毒死蜱和阿维菌素对塔六点蓟马功能反应的影响

室内采用叶碟饲养的方法,以山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher卵为猎物研究了苹果园常用药剂毒死蜱和阿维菌素对塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii Prisener功能反应的影响。结果表明：毒死蜱和阿维菌素对塔六点蓟马的功能反应均有明显的影响。在推荐剂量下阿维菌素可显著降低雌雄两性蓟马的瞬时攻击率,处置时间则分别比对照增加213.36%和19.74%,且雌性的功能反应由HollingⅡ型改变为HollingⅢ型;在半推荐剂量下两性蓟马的瞬时攻击率与对照差异不明显,而雌性蓟马的处置时间则比对照增加133.72%。毒死蜱处理则不影响塔六点蓟马的功能反应类型,在推荐剂量和半推荐剂量下均可使雌雄两性蓟马的瞬时攻击率显著降低,雌性蓟马的处置时间比对照分别增加85.62％和71.97%,而雄性蓟马在两个剂量下则分别增加55.92％和38.20%,与对照的差异均达显著水平。     

叶螨天敌塔六点蓟马生物学特性的研究

【目的】研究了在不同温度下塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii Prisener的生物学参数以及温度对雌虫日产卵动态的影响。【方法】本研究通过在18、22、26、30、34℃5个恒温条件下用二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch卵对塔六点蓟马单头饲养,明确了不同温度下塔六点蓟马试验种群的生物学特性。【结果】观测表明:在18~34℃范围内,塔六点蓟马的发育随着温度的升高而逐渐加快,在18℃下需要1个月左右,而在34℃下完成1个世代仅需7.8 d;其发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.4℃和171.0日·度。在18~34℃之间,塔六点蓟马成虫日均食螨卵量随温度升高而上升,在34℃条件下,单雌每日捕食螨卵量达到105粒左右,而若虫期对二斑叶螨卵的总取食量随温度变化不大。此外,塔六点蓟马的子代雌雄性比随温度升高有依次降低的趋势。【结论】根据室内观察结果认为塔六点蓟马是喜温昆虫,据此可以解释早春低温导致天敌塔六点蓟马种群上升缓慢,而6月份气温升高后田间密度迅速上升成为控制叶螨的优势天敌。     

12种杀螨剂对山楂叶螨防效评价及其对天敌塔六点蓟马的影响

通过施用不同类型的杀螨剂对苹果山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis和天敌塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii的影响进行分析,结果表明,15%哒螨灵EC(0.4 mL/L)、73%炔螨特EC(0.5 mI/L)表现出较好的速效性和持效性,但是对塔六点蓟马有一定的杀伤作用,240 g/L螺螨酯SC(0.2 mL/L)、5%唑螨酯SC(0.4 mL/L)对山楂叶螨相对防效较好.对塔六点蓟马影响较小,500 s/L四螨嗪SC(0.2 mL/L)速效性较差,但对天敌安全,20%甲氟菊酯EC(0.5 mL/L)对山楂叶螨防治效果差,且对天敌杀伤率始终较高,从而可能造成山楂叶螨的爆发.复配药剂10%阿维·四螨SC(0.67 mL/L)综合了单剂的优点,15.6%阿维·丁醚EC(0.5 mL/L)、6%阿维·哒EC(0.5 mL/L)相对单剂对天敌杀伤率有所降低,1.8%阿维·甲氰EC(0.83 mL/L)则主要表现出单剂甲氰菊酯相同的特点.     

深点食螨瓢虫和塔六点蓟马对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用

本文通过室内对深点食螨瓢虫Stethorus punctillum Weise和塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii Priesener成虫捕食朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)成螨的功能反应及种内干扰作用的研究,比较了2种天敌对朱砂叶螨的捕食能力。结果表明,深点食螨瓢虫和塔六点蓟马成虫对朱砂叶螨成螨的捕食功能反应均属HollingⅡ型,其模型分别为Na=0.7181N0/(1+0.0175N0)和Na=0.5168N0/(1+0.0136N0),日最大捕食量分别为41.11头和38.14头,处置时间分别为0.0243和0.0262d。深点食螨瓢虫和塔六点蓟马种内干扰模型分别为E=0.1916P-0.1805和E=0.1535P-0.4684。深点食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨成螨的捕食能力强于塔六点蓟马。     

拟小食螨瓢虫捕食六点始叶螨的初步观察

在室内以六点始叶螨Eotetranychus sexmaculatus(Riley)为猎物观察了拟小食螨瓢虫Stethorusparapauperculus Pang的发育历期、捕食量、捕食作用及干扰效应。研究结果表明:拟小食螨瓢虫取食六点始叶螨时完成一个世代需23.2 d,幼虫1～4龄的捕食量分别为9.5、14.5、19.5、64.2头六点始叶螨成螨;成虫期对六点始叶螨成螨的捕食量高达880.4头,拟小食螨瓢虫对六点始叶螨的捕食作用符合HollingⅡ方程,拟合的模型方程为Na=1.3843 N/(1+0.0231N),日均最大捕食量为43.29头;拟小食螨瓢虫的捕食率与个体间的干扰效应用Hassell-Varley(1959)模型拟合为E=0.4690P-0.5470。     

斯氏钝绥螨对西花蓟马的捕食功能反应

【目的】明确斯氏钝绥螨在不同温度下对西花蓟马的捕食功能反应,为西花蓟马的生物防治提供理论依据。【方法】室内采用水琼脂培养基法,研究斯氏钝绥螨对西花蓟马的捕食功能反应。【结果】斯氏钝绥螨第一若螨对西花蓟马1龄若虫的日均捕食量随温度的升高而逐渐增加,而第二若螨、雄成螨和雌成螨的日均捕食量随温度的上升呈先增加后减少的趋势。斯氏钝绥螨雌成螨对西花蓟马1龄若虫的功能反应符合Holling-Ⅱ模型,在30℃时捕食效能达到最大,为18.146。在一定密度的西花蓟马环境下,斯氏钝绥螨雌成螨对西花蓟马1龄若虫的搜寻效应随着温度的上升而增加; 35℃时,搜寻效应下降。在西花蓟马1龄若虫的密度为30头时,斯氏钝绥螨雌成螨自身密度对西花蓟马1龄若虫的捕食具有明显的干扰作用。斯氏钝绥螨雌成螨捕食西花蓟马1龄若虫所产生的竞争属于分摊竞争。【结论】斯氏钝绥螨对西花蓟马有较好的捕食能力,其捕食功能反应符合Holling-Ⅱ模型,斯氏钝绥螨可用于西花蓟马的生物防治中。     

加州新小绥螨在不同温度下对六点始叶螨的捕食效能

为明确加州新小绥螨对橡胶六点始叶螨的控害潜能,系统研究了21℃、24℃、27℃、30℃、33℃5个不同温度条件下加州新小绥螨对六点始叶螨各螨态的捕食效能和自身密度干扰效应。结果表明:加州新小绥螨对六点始叶螨若螨、幼螨和卵的选择系数分别为0.71、1.75和0.54。在21℃～33℃条件下,加州新小绥螨对不同螨态六点始叶螨的功能反应均能很好地拟合Holling-II型圆盘方程,其对六点始叶螨雌成螨、若螨、幼螨的捕食效能(a/Th)在30℃时最强,分别达19.91、44.90、189.45头/d,对叶螨卵的捕食能力在不同温度间差异不显著。在同一温度条件下,加州新小绥螨对不同螨态六点始叶螨的捕食量大小依次为:幼螨若螨成螨卵。在相同的猎物密度条件下,加州新小绥螨的捕食作用率随其自身密度的增加而逐渐降低,说明加州新小绥螨存在种内竞争和自我干扰作用,自身干扰系数为0.349。     

山楂叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的吸引作用研究

采用两侧吸引作用试验测定天敌胡瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans在田间对山楂叶螨的搜索和控制能力。结果表明：山楂叶螨不同螨态对胡瓜钝绥螨均有显著的吸引作用,排泄物对胡瓜钝绥螨没有明显的吸引作用。山楂叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的这种吸引作用说明胡瓜钝绥螨在田间具有自动搜索山楂叶螨的能力,可用于山楂叶螨的生物防治。     

山楂叶螨滞育的初步研究

本文采用海绵水盘法研究了山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher的滞育与温度、光照和寄主营养等环境因子的关系。结果表明21℃下,临界光周期为12 h 32 min,光敏感螨态为幼螨至第二若螨之间的连续两个螨态,单独一个发育阶段对短光照不敏感或仅有微弱的感应。在相同寄主（梨树）叶片上,病叶和老叶诱导的滞育率比嫩叶高,分别为69.7%、55.3%和20%。相同叶片,短光照(12.5 h/d)条件下随螨密度的增大滞育率升高。相同短光照下,低温促进滞育,在15℃、18℃和21℃下滞育率分别为100%、93.1%和66.7%;高温（24℃）抑制滞育,滞育率仅为13.3%;温度为27℃时不滞育。     

瑞香狼毒根提取物对山楂叶螨的生物活性

采用不同的生物活性测定方法比较了瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme L.)根部4种不同溶剂提取物的杀螨活性。结果表明,瑞香狼毒根提取物对山楂叶螨(Tetranychus viennensis Zacher)有很好的触杀和内吸活性。在触杀活性测试中,石油醚提取物和氯仿提取物的杀螨活性最高;在内吸作用中,乙醇、氯仿和石油醚提取物的杀螨活性均较高,杀螨效果显著。在对石油醚提取物的不同溶剂萃取物进行生物活性追踪测定中发现,石油醚萃取物和氯仿萃取物具有较高的生物活性,浓度为0.6 g.L-1,山楂叶螨的24 h校正死亡率分别达到93.22%和79.66%。     

Effects of pesticides on the functional response of predatory thrips, Scolothrips takahashii to Tetranychus viennensis

Abstract: It is of importance to integrate the biological control of hawthorn spider mite, Tetranychus viennensis, by predatory thrips in commercial orchards in north China. In this study, a leaf disc bioassay was employed to investigate the effects of two insecticides, i.e. abamectin and fenpropathrin, and two fungicides, i.e. mancozeb and carbendazim, on the functional response of an acarophagous thrips, Scolothrips takahashii Priesner, to eggs of the mite at the conditions of 25 ± 1°C, 60 ± 10% relative humidity, and a 16 : 8 h (L : D) photoperiod. Results indicated that the type of functional response in predatory thrips differed depending on the types and doses of the pesticides exposed. Holling‐II type responses were exhibited by all predatory thrips but females that were exposed to labelled dose of abamectin and half‐labelled dose of fenpropathrin exhibited the Holling‐III type responses. Parameters of random predator equation for both exposed and unexposed predators were estimated and compared with an equation with indicator variables. Both doses of both fungicide treatments did not have any impact on the attack rates of the thrips. Handling time (T_h) estimates for males exposed to both doses of both fungicides were similar to that of the control, but there seemed to be a trend towards prolonged handling times for females in these exposures with a significantly prolonged T_h found in labelled dose of mancozeb. Exposures of both doses of fenpropathrin and labelled dose of abamectin produced significantly lower attack rates and significantly prolonged handling times in both males and females, whereas an exposure of half‐labelled dose of abamectin had no obvious influence on the attack rates of the predator, but the handling time in females prolonged significantly. The theoretical maximum number of prey attacked by the thrips were 59.81 eggs per day per female and 23.21 eggs per day per male in the control, but it reduced by 57.03–71.41% and 6.03–36.75% for females and males in the insecticide exposures and 23.91–44.26% and ?5.13–11.55% in the fungicide exposures, respectively. The finding implies that the natural control effects of S. takahashii would be weakened by the application of the pesticides such as fenpropathrin, abamectin and mancozeb, which are often used to control insect pests and fungal diseases in apple orchards.     

宁夏山楂叶螨生物学和发生规律的研究

山楂叶螨在宁夏1年发生4～6代,4月中旬9～10℃时出蛰,苹果初花期为盛。5月中旬在内膛危害,5月下旬后扩散树冠外。6月上中旬和7月中旬为发生高峰期。降水对其消长影响明显。温度在20～30℃有利山楂叶螨生长发育。     

Functional response of the predator <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scolothrips takahashii</Emphasis> to hawthorn spider mite, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus viennensis</Emphasis>: effect of age and temperature

A leaf disc bioassay was employed to examine the effects of temperature and predator age on functional response of an acarophagous thrips, Scolothrips takahashii Priesner, to hawthorn spider mite, Tetranychus viennensis Zacher, in the laboratory. The results indicated that the predatory thrips exhibited type-II functional responses against the mites under various temperatures, and that females are more voracious than males. Analysis showed that temperature had significant effects on the predatory capacity of adult thrips over the range of 20–35 °C. Attack rate in females linearly increased with temperature while in males it was independent of temperature. Handling times in both males and females decreased linearly with increasing temperature. Extended response models describing the functional response with temperature incorporated as a parameter were developed, yielding an estimated maximum numbers of prey attacked at four temperatures were 38.38, 55.06, 71.74 and 88.42 eggs per day for females, and 15.11, 26.11, 37.11 and 48.01 eggs per day for males, respectively. The age of predator affected both the type of the functional response shown and the magnitude of predation by S.␣takahashii on the spider mite. Females of various ages exhibited Type-II functional responses with similar attack rates, but handling time prolonged linearly as age increased: the handling times in 15- and 18-d-old females were significantly longer than in 6-d-old thrips. However, Type-I functional responses were determined for males aged 12 d or more; the maximum number of prey eaten in 24 h decreased as age increased. The implications of the results for the management of hawthorn spider mite are discussed.     

温度对拟小食螨瓢虫捕食皮氏叶螨成螨功能反应的影响

在5个温度(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃)条件下,测定了拟小食螨瓢虫雌成虫对皮氏叶螨成螨的捕食功能反应。结果表明,在试验温度范围内,各温度下的功能反应均能用Holling圆盘方程(Ⅱ型)拟合,但各温度间功能反应的参数存在差异。以瞬时攻击率和捕食处理时间为评价指标,在16℃～28℃,拟小食螨瓢虫雌成虫对皮氏叶螨成螨的捕食效能随温度的上升而提高,28℃时达到最高,此时的瞬时攻击率和捕食处理时间分别为0.5899和0.0169d。温度上升至32℃时,捕食效能略为下降,此时的瞬时攻击率和捕食处理时间分别为0.5740和0.0184d,与28℃时的瞬时攻击率和捕食处理时间差异不显著。表明较高温度有利于拟小食螨瓢虫发挥对皮氏叶螨成螨的控制作用。在试验的密度和温度范围内,以三次多项方程描述了在不同猎物密度和温度组合下拟小食螨瓢虫雌成虫对皮氏叶螨成螨的捕食作用,以软件Surfer8.0生成了皮氏叶螨成螨密度和温度组合下的拟小食螨瓢虫雌成虫捕食量模拟值等值线图。同时,还对拟小食螨瓢虫在热带作物害虫生物防治中的应用潜力进行了讨论。     

延迟交配对山楂叶螨繁殖的影响

为了探索雌螨延迟交配对整个种群的负面效应, 采用叶碟饲养法, 在室内条件下研究了延迟交配对山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher繁殖及种群增长的影响。结果表明: 雌螨延迟交配主要影响寿命、产卵量, 进而影响种群增长率; 随着雌螨交配时间的延迟, 影响的程度逐渐加剧。交配延迟达到或超过7 d, 雌螨的寿命比对照延长20.17%, 产卵量比对照下降26.74%, 但对后代的孵化率、存活率无明显影响。对生命表参数的分析结果表明, 雌螨交配延迟达到或超过7 d, 会导致净生殖率显著下降、平均世代周期历期显著延长, 而内禀增长率则在交配延迟3 d时显著降低。未经交配的雌螨只能营孤雌生殖, 寿命延长了31.14%, 产卵量减少了30.08%。营孤雌生殖的雌螨可以通过与其后代回交而实现两性生殖。结果提示延迟交配会导致山楂叶螨的繁殖力降低。