PD-L1蛋白过表达对HeLa细胞迁移能力的影响北大核心

[目的]探讨PD-L1过表达对HeLa细胞迁移的影响。[方法]通过分子克隆构建PD-L1质粒载体(p EGFPPD-L1);通过PEI法转染质粒,调节质粒转染量(1μg、3μg、5μg)和转染时间(24 h、36 h、48 h、72 h),优化转染条件;通过细胞划痕实验检测细胞融合率,Western Blot检测细胞迁移相关蛋白(E-钙黏蛋白、N-钙黏蛋白、波形蛋白)的表达量。[结果]最佳转染条件是质粒量3μg/孔,转染后48 h观察,此时转染效率可达(82.94±8.08)%。转染pEGFP-PD-L1质粒后,HeLa细胞的PD-L1过表达3.5倍,划痕融合率显著增高(p<0.01);波形蛋白和N-钙黏蛋白的表达量显著升高(p<0.05),E-钙黏蛋白表达量显著下降(p<0.05)。[结论]PD-L1过表达显著促进HeLa细胞迁移能力和上皮向间质转化水平。     

过表达Snail增强肺癌细胞A549的体外侵袭能力

用锌指转录因子Snail诱导肺癌细胞A549发生上皮细胞-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT),检测肺癌发生EMT后细胞侵袭能力的变化,为临床筛选分子靶向药物提供依据.构建pcDNA3.1-snail载体,用pcDNA3.1-snail及空pcDNA3.1载体转染肺癌A549细胞后,进行G418筛选;光镜观察培养后细胞形态学的改变、免疫细胞化学与免疫荧光检测细胞表达E-钙黏着蛋白(E-cadherin)、波形蛋白(vimentin)的改变,Western印迹检测细胞中E-钙黏着蛋白和波形蛋白的改变,Transwell侵袭小室法进行细胞体外侵袭能力检测.采用pcDNA3.1-snail转染细胞后,A549细胞变得细长,细胞融合度降低.免疫细胞化学、免疫荧光、Western印迹结果显示,E-钙黏着蛋白表达降低,波形蛋白表达升高;transwell侵袭小室法结果显示,过表达Snail的A549细胞穿透matrigel胶的细胞数明显增多.结果提示,Snail能有效诱导肺癌发生EMT,并且能增强肺癌的体外侵袭能力.     

PD-L1蛋白过表达对HeLa细胞迁移能力的影响

[目的]探讨PD-L1过表达对HeLa细胞迁移的影响。[方法]通过分子克隆构建PD-L1质粒载体(p EGFPPD-L1);通过PEI法转染质粒,调节质粒转染量(1μg、3μg、5μg)和转染时间(24 h、36 h、48 h、72 h),优化转染条件;通过细胞划痕实验检测细胞融合率,Western Blot检测细胞迁移相关蛋白(E-钙黏蛋白、N-钙黏蛋白、波形蛋白)的表达量。[结果]最佳转染条件是质粒量3μg/孔,转染后48 h观察,此时转染效率可达(82.94±8.08)%。转染pEGFP-PD-L1质粒后,HeLa细胞的PD-L1过表达3.5倍,划痕融合率显著增高(p0.01);波形蛋白和N-钙黏蛋白的表达量显著升高(p0.05),E-钙黏蛋白表达量显著下降(p0.05)。[结论]PD-L1过表达显著促进HeLa细胞迁移能力和上皮向间质转化水平。     

LRP16基因通过雌激素受体α介导抑制Ishikawa细胞中E-钙黏着素的转录活性

目的:既往研究表明LRP16基因过表达通过下调E-钙黏着素促进子宫内膜癌Ishikawa细胞的侵袭生长,本研究目的在于探讨LRP16基因下调E-钙黏着素的分子途径。方法:用免疫组化方法检测LRP16基因过表达的Ishikawa细胞中E-钙黏着素的表达;用共转染与荧光素酶实验检测LRP16基因对E-钙黏着素启动子转录活性的影响;用染色质免疫共沉淀实验检测雌激素受体α(ERα)与LRP16蛋白在E-钙黏着素启动子区的招募状况。结果:E-钙黏着素在LRP16过表达的Ishikawa细胞中的表达水平明显下调;LRP16抑制了E-钙黏着素启动子的转录活性,该效应呈现对雌激素(E2)存在的依赖性特征;LRP16本身没有与E-钙黏着素启动子区结合,但明显抑制了ERα与E-钙黏着素启动子区的结合。结论:LRP16通过抑制ERα对E-钙黏着素基因的转录激活活性,下调E-钙黏着素在Ishikawa细胞中的表达水平。     

过表达P185可抑制EMT并促进胃癌细胞侵袭和迁移

为探究过表达P185基因对胃癌SGC7901细胞侵袭、迁移的影响以及可能作用机制,本研究通过脂质体将携带P185基因的过表达pcDNA3.1-P185质粒,转染至胃癌SGC7901细胞中;本研究采用qRT-PCR和免疫印迹试验(Western blotting)检测P185 mRNA的转录水平和蛋白水平,Western blotting检测钙黏蛋白E(E-cadherin)、波形蛋白(Vimentin)、基质金属蛋白酶-2 (matrix metalloprotease, MMP-2)表达;以Transwell小室法检测细胞的侵袭、迁移能力的变化。研究结果表明:胃癌细胞转染过表达pcDNA3.1-P185质粒能显著上调P185 mRNA和蛋白质的表达(p0.05);SGC7901细胞转染重组质粒pcDNA3.1-P185后,细胞的侵袭、迁移能力较对照组显著增强(p0.05),细胞中E-cadherin蛋白水平显著下调(p0.05),Vimentin、MMP-2蛋白水平显著增加(p0.05)。本研究显示P185可能通过抑制EMT,促进细胞外基质的降解、促进胃癌细胞的侵袭、迁移。     

LRP16通过调控E-钙粘合素的表达促进MCF-7细胞的侵袭生长

LRP16在原代乳腺癌组织中表达水平与雌激素受体α（ERα）表达状态以及腋窝淋巴结侵袭数目密切相关.为研究LRP16基因对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞侵袭生长的影响,并探讨涉及的分子机制,采用基质胶黏附实验与Transwell方法,检测内源性LRP16表达抑制MCF-7细胞的体外黏附、侵袭生长与迁移特征.结果表明,抑制LRP16在MCF-7细胞中的表达,降低了细胞的体外黏附、侵袭与迁移能力;采用FVB小鼠进行的实验性转移试验结果显示,抑制LRP16显著降低了MCF-7细胞的肺转移结节数目;为探索可能的分子机制,采用Western印迹方法,检测了LRP16对乳腺癌转移相关分子MMP-2, MMP-9, CD44和E-钙黏着蛋白表达的影响,结果在LRP16抑制的MCF-7细胞中只有E-钙黏着蛋白蛋白表达上调.进一步的Northern印迹与免疫组化实验结果表明,抑制LRP16可上调MCF-7细胞中E 钙黏着蛋白基因的mRNA与蛋白表达水平;共转染与双荧光素酶方法检测LRP16对E-钙黏着蛋白基因启动子的表达调控效应,结果显示,LRP16抑制E 钙黏着蛋白基因基因5′-近端启动子的转录激活,该抑制效应选择性存在于内源性ERα阳性细胞,并且依赖于雌激素的存在;染色质免疫共沉淀方法（ChIP）检测ERα与E-钙黏着蛋白基因启动子的相互作用,结果显示,在LRP16基因表达缺陷的MCF-7细胞中,ERα抗体沉淀到E-钙黏着蛋白基因启动子的DNA序列;上述研究结果表明,抑制LRP16基因表达,削弱了激素依赖型乳腺癌细胞的侵袭生长能力,其分子机制涉及了LRP16通过ERα介导对E-钙黏着蛋白基因基因转录激活的调控.     

长链非编码RNA PCGEM1促进胰腺癌细胞增殖和迁移

该文的目的为探讨长链非编码RNA PCGEM1(long non-coding RNA PCGEM1,lnc RNAPCGEM1)对胰腺癌细胞增殖和迁移的影响。通过荧光定量PCR检测三种胰腺癌细胞以及人胰腺癌组织和癌旁组织中PCGEM1的表达水平,分别在Bx PC3和Pa Tu8988细胞中转染p CDH-PCGEM1及其空载质粒p CDH,在SW1990细胞中转染si RNA和其对照si RNA,分别上调或下调PCGEM1在不同胰腺癌细胞中的表达;细胞克隆形成、CCK-8实验检测细胞增殖能力;Transwell实验检测细胞迁移能力;Western blot法检测MMP2、MMP9和E-钙黏着蛋白的蛋白表达以及荧光定量PCR检测MMP2和MMP9水平。结果表明,PCGEM1差异性表达于三种胰腺癌细胞中,其中SW1990表达水平相对较高,Bx PC3和Pa Tu8988表达水平相对较低。胰腺癌组织中PCGEM1水平高于癌旁组织。过表达PCGEM1后,细胞增殖和迁移能力增强,MMP2和MMP9的蛋白质水平增加,E-钙黏着蛋白的蛋白质水平降低;相反,降低PCGEM1表达,细胞增殖和迁移能力减弱,MMP2和MMP9的蛋白质水平降低,E-钙黏着蛋白的蛋白质水平升高。由此说明,lnc RNA PCGEM1可促进胰腺癌细胞的增殖和迁移。     

miR-145通过下调PLCε抑制膀胱癌EMT和迁移及其机制研究

目的:探讨miR-145调控PLCε对膀胱癌细胞T24上皮间质转化(EMT)和迁移的影响及可能的分子机制。方法:(1)腺病毒感染T24细胞,划痕实验和Transwell检测细胞的迁移能力;RTPCR、Western blot分别检测PLCε及EMT相关分子的表达;为探究其分子机制,Western blot检测GSK-3β磷酸化(Ser9位点)和Snail的表达情况。(2)利用生物信息学技术预测可能调控PLCε的miRNA,结合文献报道的膀胱癌microRNA表达谱结果筛选出miR-145;转染miR-145 mimics至T24,q PCR检测miR-145、PLCε的表达,Western blot检测PLCε的表达。(3)转染miR-145 mimics,Western blot检测EMT相关分子及p-GSK-3β、Snail;划痕实验、Transwell检测过表达miR-145后细胞的迁移能力。结果:(1)干扰PLCε表达能显著抑制细胞的迁移,同时,使T24细胞中E-cadherin表达上调,N-cadherin和Vimentin表达下调;干扰PLCε后,GSK-3β磷酸化(Ser9位点)水平下降,Snail表达降低。(2)转染miR-145 mimics可使T24细胞中miR-145表达增高,且明显抑制T24细胞中PLCε的表达。(3)在T24中过表达miR-145,细胞迁移能力显著下降,EMT标志分子的表达情况与沉默PLCε结果一致。同时,与阴性对照组相比,转染miR-145 mimics组p-GSK-3β和Snail表达显著减少。结论:PLCε通过GSK-3β/Snail信号通路促进膀胱癌细胞T24发生EMT及迁移,miR-145可以逆转PLCε诱导膀胱癌EMT的发生,从而阻止膀胱癌细胞的迁移。     

p85a基因对人神经母细胞瘤SY5Y细胞迁移的影响

通过干扰p85a基因的表达,探讨其在人神经母细胞瘤SY5Y细胞迁移中的作用及对m RNA和蛋白质水平的影响。首先,构建p85a基因的干扰质粒si RNA质粒(si-p85a)和过表达质粒(OE-p85a),转染人神经母细胞瘤SY5Y细胞,48 h后,用定量PCR方法检测p85a基因的m RNA水平变化;Western blot检测其蛋白质水平变化;用流式细胞术检测细胞周期变化;随后,将si-p85a、OE-p85a等质粒转染12孔板中的细胞,分别在24、48、72 h时做划痕实验,观察细胞迁移的变化。定量PCR显示,与MOCK组相比,不同组p85a基因表达有差异。干扰质粒(si-p85a)组表达降低,约为对照组的0.42倍;而过表达(OE-p85a)组表达明显升高,为对照组的22.84倍,均有显著性统计学差异(P0.05)。Western blot结果显示,转染si-p85a质粒后,p85a蛋白质水平下降;而转染OE-p85a质粒,p85a蛋白质水平升高。划痕实验中,转染OE-p85a可促进SY5Y细胞迁移,转染si-p85a后抑制细胞迁移,均有统计学差异(P0.05)。实验结果表明,在SY5Y细胞生长过程中,p85a基因起到重要作用,可以促进SY5Y细胞迁移运动。     

长链非编码RNA SNHG3对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖、迁移与侵袭的影响 *

目的:探讨长链非编码RNA SNHG3对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖、迁移与侵袭的影响。方法:构建SNHG3过表达质粒,实验分别设置阴性对照组(pcDNA-3.1+)与SNHG3基因过表达组(pcDNA-3.1+/SNHG3)。将MCF-7细胞转染对照组质粒和SNHG3过表达质粒,采用实时定量PCR 方法检测 SNHG3 mRNA 转录水平,Western blot 检测MMP9及EMT相关蛋白质水平;集落形成实验检测MCF-7细胞增殖能力;划痕愈合实验检测MCF-7细胞横向迁移能力; Transwell 小室实验检测MCF-7细胞纵向迁移能力及侵袭能力。结果:过表达SNHG3后,MCF-7细胞中SNHG3的mRNA水平显著增高(P<0.001);MCF-7细胞的体外增殖能力明显增加(P<0.01),迁移(P<0.01)与侵袭能力(P<0.001)也显著增强,实时定量PCR, Western blot 结果显示SNHG3可激活EMT相关通路。结论:过表达SNHG3可能通过激活EMT通路促进乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖,迁移与侵袭。     

干扰素调节因子-6基因与非综合征性唇腭裂的关系

先天性唇腭裂常分为综合征性唇腭裂和非综合征性唇腭裂两大类,其中非综合征性唇腭裂（nonsyndromic cleft lip with orwithout cleft palate,NSCL/P）约占先天性唇腭裂的70%-80%。国内外学者在对NSCL/P相关基因进行研究后发现,干扰素调节因子6（Interferon Regulatory Factor 6,IRF6）是迄今发现最有价值的并且与NSCL/P致病有相关性的热点基因之一,但是仍有部分学者通过实验研究后得出了相反的结论,故IRF6基因与NSCL/P之间的相关性说法不一,存在较大的争论,究竟前者是通过何种遗传方式作用于后者、仍然不十分清楚,且需要大样本的研究来证实。本文就IRF6基因与NSCL/P的关系做一综述,为研究两者的关系提供系统性参考。     

Generation and characterization of a conditional allele of Interferon Regulatory Factor 6

Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) is a critical regulator of differentiation, proliferation, and migration of keratinocytes. Mutations in IRF6 cause two autosomal dominant disorders characterized by cleft lip with or without cleft palate. In addition, DNA variation in IRF6 confers significant risk for non‐syndromic cleft lip and palate. IRF6 is also implicated in adult onset development and disease processes, including mammary gland development and squamous cell carcinoma. Mice homozygous for a null allele of Irf6 die shortly after birth due to severe skin, limb, and craniofacial defects, thus impeding the study of gene function after birth. To circumvent this, a conditional allele of Irf6 was generated. To validate the functionality of the conditional allele, we used three “deleter” Cre strains: Gdf9‐Cre, CAG‐Cre, and Ella‐Cre. When Cre expression was driven by the Gdf9‐Cre or CAG‐Cre transgenes, 100% recombination was observed as indicated by DNA genotyping and phenotyping. In contrast, use of the Ella‐Cre transgenic line resulted in incomplete recombination, despite expression at the one‐cell stage. In sum, we generated a novel tool to delete Irf6 in a tissue specific fashion, allowing for study of gene function past perinatal stages. However, recombination efficiency of this allele was dictated by the Cre‐driver used.     

过表达微小RNA miR-125b抑制肝癌细胞上皮-间质转换及促进细胞凋亡

微小RNA-125b（miR-125b）在许多恶性肿瘤的增殖、分化和凋亡等过程中具有很重要的作用,但miR-125b是否涉及肝癌的上皮 间质转换过程（EMT）还有待进一步研究。本研究通过构建过表达miR-125b的肝癌稳转细胞株,初步检测miR-125b对于肝癌的EMT过程和相关的TGF-β信号通路的影响,以及对于肝癌细胞凋亡的影响。以慢病毒载体pHRS-1cla EGFP 构建过表达miR-125b的载体质粒(pHRS-1cla-miR125b-CMV-EGFP),并对上述载体进行NheⅠ、XbaⅠ双酶切和测序鉴定,鉴定正确后,在293T细胞中进行慢病毒包装,浓缩病毒后,对MHCC97-H进行慢病毒感染并采用流式分选GFP阳性的细胞。实时定量PCR检测表明肝癌细胞稳转株MHCC97-H-PHRS-miR-125b-EGFP的miR-125b表达量是空载体转染组的6倍。Western印迹检测发现,与空载体对照组相比,MHCC97-H-PHRS-miR-125b-EGFP细胞中间质细胞标志α-SMA表达显著下调,上皮细胞标志E-cadherin表达显著上调,同样的,用Western印迹检测也发现MHCC97-H-PHRS-miR-125b-EGFP细胞中TGF-β信号通路关键下游分子Smad2和Smad4的表达显著下调,细胞凋亡检测结果表明,与对照组相比,过表达miR-125b的稳转株凋亡率增加到19.66%,加入TGF-β1后,过表达miR-125b的稳转株凋亡率进一步增加到74.7%。同样的,在体内治疗实验中,我们采用商品化的体内核酸转染试剂,在皮下肿瘤组织中过表达miR-125b mimics,结果表明miR-125b的过表达与肿瘤组织的凋亡成正相关性（r=0.83463,P < 0.01）,且免疫组化结果也表明,miR-125b过表达后,E-cadherin表达显著上调,α-SMA及Smad2和Smad4的表达显著下调。上述结果表明,我们成功构建了过表达miR-125b的肝癌细胞稳转株,并成功建立了肿瘤组织中过表达miR-125b mimics的动物模型,在体内外均观察到过表达miR-125b后对肝癌细胞EMT过程的抑制作用和对细胞凋亡的促进作用。相关研究结果加深了我们对miR-125b在肝癌中抑制肝癌发展作用机制的理解,及其作为潜在的治疗肝癌的新靶点的重要性。     

半乳糖凝集素-3(galectin-3)基因沉默对Eca109人类食管癌细胞的影响

半乳糖凝集素-3(galectin-3)是一种多功能的β-半乳糖苷结合凝集素,涉及包括细胞生长、粘附、增殖、进展、转移以及凋亡等多种生物学功能,在恶性肿瘤中高表达。以前的研究已经证实了galecin-3过表达在Eca109人食管癌细胞的生物学作用。本研究试图通过进行小干扰RNA(siRNA)介导的galectin-3沉默,以分析galectin-3沉默对食管癌细胞生物学行为的影响。我们采用Western blotting和RT-qPCR被用来证实在蛋白质和mRNA水平上的galectin-3低表达,使用细胞计数试剂盒-8评估细胞增殖,用Annexin V-PE/7-AAD细胞凋亡检测试剂盒和流式细胞术检测Eca109细胞的凋亡。研究结果表明,转染后72 h,si Gal-3组Eca109细胞增殖明显低于siRNA对照组和未处理组(p<0.001)。Transwell实验结果显示,与其他组相比,galecin-3的抑制作用显著降低Eca109细胞的迁移和侵袭能力(p<0.05)。与siRNA-对照组和未处理组相比,galectin-3敲低显著增加Eca109细胞的凋亡率(p<0.05)。敲低Eca109细胞中galecin-3的表达后,细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力下降,而细胞凋亡增强,说明galectin沉默可作为食管癌治疗的新策略。     

FOXG1在结直肠癌侵袭及转移中的作用及机制

构建叉头框G1(Forkhead box G1,FOXG1)的慢病毒干扰(shRNA)质粒及表达质粒,通过敲低和过表达FOXG1探讨其对结直肠癌细胞上皮-间质转化EMT的作用及其机制。应用Western blotting检测FOXG1在RKO、SW480、SW620、LOVO、DLD-1五种结直肠癌细胞中蛋白的表达水平,设计并合成FOXG1的shRNA片段(shFOXG1),运用DNA重组技术获得重组质粒,经双酶切技术及测序方法鉴定后进行慢病毒的包装、纯化及稳定转染,经筛选后获得稳定的结直肠癌细胞株,通过Western blotting和qRT-PCR技术检测FOXG1敲低和过表达效率及EMT关键因子E-cadherin、Vimentin、Fibronectin、Snail、Twist mRNA和蛋白的变化,光学显微镜观察敲低后细胞形态学变化,通过划痕实验检测迁移能力变化,Transwell检测侵袭迁移能力的变化。5种结直肠癌细胞中,FOXG1在RKO细胞中蛋白表达量最高,而在DLD-1细胞中表达量最低,与对照组相比较,在RKO细胞中敲低FOXG1,细胞形态由长梭型变成了类圆形或者多边形,细胞极性和紧密连接增加,细胞迁移距离明显降低,侵袭转移穿过小室的细胞数也明显减少,EMT关键因子E-cadherin表达增高,Vimentin、Fibronectin、Snail、Twist表达降低,过表达FOXG1组则相反。FOXG1在结直肠癌中高表达,这种基因的高表达能够促进结直肠癌细胞的侵袭和转移,对结直肠癌细胞的EMT起着重要的调控作用。     

miR-17-5p promotes proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human osteosarcoma cells by targeting SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1

MicroRNA-17-5p (miR-17-5p) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been reported to participate in the development and progression of multiple cancers. However, the relationship between the miR-17-5p and EMT in osteosarcoma (OS) is still poorly understood. This study was to investigate the effects of the miR-17-5p and its potential mechanism in regulating proliferation, apoptosis, and EMT of human OS. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the miR-17-5p and SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1 (SRCIN1) messenger RNA expression in OS specimens and cell lines. After transfection with miR-17-5p inhibitors, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of OS cells were assessed by using the Cell Counting Kit-8, the annexin V-FITC apoptosis, wound-healing, and transwell assays. The SRCIN1 was validated as a target of the miR-17-5p through bioinformatics algorithms and luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, the expression of EMT markers, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Snail was identified by the Western blot analysis. MiR-17-5p was significantly upregulated in OS tumor samples and cell lines. It inhibited proliferation and EMT, and promoted apoptosis in OS. The SRCIN1 was identified as a direct target of the miR-17-5p. Silenced miR-17-5p could change the expression of EMT markers, such as upregulating the expression of E-cadherin, and downregulating the expression of N-cadherin and Snail through targeting the antioncogenic SRCIN1. These findings suggest that the miR-17-5p promotes cell proliferation, and EMT in human OS by directly targeting the SRCIN1, and reveal a branch of the miR-17-5p/SRCIN1/EMT signaling pathway involved in the progression of OS.     

A novel mutation of the IRF6 gene in an Italian family with Van der Woude syndrome

Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is the most common type of syndromic orofacial cleft, being characterised by variable association of lower lip pits, cleft lip and cleft palate. VWS is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner, with high penetrance and variable expressivity, and a gene for this disease has been mapped in 1q32-q41. Very recently, mutations of the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene have been found in VWS patients, suggesting that this gene plays an important role in the orofacial development. We report a novel mutation of the IRF6 in an Italian family with six members affected by VWS with different expression. This mutation, the W217X, produces a stop codon within exon 6 of the IRF6 gene, with loss of the SMIR domain of the IRF6 protein.     

IgG silencing induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation,migration and invasion in LNCaP prostate cancer cells

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been implicated in the progression of various cancers. This study explored the role of IgG in the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle and in vitro invasive properties of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. We used IGHG1 small interfering RNA to silence IgG1 expression in LNCaP cells. The efficacy of IgG1 gene knockdown was confirmed using qPCR and western blotting. The colony formation, proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of LNCaP cells after transfection were assessed using colony-forming, flow cytometry and transwell assays. The expressions of PCNA and caspase-3 proteins in LNCaP cells after transfection were detected with immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. IgG1 silencing significantly decreased the colony formation, survival, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion of LNCaP cells (p?<?0.05). IgG1 silencing also reduced the amount of the proliferation marker PCNA and induced formation of the apoptotic marker caspase-3 (p?<?0.05). Our results show that IgG1 produced by LNCaP cells confers advantages for tumor cell survival, proliferation, migration and invasion, suggesting that IgG1 is a potential target for prostate cancer treatment.     

Distinct functions for Bmp signaling in lip and palate fusion in mice

Previous work suggested that cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is genetically distinct from isolated cleft secondary palate (CP). Mutations in the Bmp target gene Msx1 in families with both forms of orofacial clefting has implicated Bmp signaling in both pathways. To dissect the function of Bmp signaling in orofacial clefting, we conditionally inactivated the type 1 Bmp receptor Bmpr1a in the facial primordia, using the Nestin cre transgenic line. Nestin cre; Bmpr1a mutants had completely penetrant, bilateral CL/P with arrested tooth formation. The cleft secondary palate of Nestin cre; Bmpr1a mutant embryos was associated with diminished cell proliferation in maxillary process mesenchyme and defective anterior posterior patterning. By contrast, we observed elevated apoptosis in the fusing region of the Nestin cre; Bmpr1a mutant medial nasal process. Moreover, conditional inactivation of the Bmp4 gene using the Nestin cre transgenic line resulted in isolated cleft lip. Our data uncover a Bmp4-Bmpr1a genetic pathway that functions in lip fusion, and reveal that Bmp signaling has distinct roles in lip and palate fusion.