年逐年土地利用数据,构建了基于修正系数的ESV评估模型和FLUS-Markov土地利用预测模型,解析了全流域ESV的历史演变特征和未来2030年变化趋势。结果表明：(1)2018年长江流域的ESV总量11.68×10¹²元,1992—2018年ESV呈上升趋势,年均提高297.00×10⁸元;(2)供给服务价值是流域ESV的最大贡献源,占总量的48.3%—51.8%,文化服务价值是增长最快的贡献源,1992—2018年增长了52.5%;(3)上游地区是长江流域ESV最集中的区域,上游ESV占全流域的45.15—46.8%,从1992年到2018年,长江流域ESV重心有向下游流动的趋势;(4)2030年长江流域的建设用地将进一步扩展,同时耕地、草地面积有下降的风险,2030年长江流域的ESV新增量达到0.36×10¹²元,主要来自娱乐和气候调节服务价值的提...     

粤港澳大湾区城镇化对海岸线与海岸带的影响

海岸带以丰富的自然资源与优越的地理位置成为城镇化的关键地带。基于Google Earth平台2001、2010、2018年高分影像识别分析了粤港澳大湾区快速城镇化过程中海岸线长度的变化,并分析了大湾区海岸带土地利用/土地覆被(land use/land cover, LULC)变化,以及定量解析了大湾区滨海城市城镇化与海岸带城镇用地的关联关系。结果表明:(1)2001—2018年,粤港澳大湾区海岸线总长度净增加32.24 km,但自然岸线人工化问题突出,自然岸线共减少187.67 km,人工岸线共增加219.91 km;(2)海岸带(海岸线向陆侧5 km缓冲区) LULC组成以耕地为主,但城镇用地对耕地的侵占问题突出,2001—2018年,耕地面积减少347.58 km~2,城镇用地面积增加588.33 km~2;(3)2001—2018年,滨海城市土地城镇化与海岸带城镇用地增长呈显著相关,并且滨海城市土地城镇化对海岸带城镇用地增加的影响在加强(2001—2010年和2010—2018年贡献率分别为43.7%和68.51%)。研究结果可对粤港澳大湾区海岸带保护、修复以及土地利用规划管理...     

Effects of ammonium sulphate application on the rhizosphere,fine-root and needle chemistry in aPicea abies (L.) Karst. stand

Rhizosphere, fine-root and needle chemistry were investigated in a 28 year old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden. The uptake and allocation pattern of plant nutrients and aluminium in control plots (C) and plots repeatedly treated with ammonium sulphate (NS) were compared. Treatments started in 1988. Current year needles, one-year-old needles and cylindrical core samples of the LFH-layer and the mineral soil layers were sampled in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Compared to the control plots, pH decreased significantly in the rhizosphere soil in the NS plots in 1989 and 1990 while the SO₄-S concentration increased significantly. Aluminium concentration in the rhizosphere soil was generally higher in the NS plots in all soil layers, except at 0–10 cm depths, both in 1989 and 1990. Calcium, Mg and K concentrations also increased after treatment with ammonium sulphate. Ammonium ions may have replaced these elements in the soil organic matter. The NS treatment significantly reduced Mg concentrations in fine roots in all layers in 1990. A similar trend was found in the needles. Ca concentrations in fine roots were significantly lower in the NS plots in the LFH layer in 1990 and the same pattern was found in the current needles. The N and S concentrations of both fine roots and needles were significantly higher in the NS plots. It was suggested that NS treatment resulted in displacement of Mg, Ca and K from exchange sites in the LFH layer leading to leaching of these cations to the mineral soil. Further application of ammonium sulphate may damage the fine roots and consequently adversely affect the water and nutrient uptake of root systems.     

果实膨大期喷布磷酸二氢钾对三月红荔枝果实贮藏性的影响

在三月红荔枝(Litchi chinensis cv.Sanyuehong)果实膨大期对树冠喷施0.2%磷酸二氢钾(KP)水溶液,以探讨磷酸二氢钾对荔枝果实贮藏性的影响。结果表明:(1) KP处理的果实在贮藏期前17d,失重率及果肉可溶性固形物、酸、VitC、花色素苷等指标的变化趋势与对照基本相似;(2) KP处理的果肉可溶性蛋白质含量变化与对照有明显差异,而果皮的可溶性蛋白质含量在贮藏期前10d变化动态与对照一致,此后呈相反的变化趋势;(3)果皮POD活性显著高于果肉,KP处理和对照的果肉POD活性在贮藏第3d后、果皮POD活性在第17d前分别具有相似变化趋势;(4)果肉中CAT活性在贮藏第3~17d期间都显著或极显著高于果皮,KP处理和对照果肉、果皮CAT活性动态变化均为单峰曲线。     

Total nitrogen and free amino acids in Morus alba stems from autumn through spring

During leaf senescence and abscission, total nitrogen in leaves of mulberry ( Morus alba L. ev. Shin-ichinose) declined substantially whereas total nitrogen in buds, bark and stem wood increased markedly, suggesting translocation of nitrogen from senescent leaves in the autumn. After leaf abscission the winter buds and stems remained almost unchanged with respect to fresh and dry weight and total nitrogen until bud break in spring. In burst buds these parameters then increased drastically during the new growth while they decreased markedly in stems. Free arginine in the stem bark accumulated in parallel with the accumulation of total nitrogen in buds and stems in the autumn. Accumulation of proline in the wood, bark and buds also started in October but continued even after leaf-fall, increasing until mid-January (wood), mid-February (bark) and the new growth (buds). Prior to and in the early stage of bud break, proline in bark and wood decreased significantly and arginine in stem bark decreased slightly. Simultaneously, proline and arginine in the dormancy-releasing buds and asparagine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid in the buds and stems increased appreciably, suggesting that this increase in free amino acids was mainly derived from free amino acids (proline and arginine) stored in stems. The resulting marked decrease in total nitrogen and the drastic increase in asparagine in the stems and sprouting buds/new shoots were primarily due to a breakdown of protein stored in stems.     

Effects of Feeding and Drinking on Acetylcholine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens, Striatum, and Hippocampus of Freely Behaving Rats

Extracellular levels of acetylcholine (ACh) were measured in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), striatum (STR), and hippocampus (HIPP) using microdialysis in 30-min intervals before, during, and after free-feeding in 20-h food-deprived rats. The effects on ACh in the NAC and STR were also observed in response to water intake in 20-h water-deprived animals. Neostigmine was used in the perfusate to improve ACh recovery. Basal ACh was sensitive to tetrodotoxin and low calcium, and therefore largely neuronal in origin. Feeding caused a 38% increase in extracellular ACh in the NAC and no change in the STR or HIPP. Dopamine was also increased in the NAC (48%) and to a lesser extent in the STR (21%) following feeding. Drinking caused 18-20% increases in ACh release in both the NAC and STR. In a separate experiment, ACh release in the NAC was monitored in 10-min intervals during free-feeding; ACh increased in the interval immediately following maximal food intake. These results suggest a site-specific increase in ACh release following feeding that cannot be solely attributed to the activation associated with this behavior.     

Sex and estrous cycle-dependent differences in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the adult rat hippocampus

Sex differences in the morphology and function of the hippocampus have been reported in several species, but it is unknown whether a sexual dimorphism exists in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the rat hippocampus. We analyzed GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of intact adult male rats as well as in females during diestrus and proestrus phases of the estrous cycle. We found that in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, GFAP immunoreactivity was higher in proestrus females as compared with males and diestrus females. In CA1, a similar GFAP immunoreactivity was found in males and in diestrus females, but in dentate gyrus, males presented the lowest GFAP content. Interestingly, differences in astrocyte morphology were also found. Rounded cells with numerous and short processes were mainly observed in the hippocampus during proestrus whereas cells with stellate shape with few and long processes were present in the hippocampus of males and diestrus females. The marked sex and estrous cycle-dependent differences in GFAP immunoreactivity density and in astrocyte number and morphology found in the rat hippocampus, suggest the involvement of sex steroid hormones in the sexually dimorphic functions of the hippocampus, and in the change in its activity during the estrous cycle.     

Species and individual differences in juvenile female alloparental care are associated with oxytocin receptor density in the striatum and the lateral septum

The neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in the regulation of affiliative behavior and maternal responsiveness in several mammalian species. Rodent species vary considerably in the expression of juvenile alloparental behavior. For example, alloparental behavior is spontaneous in juvenile female prairie voles (approximately 20 days of age), takes 1-3 days of pup exposure to develop in juvenile rats, and is nearly absent in juvenile mice and meadow voles. Here, we tested the hypothesis that species differences in pup responsiveness in juvenile rodents are associated with oxytocin receptor (OTR) density in specific brain regions. We found that OTR density in the nucleus accumbens (NA) is highest in juvenile prairie voles, intermediate in juvenile rats, and lowest in juvenile mice and meadow voles. In the caudate putamen (CP), OTR binding was highest in prairie voles, intermediate in rats and meadow voles, and lowest in mice. In contrast, the lateral septum (LS) shows an opposite pattern, with OTR binding being high in mice and meadow voles and low in prairie voles and rats. Thus, alloparental responsiveness in juvenile rodents is positively correlated with OTR density in the NA and CP and negatively correlated with OTR density in the LS. We then investigated whether a similar receptor-behavior relationship exists among juvenile female prairie voles by correlating individual variation in alloparental behavior with variation in OTR density. The time spent adopting crouching postures, the most distinctive component of alloparental behavior in juveniles, was positively correlated with OTR density in the NA (r = 0.47) and CP (r = 0.45) and negatively correlated with OTR density in the lateral septum (r = -0.53). Thus, variation in OTR density in the NA, CP, and LS may underlie both species and individual differences in alloparental care in rodents.     

Effects of insecticide applications on macroinvertebrate density and biomass in rice-fields in the Rhône-delta,France

The density of 23 macroinvertebrate species and the total macroinvertebrate biomass were compared between rice-fields treated with lindane and diazinon in June and alphamethine in August and untreated controls. The macroinvertebrates could be divided into four groups: (1) Taxa, in which the densities were lower in the insecticide treatment in July and August than in the non-insecticide treatment. (2) The Culicidae which occurred in the insecticide treatment in significantly lower density in July, but in significantly higher density in August. (3) Ischnura elegans (Vander L.) which was found in July after the lindane application in significantly higher numbers in the insecticide treatments, but in significantly lower numbers in the insecticide treatment in August after the application of the pyrethroid. In these three groups, we assumed that direct effects due to the insecticides toxicity were the reason for the differences in density. (4) The fourth group included three taxa in which the densities were significantly higher in the insecticide treatment in July and August than in the control. For this, indirect effects due to reduced biotic interactions may be responsible. The biomass was higher in the insecticide treatments in July, mainly because of a high increase in gastropod density, during the rest of the season it was similar between treatments and controls.     

Ultrastructure and Lipase Activity of Cotyledon cell During Pod Development in Peanut

A series of significant changes of the ultrastructure and lipase activity of cotyledon cell were found in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) during pod development. In he initial stage of cotyledon development there were many plastids which kept producing starch grain and there were low lipase activity and very few lipid and protein bodies in the cell. In the middle stage of cotyledon development, a great number of larger lipid bodies were seen in the cell and a lot of protein bodies formed in the vacuoles and continued to increase in size. Lipase activity increased in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, protein bodies, plasmalemma and intercellular space. In the later stage of cotyledon development, the lipid bodies did not increase in number but became slightly larger. The protein bodies continued to increase both in number and in size. Lipase acttvity was even hegher in the cytoplasm. In the final stage the protein bodies became irregular in shape and some of them tended to disintegrate with their content entered into the space around the lipid bodies. The lipase activity in the cell declined. The results indicated that the lipid body originated in the cytoplasm and the protein body originated in the vacuole; that the accumulation of oil and protein in peanut cotyledon resulted from the formation and development of lipid and protein bodies in the cell, and that the changes of plasmid and lipase activity in the cell played a role in the development of lipid body during the development of cotyledon.     

An immuno-electron-microscopic study of the localization of VIP-like immunoreactivity in the adrenal gland of the rat

Summary VIP-like immunoreactivity was revealed in a few chromaffin cells, medullary ganglion cells and a plexus of varicose nerve fibers in the superficial cortex and single varicose fibers in the juxtamedullary cortex and the medulla of the rat adrenal gland. VIP-like immunoreactive chromaffin cells were polygonal in shape without any distinct cytoplasmic processes and they appeared solitarily. Their cytoplasm contained abundant granular vesicles having a round core and the immunoreactive material was localized to the granular core. VIP-immunoreactive ganglion cells were multipolar and had large intracytoplasmic vacuoles. The immunoreactive material was localized not only in a few granular vesicles but also diffusely throughout the axoplasm. VIP-immunoreactive varicose nerve fibers in the superficial cortex were characterized by abundant small clear vesicles and some large granular vesicles, while those in the juxtamedullary cortex and medulla and the ganglionic processes were characterized by abundant large clear vesicles, as well as the same vesicular elements as contained in the nerves in the superficial cortex. The immunoreactive material was localized on the granular cores and diffusely in the axoplasm in both nerves. Based on the similarity and difference in the composition of the vesicles contained in individual nerves, it is likely that the VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the medulla and the juxtamedullary cortex are derived from the medullary VIP-ganglion cells, while those in the superficial cortex are of extrinsic origin. The immunoreactive nerve fibers in both the cortex and the medulla were often in direct contact with cortical cells and chromaffin cells, where no membrane specializations were formed. The immunoreactive nerve fibers were sometimes associated with the smooth muscle cells and pericytes of small blood vessels in the superficial cortex. In addition they were often seen in close apposition to the fenestrated endothelial cells in the cortex and the medulla, only a common basal lamina intervening. Several possible mechanisms by which VIP may exert its effect in the adrenal gland are discussed.     

Seasonal hippocampal plasticity in food-storing birds

Both food-storing behaviour and the hippocampus change annually in food-storing birds. Food storing increases substantially in autumn and winter in chickadees and tits, jays and nutcrackers and nuthatches. The total size of the chickadee hippocampus increases in autumn and winter as does the rate of hippocampal neurogenesis. The hippocampus is necessary for accurate cache retrieval in food-storing birds and is much larger in food-storing birds than in non-storing passerines. It therefore seems probable that seasonal change in caching and seasonal change in the hippocampus are causally related. The peak in recruitment of new neurons into the hippocampus occurs before birds have completed food storing and cache retrieval for the year and may therefore be associated with spacing caches, encoding the spatial locations of caches, or creating a neuronal architecture involved in the recollection of cache sites. The factors controlling hippocampal plasticity in food-storing birds are not well understood. Photoperiodic manipulations that produce change in food-storing behaviour have no effect on either hippocampal size or neuronal recruitment. Available evidence suggests that changes in hippocampal size and neurogenesis may be a consequence of the behavioural and cognitive involvement of the hippocampus in storing and retrieving food.