上调CTRP4基因表达通过抑制炎症因子调控食欲调节相关蛋白的表达

上调中枢补体C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白4(complement-C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 4,CTRP4)可以改变下丘脑食欲调节相关蛋白的表达,抑制小鼠摄食且降低其体重。然而,CTRP4如何调控食欲调节相关蛋白的表达尚不清楚。本研究通过上调小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞(N2a)中的CTRP4,探讨CTRP4调控食欲调节相关蛋白的潜在作用机制。通过对N2a细胞未做干预、转染绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)重组腺病毒和CTRP4过表达重组腺病毒,将其分为空白对照组(Control组)、阴性对照组(Ad-GFP组)及CTRP4过表达组(AdCTRP4组)。干预72 h时,用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测细胞CTRP4 mRNA表达,采用Western印迹检测细胞CTRP4、Pomc、Npy、p-STAT3/t-STAT3、TNF-α、IL-6、SOCS3在蛋白质水平的表达。结果显示,与对照组相比,Ad-CTRP4组的CTRP4 mRNA水平(26 258. 44±10 403. 47vs. 1. 81±0. 79 vs. 1. 00±0. 00,P<0. 01)及蛋白质水平显著增加(10. 44±7. 99 vs.0. 64±0. 62 vs.1. 00±0. 75,P<0. 01)。Ad-CTRP4组的p-STAT3/t-STAT3(3. 38±1. 70 vs. 0. 86±0. 57 vs. 1. 00±0. 63,P<0. 01)和Pomc(1. 81±0. 19 vs. 1. 15±0. 18 vs. 1. 00±0. 22,P <0. 01)表达均显著增高;SOCS3(0. 69±0. 15 vs. 1. 00±0. 12 vs. 1. 00±0. 07,P<0. 01),IL-6(0. 40±0. 19 vs. 1. 03±0. 17 vs.1. 00±0. 16,P<0. 01),TNF-α(0. 39±0. 27 vs. 1. 05±0. 46 vs. 1. 00±0. 29,P<0. 05)及Npy (0. 55±0. 14 vs. 1. 21±0. 38 vs. 1. 00±0. 24,P <0. 05)表达均显著下降。上述结果提示,在N2a细胞中,上调CTRP4可能通过抑制炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6,降低负性调节因子SOCS3的表达,增加STAT3磷酸化表达水平,从而调控食欲调节相关蛋白的表达。     

补体C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白6的结构与功能研究进展

补体C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白6(CTRP6)是与脂联素高度同源的脂肪因子,广泛表达于人体多种组织中,常以三聚体的形式发挥其生物学功能。研究表明, CTRP6在脂质代谢、肥胖症、糖尿病、炎症、肿瘤、纤维化等多种生理和病理过程中发挥重要的调控作用。此外, CTRP6在农业动物育种中也具有一定的应用前景。该文将对CTRP6的结构特征、表达调控及主要生物学功能进行全面的综述,为CTRP6的进一步研究提供参考和借鉴。     

补体C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白15的研究进展

补体C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白15(complement C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein15,CTRP15),又称肌联素(myonectin),是一种由骨骼肌分泌的肌肉因子。CTRP15的基因表达和血清水平受饮食和代谢状况、运动锻炼以及激素的调节。CTRP15可影响脂肪组织及肝脏的脂肪酸代谢,并与饥饿所致的肝自噬密切相关。最新研究发现它参与红细胞生成过程中铁代谢的调节,因而又被命名为erythroferrone。     

TRAF6调控NLRP3炎症小体信号通路的机制研究

目的:研究肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)对NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症小体信号通路调控作用的机制。方法:利用免疫共沉淀和免疫印迹在HEK-293T细胞中研究TRAF6与NLRP3的相互作用;通过检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),在THP-1细胞中研究TRAF6对NLRP3炎症小体信号通路活性的影响。结果:TRAF6通过与NLRP3的相互作用增加NLRP3的稳定性,进而促进NLRP3炎症小体信号通路介导的LDH的释放。结论:TRAF6通过增加NLRP3的稳定性正调控NLRP3炎症小体信号通路。     

冠心病患者血清HN、CTRP3与血脂及病情严重程度的关系研究

摘要 目的：分析血清抗凋亡多肽（HN）、补体C1q肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白因子3（CTRP3）与冠心病（CHD）患者血脂及病情严重程度的关系。方法：选取2017年1月至2018年12月期间西安医学院第二附属医院收治的CHD患者360例（CHD组）,另选取同期健康体检者100例作为对照组（NC组）,比较两组血清HN、CTRP3、血脂水平及基线资料;根据CHD患者病变支数分为单支病变组（n=131）、双支病变组（n=119）、多支病变组（n=110）,根据冠状动脉造影结果测定Gensini积分,采用Pearson相关分析HN、CTRP3与血脂及Gensini积分的相关性。结果：CHD组患者吸烟史比例、收缩压、空腹血糖、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）及低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）水平均高于NC组（P<0.05）,血清HN、CTRP3和高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）均低于NC组（P<0.05）;CHD双支病变组和多支病变组患者吸烟史、空腹血糖、TC水平以及Gensini积分均高于单支病变组,CTRP3和HDL-C水平均低于单支病变组,多支病变组收缩压高于单支病变组,多支病变组吸烟史、空腹血糖和Gensini积分均高于双支病变组,且多支病变组CTRP3低于双支病变组（均P<0.05）;Pearson相关分析结果显示：CHD患者血清HN水平与HDL-C水平呈正相关性,CHD患者血清CTRP3水平与Gensini积分呈负相关（P<0.05）。结论：CHD患者血清中HN、CTRP3水平均显著降低,HN与HDL-C水平呈正相关,CTRP3降低程度与CHD患者病情严重程度有关,临床可考虑将其作为评估CHD患者病情严重程度的辅助血清学指标。     

卡托普利对高血压大鼠动脉血管平滑肌细胞内质网相关因子葡萄糖调节蛋白78和C/EBP同源蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究卡托普利对早期高血压大鼠动脉血管平滑肌细胞内质网相关因子葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose-regulated protein of 78kd,GRPT8)和C/EBP同源蛋白(CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein,CHOP)表达的影响.方法:将18只成年雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和卡托普利组(n=6),模型组和卡托普利组均采用大鼠腹主动脉结扎建立高血压大鼠模型.4周后测量血压,应用免疫组化方法检测主动脉血管平滑肌细胞GRP78和CHOP的表达;缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡.结果:(1)模型组平均动脉压(mean arterial blood pressure,MAP)明显增加,卡托普利组血压低于模型组,高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)模型组内质网因子GRP78、CHOP表达均增加,卡托普利组GRP78、CHOP表达低于模型组,高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);(3)模型组血管平滑肌细胞凋亡率减少,卡托普利组血管平滑肌细胞凋亡率高于模型组,低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论:卡托普利可降低高血压大鼠动脉血管平滑肌细胞GRP78和CHOP的表达,增加细胞凋亡.可能与其减弱高血压所致内质网反应,维持血管平滑肌细胞的增殖/凋亡平衡有关.     

敲低低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1抑制C3H10T1/2多潜能干细胞定向成脂

C3H10T1/2多潜能干细胞成脂过程分为定向和分化两个阶段,骨形成蛋白4(BMP4)可以诱导其定向成前脂肪细胞．已有的研究表明,脂肪组织特异性敲除低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1(Lrp1)的小鼠体重减轻,脂肪组织含量减少,揭示此基因对成脂具有重要作用．然而,目前尚不清楚Lrp1是否在成脂定向过程中发挥作用．采用小干扰RNA技术(RNAi),在体外水平研究低密度脂蛋白Lrp1对C3H10T1/2多潜能干细胞成脂定向的作用．分别在C3H10T1/2成脂的定向期和脂滴成熟期敲低Lrp1,通过显微镜下观察、油红O染色、Western blotting等实验证实,定向期而非脂滴成熟期敲低Lrp1显著抑制C3H10T1/2多潜能干细胞成脂．BMP4通过激活下游Smad1/5/8信号通路发挥作用,而敲低Lrp1显著抑制BMP4诱导的Smad1/5/8磷酸化．这些结果说明：敲低Lrp1通过下调Smad信号通路,抑制BMP4诱导的C3H10T1/2多潜能干细胞成脂定向．     

C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-3 improves renal fibrosis via inhibiting notch signaling pathways

C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-3 (CTRP3) has been extensively reported as an important role involved in antifibrosis, antiapoptosis, and anti-inflammation. However, the role of CTRP3 involved in renal fibrosis remains unclear. Our current study explored the role of CTRP3 in renal fibrosis and its underlying mechanisms by using serums and renal biopsy specimens from renal fibrosis patients and control subjects, rats models with the surgery of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HRPTEpiCs). We found that circulating levels of CTRP3 had no significant difference between renal fibrosis patients and healthy subjects; however, renal CTRP3 expression was markedly downregulated in the fibrotic region with an abundant expression of collagen-I. In UUO rat models, circulating levels of CTRP3 have not changed with the prolonged obstruction of the kidney; renal CTRP3 expression was decreased with the severity of renal fibrosis; adenovirus-mediated CTRP3 treatment inhibited renal interstitial fibrosis. In vitro experiments revealed that CTRP3 attenuates TGF-β1 induced tubular epithelial cells fibrotic changes; CTRP3 knockdown facilitates the expression of fibrotic markers in TGF-β1-induced HRPTEpiCs; recombinant CTRP3 or adenovirus-mediated CTRP3 overexpression significantly inhibited the Notch signaling pathway-associated factors, and knockdown of CTRP3 increased TGF-β1-mediated activation of the Notch signaling pathways. Collectively, our current study found that CTRP3 could improve renal fibrosis, to some extent, through inhibiting the Notch pathway.     

维甲酸促进小鼠F9细胞中STAT1的反式激活作用

维甲酸能促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡,诱导体外胚胎干细胞的分化,但作用机制的不明使其应用受到极大限制.因此,更多更全面地了解维甲酸的作用机制具有重要意义.本文构建了信号传导与转录激活因子（STAT1和STAT3）的真核表达载体 ,通过免疫荧光染色、电泳迁移率实验以及双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统证明, 维甲酸诱导可以激活转录因子STAT1促使其进入细胞核,并且增强STAT1蛋白与靶基因启动子的结合能力,从而发挥基因表达调控作用.本文结合后续的STAT1功能分析,试图建立起一种“维甲酸-转录因子-靶基因”的研究模式,有助于维甲酸作用机制的全面、系统的研究.这为临床上使用维甲酸作为抗肿瘤药提供理论基础,同时也为胚胎干细胞多能性调控机制研究提供新思路.     

白细胞介素-6在酒精性肝病中的作用

酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver disease,ALD)是由于长期过量饮酒导致肝的内部组织发生炎症损伤的慢性肝病.乙醇及其衍生物在代谢过程中直接或间接诱导引起的肝炎症反应可能是ALD发病的重要机制.然而,该过程内在的细胞分子机制尚不明确.最新研究发现,白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)对...     

CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein delta (c/EBPdelta) regulation and expression in human mammary epithelial cells: I. "Loss of function" alterations in the c/EBPdelta growth inhibitory pathway in breast cancer cell lines

"Loss of function" alterations in growth inhibitory signal transduction pathways are common in cancer cells. In this study, we show that growth arrest (GA) treatments--serum and growth factor withdrawal and growth inhibitory IL-6 family cytokines (Interleukin-6 and Oncostatin M (OSM))--increase STAT3 phosphorylation (pSTAT3), increase CCAAT enhancer binding protein delta (C/EBPdelta) gene expression and induce GA of primary, finite-lifespan human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), and immortalized breast cell lines (MCF-10A and MCF-12A). In contrast, serum and growth factor withdrawal from human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, SK-BR-3, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) for up to 48 h induced a relatively modest increase in pSTAT3 levels and C/EBPdelta gene expression and resulted in varying levels of GA. In most breast cancer cell lines, IL-6 family cytokine treatment increased pSTAT3 levels and C/EBPdelta gene expression, however, growth inhibition was cell line dependent. In addition to "loss of function" alterations in growth inhibitory pathways, breast cancer cell lines also exhibit "gain of function" alterations in growth signaling pathways. The Akt growth/ survival pathway is constitutively activated in T-47D and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The Akt inhibitor LY 294,002 significantly enhanced T-47D growth inhibition by serum and growth factor withdrawal or IL-6 family cytokine treatment. Finally, we show that activation of the pSTAT3/C/EBPdelta growth control pathway is independent of estrogen receptor status. These results demonstrate that "loss of function" alterations in the pSTAT3/C/EBPdelta growth inhibitory signal transduction pathway are relatively common in human breast cancer cell lines. Defective activation of the pSTAT3/ C/EBPdelta growth inhibitory signal transduction pathway, in conjunction with constitutive activation of the Akt growth stimulatory pathway, may play a synergistic role in the etiology or progression of breast cancer.     

The discovery of 2,5-isomers of triazole-pyrrolopyrimidine as selective Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitors versus JAK1 and JAK3

Members of the Janus kinase (JAK) family are potential therapeutic targets. Abnormal signaling by mutant JAK2 is related to hematological malignancy, such as myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We discovered a potent and highly selective inhibitor of JAK2 over JAK1 and -3 based on the structure of 4-(2,5-triazole)-pyrrolopyrimidine. Among all triazole compounds tested, 2,5-triazole regioisomers more effectively inhibited JAK2 kinase activity than isomers with substitutions of various alkyl groups at the R₂ position, except for methyl-substituted 1,5-triazole, which was more potent than the corresponding 1,4- and 2,5-triazoles. None of the synthesized 1,4-isomers inhibited all three JAK family members. Compounds with phenyl or tolyl group substituents at the R₁ position were completely inactive compared with the corresponding analogues with a methyl substituted at the R₁ position. As a result of this structure–activity relationship, 54, which is substituted with a cyclopropylmethyl moiety, exhibited significant inhibitory activity and selectivity (IC₅₀ = 41.9 nM, fold selectivity JAK1/2 10.6 and JAK3/2 58.1). Compound 54 also exhibited an equivalent inhibition of wild type JAK2 and the V617F mutant. Moreover, 54 inhibited the proliferation of HEL 92.1.7 cells, which carry JAK2 V617F, and gefitinib-resistant HCC827 cells. Compound 54 also suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation at Y705.