大小等级和大小组合差异对盆养安吉小鲵幼体同种相残率的影响

用改变安吉小鲵 (Hynobiusamjiensis)幼体大小等级、盆养密度和饵料投放量的实验方法 ,研究这些生态要素对同种相残 (撕咬和吞吃 )的影响 ;同时结合Fuetal (2 0 0 3)的研究 ,比较了大小组合的差异对同种相残的影响。结果表明 ,①大小等级、密度与饵料量均显著地影响幼体的被吞吃率 :较小个体易被较大个体攻击 ;低饵料×高密度水平下 ,3个等级大小幼体的同种相残率都最高。②大小组合的差异显著影响幼体间的同种相残率 :不同大小组合的幼体间被吞吃率均显著大于相同大小组合 ,而被撕咬率反之。这证实了体形大小决定种群同种相残率的理论预测。     

养殖密度对史氏鲟稚鱼生长的影响

养殖密度对史氏鲟生长影响的研究结果表明 ,在养殖密度分别为 0 .2 32、0 .6 6 5、1.34 7和 2 .46 9kg·m-2 的流水环境中 ,各密度组的史氏鲟稚鱼的生长表现为不等速性 ,但生长离散没有加剧 .试验持续 2 8d后 ,各组的生长表现出显著差异 ,生长效率、特定生长率和日增重都随密度的增大而降低 ,而饵料转化率和净增重随密度的增大而增大 .特定生长率 (SGR)与养殖密度 (D)之间存在着显著的负相关     

海水和淡化水养殖凡纳滨对虾饲料蛋白需求量的比较研究

本研究从生长、饲料利用和体成分等指标综合评价饲料蛋白质含量对凡纳滨对虾的影响。研究发现,在海水养殖环境下,饲料蛋白水平对凡纳滨对虾的存活率、增重率、特定生长率、饵料系数、蛋白效率和虾体粗蛋白含量均有显著性影响(p<0.05)。摄食饲料蛋白含量38%的海养凡纳滨对虾有较高的存活率、增重率以及最高的特定生长率。饵料系数随蛋白含量的增加而减小,虾体粗蛋白含量随饲料蛋白水平升高而增加,而蛋白含量38%和41%实验组饵料系数和虾体粗蛋白含量均没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。淡化水养殖条件下,凡纳滨对虾的存活率随饲料蛋白水平的增加而提高,而增重率和特定生长率均在饲料蛋白含量35%实验组最高,饵料系数随蛋白含量的增加先减小后增大,蛋白含量35%实验组饵料系数显著小于其他实验组。海水养殖条件下,凡纳滨对虾的存活率、末体重、增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率均高于淡水养殖的对虾。对虾虾体粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均随盐度升高而升高,而虾体水分随着盐度的升高而降低。     

海洋浮游纤毛虫生长率研究进展

浮游纤毛虫是海洋环境中连接微食物网与经典食物链的重要中介,在浮游生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥着重要的作用。从20世纪70年代末开始,国际上已在实验室内和海上现场开展了对浮游纤毛虫生长率的研究;国内在这方面起步比较晚,只有在实验室内对浮游纤毛虫生长率进行过少量研究,海上现场生长率的研究迄今尚无。对相关浮游纤毛虫生长率的研究成果进行了综述,以期为我国的相关研究提供借鉴。室内培养的研究结果表明,浮游纤毛虫的生长率与温度和饵料有关,在特定的温度下,饵料浓度低于生长阈值浓度时,纤毛虫停止生长,随饵料浓度的上升,生长率增加,饵料浓度增加到一定程度,生长率达到内禀生长率,此后,随饵料浓度增加不再增加。目前在实验室内测定了34种海洋浮游纤毛虫的内禀生长率,范围为0.1—3.05 d-1。在特定的饵料种类下,纤毛虫的内禀生长率与温度有关,温度过低停止生长甚至死亡,在此基础上,随温度升高,内禀生长率呈线性增加,温度增加到一定程度,内禀生长率降低。pH值升高对纤毛虫的生长有不利影响。估计自然海区纤毛虫生长率的方法主要是海水分粒级培养法,得出的生长率最大为3.3 d-1。自然海区的纤毛虫生长率受温度影响较大,缺氧区纤毛虫生长率的变化因纤毛虫类群而不同,纤毛虫生长是否受饵料影响(上行控制)在不同的海区有不同的结果。根据纤毛虫生物量和生长率可以估计纤毛虫生产力,大多数纤毛虫生产力的估计高于桡足类生产力。     

蛋白质限制后恢复投喂对牙鲆幼鱼生长的影响

2004年4月4日~5月22日,在(23.0±0.5)℃条件下研究了牙鲆(平均体重,(8.80±0.18)g)继蛋白质限制后恢复投喂对其生长的影响。整个实验期间对照组(C组)连续48d饱食投喂含能17.29kJ/g,含粗蛋白50.00%的饵料。蛋白质限制阶段(1~18d)处理组T30和T40的饵料蛋白含量分别为27.95%和40.47%,但饵料含能与对照组相同,在恢复投喂阶段(19~48d)各处理组均投喂与对照组相同的饵料。实验结果表明,在蛋白质限制阶段,饵料蛋白质水平下降显著降低了处理组鱼的体重、特定生长率、饵料湿重、干重以及能量转化率(p<0.05),而摄食率、蛋白质效率和饵料蛋白质转化率随饵料蛋白水平降低而显著升高(p<0.05)。恢复投喂结束后,处理组上述各指标均恢复至对照组水平(p>0.05)。此外,除实验结束时T30组鱼体脂肪含量显著低于对照组(p<0.05)外,整个实验期间各处理组的表观消化率及鱼体成分与对照组相比均无显著差异(p>0.05)。实验结果表明,牙鲆幼鱼继蛋白质限制后的恢复投喂阶段出现了完全补偿生长效应。     

养殖密度对史氏鲟消化率、摄食率和生长的影响

以体重（43.90±1.75）g史氏鲟为研究对象,研究了0.525、1.171和2.138 kg·m^-2 3种养殖密度对史氏鲟幼鱼生长、摄食率和消化率的影响,实验时间为60 d.结果表明,养殖密度对史氏鲟的生长、摄食率和消化率具有显著影响.高养殖密度不利于史氏鲟的生长,低密度组中史氏鲟的特定生长率和日增重显著高于高密度组,食物转化率显著低于高密度组;特定生长率和日增重随养殖密度的降低而显著增高.低密度组、中密度组中史氏鲟的消化率无显著差异,但均显著高于高密度组.中密度组摄食率显著低于高密度组和低密度组,低密度组摄食率介于两者之间;食物转化率和消化率呈显著负相关,特定生长率与消化率呈显著正相关.     

仿刺参在海南地区的苗种培育与养成

为了解海南地区进行仿刺参养殖的可行性,在海南琼海进行了仿刺参苗种中间培育、养成和度夏研究。苗种中间培育时,不同规格仿刺参的生长速度均较快,绝对生长率呈逐渐增加趋势,规格越大绝对生长率越高,但是苗种规格越大个体增重率越小,最小增重率为(317.88±73.2)%;苗种规格越大成活率越高,成活率变动范围为(39.3±4.8)%~(53.7±8.7)%。经过105 d养成后,投喂天然饵料的仿刺参大约是投喂人工饵料刺参的3倍体重,而投喂两种饵料的仿刺参成活率约为60%、彼此间没有显著差异;投喂人工饵料仿刺参的绝对生长率基本恒定,而投喂天然饵料的仿刺参绝对生长率呈现迅速增加的趋势,而且后者至少是前者的2.32倍。度夏结束时仿刺参平均体重均显著下降,至少减少了56.23%;仿刺参度夏时成活率最高仅为(46.4±3.4)%,而且仿刺参室内度夏的成活率明显高于室外度夏仿刺参,大规格仿刺参的成活率略高于小规格仿刺参。因此,在海南地区适宜的季节可以进行南北接力养殖仿刺参。     

饵料蛋白质水平对德国小蠊营养效应及氮代谢的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究饵料蛋白质水平对德国小蠊Blattella germanica营养利用及氮代谢的影响,为蟑螂毒饵的研发提供新思路。【方法】采用标准重量分析法评估了取食4种不同蛋白质水平(5%, 25%, 45%和65%)饵料的德国小蠊雄成虫营养效率指数和氮利用率;利用分光光度法测定了取食不同蛋白水平饵料的德国小蠊雄成虫体内黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase, XOD)、谷草转氨酶(glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(glutamic pyruvic transaminase, GPT)活性及尿酸含量。【结果】取食65%蛋白质饵料组的德国小蠊雄成虫的相对取食量最高,而取食45%蛋白质饵料组的雄成虫食物利用率、食物转化率及相对生长率均显著高于取食5%和65%蛋白质饵料组的雄成虫。且德国小蠊雄成虫体内氮、粪便氮、氮消耗速率、氮排泄率、氮生成率、氮同化效率、黄嘌呤氧化酶活性和尿酸含量均随饵料蛋白质水平的提高而提高,但65%蛋白质饵料组氮利用率最低,45%蛋白质饵料组谷草转氨酶活性最高,25%和45%蛋白质饵料组谷丙转氨酶活性显著高于5%和65%蛋白质饵料组。【结论】适量蛋白质饵料有利于德国小蠊对食物及氮的利用,而高蛋白质含量条件下德国小蠊谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性下降,说明高蛋白不利于德国小蠊利用食物,且增加其代谢负担。     

不同水分处理下喀斯特土层厚度异质性对两种草本叶片解剖结构和光合特性的影响

为了探究不同水分处理下草本植物对喀斯特土层厚度变化的叶片形态建成和光合生理响应,以黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)和苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)为研究对象,通过盆栽水分受控试验,研究了3种水分处理[正常供水(W_(ck)),减水1组(D1)和减水2组(D2)]下3种土层厚度[浅土组(S_S)、对照组(S_(CK))和深土组(S_D)]对两种草本叶片解剖结构和光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)正常供水下(W_(ck)),黑麦草和苇状羊茅在浅土组(S_S)的气孔密度和气孔限制值(Ls)均显著高于对照组(S_(CK)),净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)降低;在深土组(S_D),两种植物的气孔密度都有所下降,黑麦草的叶脉密度、Pn和Tr均低于对照组,而苇状羊茅的叶脉密度和Pn表现出增加;(2)D1水分条件下,黑麦草在浅土组的气孔密度较对照组增加,叶脉密度、Pn和Tr均降低,而苇状羊茅的气孔密度有所降低,叶脉密度、Pn和Tr未受到显著影响;在深土组中,黑麦草的气孔密度不变,叶脉密度增加,而Pn和Tr均降低;苇状羊茅的气孔密度降低,但叶脉密度、Pn和Tr均升高;(3)D2水分条件下,两种植物在浅土组的叶脉密度较对照组均增加,气孔密度、Pn和Tr均受到抑制;在深土组,黑麦草的远轴面气孔密度较对照组下降,两种植物的其他指标未受到明显影响。可见,在不同水分条件下,植物的叶片解剖结构和光合特性对不同土层厚度的响应不一,且不同物种间也有差异。总体上随着水分减少,土层厚度降低对植物的光合抑制作用增强,而厚度增加对深根植物的光合促进作用和对浅根植物的光合抑制作用先增强后减弱。植物气孔和叶脉性状特征随水分条件的变化在一定程度上与叶面积和叶片宽度的变化有关。     

不同流速和饵料密度下食蚊鱼与唐鱼的摄食率比较

研究通过比较外来入侵物种食蚊鱼（Gambusia affinis）和土著濒危物种唐鱼（Tanichthys albonubes）在不同流速和饵料密度条件下的摄食特点来评价两者对溪流环境的适应能力。实验共设5 个流速梯度（0 bl/s,1.5 bl/s,3.5 bl/s,5.5 bl/s,7.5 bl/s）和3个饵料密度梯度（500 ind/L, 1 500 ind/L, 3 000 ind/L）。摄食一定时间后通过计数鱼体消化管内的丰年虫无节幼体个数来表示鱼的摄食率。实验结果表明,在不同流速和不同饵料密度下,唐鱼摄食率的变化幅度都小于食蚊鱼。食蚊鱼的摄食率显著受到水流速度和饵料密度以及两者交互作用的影响,表现为随着水流速度的上升而极显著地降低,而随着饵料密度的上升而极显著地升高。而唐鱼摄食率则随水流速度的增大而显著下降,但其摄食率不受饵料密度及其与水流两者交互作用的影响。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Acidophilic and acid-tolerant fungi and yeasts

Fungi have not been systematically studied from mines and mine drainage waters, even though they are often encountered there. This paper provides a key from literature sources and lists morphological characteristics and habitat information for the 81 fungal species that have been collected or identified in pH <4 environments.