云南禄丰川街盆地早侏罗世早期分化蜥脚型类恐龙新材料研究*

目前中国早期分化的蜥脚型类恐龙化石主要发现于云南省禄丰市早侏罗世地层。本文描述的是一件产自禄丰川街盆地禄丰组的早期分化蜥脚型类恐龙新材料, 包括较完整的颈椎、背椎以及破碎的肩胛骨、耻骨和脚趾骨骼。本文对其进行了详细的骨骼形态学描述, 并与其他早期分化蜥脚型类进行了对比。结果表明, 在禄丰组发现的所有早期分化蜥脚型类中, 该标本与禄丰龙(Lufengosaurus)在形态上相似程度较高。系统发育分析结果显示, 该标本与Coloradisaurus和Glacialisaurus构成一个多分支, 该分支又和禄丰龙一起被归入大椎龙科。由于颈椎和背椎的椎体与椎弓未完全愈合, 推测该标本的个体发育阶段为幼年—亚成年。该标本的发现提高了大椎龙科在亚洲的属种分异度, 进一步扩充了对禄丰早侏罗世恐龙动物群的认识。     

云南禄丰川街盆地早侏罗世早期分化蜥脚型类恐龙新材料研究*

目前中国早期分化的蜥脚型类恐龙化石主要发现于云南省禄丰市早侏罗世地层。本文描述的是一件产自禄丰川街盆地禄丰组的早期分化蜥脚型类恐龙新材料, 包括较完整的颈椎、背椎以及破碎的肩胛骨、耻骨和脚趾骨骼。本文对其进行了详细的骨骼形态学描述, 并与其他早期分化蜥脚型类进行了对比。结果表明, 在禄丰组发现的所有早期分化蜥脚型类中, 该标本与禄丰龙(Lufengosaurus)在形态上相似程度较高。系统发育分析结果显示, 该标本与Coloradisaurus和Glacialisaurus构成一个多分支, 该分支又和禄丰龙一起被归入大椎龙科。由于颈椎和背椎的椎体与椎弓未完全愈合, 推测该标本的个体发育阶段为幼年—亚成年。该标本的发现提高了大椎龙科在亚洲的属种分异度, 进一步扩充了对禄丰早侏罗世恐龙动物群的认识。     

五种齿突蟾在横断山南潜在地理分布预测

由于栖息地质量下降,近年来齿突蟾属物种种群数量急剧减少,明确齿突蟾属物种空间分布,是监测、管理、保护齿突蟾属物种的基础。横断山区可能是齿突蟾属的起源中心和分化中心,但齿突蟾属在横断山区的地理分布格局尚不明确。利用优化后Maxent模型,首次预测西藏齿突蟾Scutiger boulengeri、刺胸齿突蟾Scutiger mammatus、胸腺齿突蟾Scutiger glandulatus、圆疣齿突蟾Scutiger tuberculatus、贡山齿突蟾Scutiger gongshanensis 5种高海拔齿突蟾属物种在横断山南生物多样性保护优先区域的潜在地理分布,并分析其与环境因子的关系。结果显示,5种齿突蟾属物种在横断山南的潜在地理分布格局存在差异,西藏齿突蟾主要分布在横断山南的北部,圆疣齿突蟾主要分布在横断山南东北部的四川省境内,贡山齿突蟾主要分布在横断山南的西南部,刺胸齿突蟾和胸腺齿突蟾的潜在分布格局较为相似,在横断山南的中部、西北部地区都有较多分布,但胸腺齿突蟾潜在分布区更为碎片化。另外,横断山南北部地区的齿突蟾属丰富度明显高于南部地区。环境变量贡献率和刀切法结果显示温度因子和降水因子是决定横断山南齿突蟾属潜在分布的主要因素,最冷季降水量对西藏齿突蟾、贡山齿突蟾、圆疣齿突蟾潜在分布有重要影响,但它们对最冷季降水量的偏好存在差异。此外,研究也显示,通过评估潜在的Maxent参数组合,选择最佳的Maxent模型是有效且必要的。     

龙蜥属Diploderma(爬行纲Reptilia:鬣蜥科Agamidae)部分物种的分类及分布记录修订

尽管学者近期在中国龙蜥属Diploderma分类研究上取得了连续进展,我国龙蜥属物种的分布资料中仍有大量的存疑记录,例如多种龙蜥同域分布、记录分布点远离其余已知分布区、记录点与模式产地处于完全不同的生物地理区系等。本文结合形态及分子数据,对龙蜥属部分存疑记录进行了修订。确定了先前报道的云南省、西藏自治区、四川省、甘肃省及湖北省的草绿龙蜥Diploderma flaviceps记录为同属其他物种的误记;其中,四川省北部及甘肃省南部报道的草绿龙蜥为米仓山龙蜥D.micangshanense的误定,云南省中西部的草绿龙蜥为沙坝龙蜥D.chapaense的误定,西藏自治区与湖北省的草绿龙蜥分别为巴塘龙蜥D.batangense及米仓山龙蜥的误定,以上两地的巴塘龙蜥与米仓山龙蜥则分别代表西藏自治区和湖北省的省级爬行动物新记录。此外,确认了昆明龙蜥D.varcoae分布于云南省西双版纳的报道为地点信息的误记,实际标本采于云南省大理市鸡足山。确定了云南省景东彝族自治县先前记录的云南龙蜥D.yunnanense实际为沙坝龙蜥的误定,并拓展了早先认为是狭域分布的沙坝龙蜥的分布范围,将其分布区向西北方向扩大至云南省中西部。最后,更新了我国已知龙蜥属物种的分布及相关文献,并讨论了我国自然历史博物馆在更新物种分类及分布信息上的滞后及其对后续研究及物种保育的负面影响。     

浙江庆元发现半叶趾虎属蜥蜴

2022年11月在浙江省庆元县贤良镇采集到10只半叶趾虎属(Hemiphyllodactylus)蜥蜴,经形态比对和分子系统分析鉴定为香港半叶趾虎(H. hongkongensis),为浙江省爬行动物分布新记录种。标本体型较小,头体长大于尾长,颏鳞5或6枚,背鳞13 ~ 15行,腹鳞9或10行,第II-V指、趾扩展部攀瓣式分别为3(4)-4-4-4、3(4)-4(5)-4(5)-4(5),雄性具连续的肛前孔和股孔24或25个。浙江庆元的标本在形态特征上与香港半叶趾虎地模标本基本一致。基于线粒体ND2基因进行贝叶斯系统发育分析,浙江庆元的标本与香港半叶趾虎地模标本的序列聚成单系支,支持率达0.99,并且两者间的未校正遗传距离仅为1.6% ~ 1.7%,确定浙江庆元的标本为香港半叶趾虎。这是半叶趾虎属在浙江省的首次记录,说明该属物种可能有更大的分布范围。     

四种利用不同生境蜥蜴运动能力的形态特征相关性

动物体态特征、功能表现和生境利用之间是否存在相关性是当前生态形态学领域的一个研究焦点。在实验室条件下测定分别利用开阔地面、草丛、岩石、树丛生境的 4种蜥蜴 (中国石龙子、北草蜥、山地麻蜥和变色树蜥 )的形态特征和运动能力 ,着重探讨蜥蜴运动能力与形态特征之间的相关性。 4种蜥蜴的头体长大小依次为 :中国石龙子 >变色树蜥 >北草蜥 >山地麻蜥。就相对体长而言 ,中国石龙子 >山地麻蜥和北草蜥 >变色树蜥 ,而头大小、附肢长度和尾长的种间差异趋势则相反 ;体高的种间差异为北草蜥 >中国石龙子和变色树蜥 >山地麻蜥。在平面上 ,山地麻蜥和北草蜥的速度显著大于中国石龙子和变色树蜥 ;在斜面上 ,变色树蜥和山地麻蜥的速度显著高于中国石龙子。变色树蜥斜面附着能力最强 ,中国石龙子最弱。生境利用不同的蜥蜴形态迥异 ,运动能力亦因此有显著的差异。本研究结果支持动物形态特征与其功能表现相关的观点。     

亚洲象生境长时序变化及其对人象冲突的影响——基于融合MaxEnt与HSI模型的生境适宜性评价方法

生境变化直接关系到物种种群维持与人类安全,揭示其长期变化规律及其对人类的影响,可为物种保护与生境恢复提供科学支撑。但因受物种活动点数据获取与位置精度的局限,鲜见濒危、危险物种的长时序生境变化研究。以人象冲突频发的西双版纳勐海—普洱澜沧地区亚洲象种群(勐海—澜沧象群)活动区为例,提出融合MaxEnt与HSI模型的亚洲象长时序生境适宜性评价方法,即基于荟萃分析筛选出的15个亚洲象生境评价因子,结合近期有限的物种活动点监测数据,利用MaxEnt得到生境评价因子的贡献率,再运用HSI模型计算生境适宜性指数;利用该方法制作出研究区1988—2020年逐年时序的亚洲象生境适宜性图,以分析亚洲象生境的时空变化,将其与亚洲象肇事数据结合,进而分析人象冲突与生境变化的关联。结果表明：(1)基于物种生境偏好不变的前提,融合MaxEnt模型与HSI模型的生境适宜性评价方法可应用于物种的长时序生境评价,且基于亚洲象活动点数据从动物对生境利用的生态学视角定量获取亚洲象对各生境评价因子的偏好程度,使生境评价结果具有良好的生态可解释性;(2)目前亚洲象适宜生境面积占研究区面积三分之一(4039.76 km^...     

新疆敏麻蜥3个地理种群趾长及趾长比的两性异形

趾长比是指动物不同趾长的比值,常被认为是早期雄激素或雌激素暴露的标记物之一.本文通过测量新疆敏麻蜥Eremias arguta 3个地理种群的雌雄成体各趾长并计算趾长比,探究不同地理种群趾长及趾长比的两性差异.结果表明,伊犁地区雄性后肢的第2趾显著大于雌性(P<0.05);富蕴县雄性前肢、后肢的第2、3、4、5趾长均显...     

九寨沟自然保护区的两栖爬行动物调查

采用编目法调查了九寨沟自然保护区的两栖爬行动物多样性概况,共有10种,隶3目8科,区系组成以横断山区特有种为主(60％)。根据两栖爬行动物的分布格局,确定九寨沟的两栖爬行动物重点保护区域和生境为：①低海拔的树正沟,主要保护动物为中华蟾蜍、华西蟾蜍、高原林蛙等两栖动物,重点保护生境为树正群海和翡翠河道;②高海拔的则查洼沟,主要保护动物为北方山溪鲵和西藏齿突蟾,重点保护生境为长海;③扎如沟,主要保护各种爬行动物,重点保护生境为河道两侧的灌丛。     

陕西宝鸡发现喜山鼠耳蝠

2011年4和8月及2014年4月在陕西省宝鸡市太白县分别采集到2只、1只和1只共4只蝙蝠个体,标本保存于陕西省动物研究所标本馆(标本编号为TB0001、TB0002、TB0017和TB0042)。其主要形态特征为：体型小,头体长34.59 ~ 43.86 mm(n = 4);耳较小,黑色;耳前缘近凸圆,耳后缘在基部有一浅的缺刻;耳屏细长,约为耳长的一半;后足不及胫长的一半;背部毛基黑色,毛尖为赤褐色;腹部毛基为黑色,毛尖为灰褐色;翼膜起始于后足外趾的基部。以上特征均与喜山鼠耳蝠moupinensis亚种(Myotis muricola moupinensis)相符。结合线粒体Cyt b基因序列,构建其系统发生关系,与基因库中宽吻蝠属未定种(Submyotodon sp.)序列聚为较高支持度的一支。综合形态与系统发育证据,参考目前最新的中国兽类物种分类和分布信息,将采集到的标本初步鉴定为喜山鼠耳蝠moupinensis亚种,此次发现是陕西省境内该物种的首次记录,拓展了对其在我国分布范围的认识。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.