微生物源天然防腐剂在食品上的应用研究

微生物源天然防腐剂是理想的天然食品防腐剂,具有安全、无毒、高效、无副作用的特点,符合未来食品防腐的发展与使用要求,在食品工业中的应用越来越广泛.该文对天然微生物源防腐剂的来源分类、抑菌特性、抑菌机理及适用范围进行了系统的研究分析与论述.有针对性地对目前两种应用最为广泛的微生物源天然防腐剂乳酸链球菌素和纳他霉素予以介绍,同时对微生物源天然防腐剂使用过程中遇到的问题提出了对策建议.对天然防腐剂的应用与发展具有现实和指导意义.     

食用天然色素的开发和利用

食用色素是发展食品工业的关键成分之一。近20～30年来,由于食用合成色素的安全性问题,人们对食用天然色素的兴趣日益发展。食用天然色素包括来自动物、植物、微生物以及矿物的色素。因矿物色素大都对人体有害,现已不再用于食品着色。动物及微生物色素应     

微生物生产天然色素的研究进展

综述了天然色素在微生物的新资源、培养条件、发酵工艺及基因工程菌等方面的研究进展,展望了天然色素的开发和应用的未来发展方向。     

微生物合成黄酮糖苷类天然产物研究进展

黄酮糖苷类天然产物是植物中黄酮类化合物的主要存在形式,通过糖基化修饰,可以改变其水溶性、稳定性等,赋予其新的生物活性和功能。黄酮类化合物的糖基化修饰通常由植物源或微生物源的糖基转移酶催化,根据糖基的位置、类型和数量的不同,可形成多种类型的黄酮糖苷类产物。随着合成生物学和代谢工程的快速发展,在微生物中合成植物源黄酮糖苷类天然产物取得了重要进展。综述了糖基转移酶的聚类分析及糖基供体的途径改造,并对代谢工程优化黄酮糖苷类天然产物的微生物合成进行了分析讨论,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

P450酶在植物三萜化合物生物合成中的催化与调控

植物三萜化合物是一类具有6个C₅异戊二烯单元的高附加值天然化合物,具有抗炎、护肝、抗肿瘤、抗氧化和降血压等重要药理活性。在三萜化合物生物合成过程中,细胞色素P450酶通过引入羟基、羧基、羰基以及环氧基等官能团,为丰富三萜结构的多样性起到了重要的作用。然而,目前P450酶底物催化特异性机制仍不清晰,异源底盘细胞中表达率低、与细胞色素氧化还原酶(CPR)的适配性差限制了其在植物三萜化合物微生物异源合成中的应用。本文系统地介绍了植物三萜化合物的合成途径、P450酶的催化系统组成和催化机制。通过P450酶的理性与非理性的分子改造,P450酶及其CPR的适应性匹配以及关键代谢途径的区室化研究,以期为P450酶在高效合成三萜化合物的应用提供研究思路。     

天然类胡萝卜素生物合成与生物技术应用

类胡萝卜素是重要天然食用色素族群之一,它不仅可为食品添色,还具有较高营养保健价值。类胡萝卜素广泛存在于高等植物、藻类、少数微生物和部分动物体内,但不同生物在合成途径细节及所积累的类胡萝卜素种类方面存在较大的差异。通过优化培养条件、转基因和水解酶辅助提取等生物技术手段提高了类胡萝卜素产量,降低了生产成本,从而使天然类胡萝卜素制品得到更广泛的应用。     

酵母人工合成细胞生产植物源天然产物北大核心CSCD

植物源天然产物在医疗保健领域有着广泛的应用。目前,生产植物源天然产物的主要方式为从原植物直接提取,但此法面临诸多问题。基于合成生物学的理念,创建酵母人工细胞工厂发酵生产植物源天然产物是一种新的资源获取途径。本文将从植物源天然产物在药物和营养领域的应用前景,发酵法生产青蒿酸的研发历程,部分萜类、生物碱和长链多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展,以及该领域相关技术前沿4个方面介绍酵母人工合成细胞生产植物源天然产物的近况。     

植物源二萜类化合物微生物合成研究进展

植物源二萜类天然产物结构复杂且功能多样,具有抗癌、抗炎和抗菌等多种药理活性,在药品、化妆品和食品添加剂等方面广泛应用。近年来,基于植物源二萜类化合物(diterpenoids)生物合成途径中功能基因的逐步揭示和合成生物技术的发展,科研人员采用代谢工程技术构建了多种二萜类化合物的微生物细胞工厂,且多个化合物达到克级产量。本文对植物源二萜类化合物微生物细胞工厂的构建情况进行综述,介绍并探讨植物源二萜类化合物微生物合成的研究进展和改造策略,为高产二萜类化合物细胞工厂构建和工业化生产提供参考。     

植物甜菜色素的研究进展

天然植物色素的存在使植物呈现出缤纷的色彩。甜菜色素是四大类天然植物色素之一,主要存在于石竹目某些科属植物中,使植物呈现出红色至黄色的多种色彩。作为一种重要的次生代谢产物,甜菜色素在植物中不仅起呈色的作用,同时也是一种重要的渗透调节物质,在植物适应逆境的过程中发挥着重要作用。在实际应用中,甜菜色素既可作为食品、药品的着色剂,同时因其良好的抗氧化能力,还具有一定的药用功效。从甜菜色素的理化性质、生物合成、提取工艺、应用前景等方面对其研究进展进行了综述。     

植物三萜皂苷生物合成途径及调控机制研究进展

三萜皂苷是一类天然存在的结构多样的三萜苷类化合物,广泛分布于植物中.三萜皂苷不仅是植物抵御病原微生物和食草动物的防御化合物,还具有多种药理活性,被广泛应用在医药、日化、食品、农业等领域.近年来,随着科学技术的发展和研究的深入,植物三萜皂苷生物合成途径的基本框架及调控机制研究已经取得了一定的进展.植物三萜皂苷种类繁多、结...     

Microbial platforms to produce commercially vital carotenoids at industrial scale: an updated review of critical issues

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology - Carotenoids are a diverse group of isoprenoid pigments that play crucial roles in plants, animals, and microorganisms, including body...     

Metabolic engineering towards biotechnological production of carotenoids in microorganisms

Carotenoids are important natural pigments produced by many microorganisms and plants. Traditionally, carotenoids have been used in the feed, food and nutraceutical industries. The recent discoveries of health-related beneficial properties attributed to carotenoids have spurred great interest in the production of structurally diverse carotenoids for pharmaceutical applications. The availability of a considerable number of microbial and plant carotenoid genes that can be functionally expressed in heterologous hosts has opened ways for the production of diverse carotenoid compounds in heterologous systems. In this review, we will describe the recent progress made in metabolic engineering of non-carotenogenic microorganisms for improved carotenoid productivity. In addition, we will discuss the application of combinatorial and evolutionary strategies to carotenoid pathway engineering to broaden the diversity of carotenoid structures synthesized in recombinant hosts.     

抗菌肽Cecropin及其在转基因植物抗菌中的应用

Cecropin抗菌肽,又名天蚕素,是一类具有抗菌能力的小分子多肽,热稳定性好,抗菌谱广,在各个应用领域已经得到广泛的研究。本文就Cecropin抗菌肽结构与功能的关系、作用机制和其在转基因植物抗菌领域中的应用进行综述,转基因植物表达Cecropin抗菌肽具有应用优势和实用价值,Cecropin抗菌肽分子结构与作用机制探索的深入能进一步促进转基因植物抗菌研究的发展。     

Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase as an intrinsic selection marker for plant transformation

Insertion of foreign DNA into plant genomes occurs randomly and with low frequency. Hence, a selectable marker is generally required to identify transgenic plants. Until now, all selection systems have been based on the use of non-plant genes, derived from microorganisms and usually conferring antibiotic or herbicide resistance. The use of microorganism-derived genes however has raised biosafety concerns. We have developed a novel selection system based on enhancing the expression of a plant-intrinsic gene and the use of a harmless selection agent. Selection takes advantage of the reduced glucose sensitivity of seedlings with enhanced expression of AtTPS1, a gene encoding trehalose-6-P synthase. As a result, transformants can be identified as developing green seedlings amongst the background of small, pale non-transformed plantlets on high glucose medium. In addition, vegetative regeneration of tobacco leaf explants is very sensitive to high external glucose. Overexpression of AtTPS1 in tobacco allows selecting glucose insensitive transgenic shoots.     

The contribution of melanin to microbial pathogenesis

Melanins are enigmatic pigments that are produced by a wide variety of microorganisms including several species of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and helminths. The study of melanin is difficult because these pigments defy complete biochemical and structural analysis. Nevertheless, the availability of new reagents in the form of monoclonal antibodies and melanin-binding peptides, combined with the application of various physical techniques, has provided insights into the process of melanization. Melanization is important in microbial pathogenesis because it has been associated with virulence in many microorganisms. Melanin appears to contribute to virulence by reducing the susceptibility of melanized microbes to host defence mechanisms. However, the interaction of melanized microbes and the host is complex and includes immune responses to melanin-related antigens. Production of melanin has also been linked to protection against environmental insults. Interference with melanization is a potential strategy for antimicrobial drug and pesticide development. The process of melanization poses fascinating problems in cell biology and provides a type of pathogenic strategy that is common to highly diverse pathogens.     

γ Actinorhodin a natural and attorney source for synthetic dye to detect acid production of fungi

Colors from natural sources are gaining popularity because synthetic colors are carcinogenic. Natural colors are obtained from plants or microorganisms. Pigments produced by microorganisms have advantages over plant pigments, due to their ease of use and reliability. In the present study, a blue pigment producing actinomycete klmp33 was isolated from the Gulbarga region in India. The isolate was identified based on morphologic, microscopic, and biochemical characterization, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates showed a close relationship with Streptomyces coelicolor. Pigment produced by the isolate was analyzed using UV–visible spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared and liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis, and was identified as γ actinorhodin. γ-Actinorhodin is used as a pH indicator which deviates from acid to non-acid. Moreover, it subrogates synthetic dye.     

Comparison of effects of bacterial strains differing in their ability to synthesize cytokinins on growth and cytokinin content in wheat plants

The content of cytokinins and pigments together with the morphological parameters and fresh weight were estimated in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) plants 2–4 days after introduction into their rhizosphere of an aliquot of Bacillus suspension using the strains that differed in their ability of producing cytokinins. The experiments were performed under laboratory conditions at the optimum light intensity and mineral nutrition. Inoculation with microorganisms incapable to synthesize cytokinins did not affect the total cytokinin content in the wheat plants, whereas the presence of cytokinin-producing microorganisms in the rhizosphere was accompanied by a considerable increase in the total cytokinin content and the accumulation of individual hormones. On the second day after inoculation, a dramatic increase in zeatin riboside and zeatin O-glucoside contents was observed in the roots, and at the next day the accumulation of zeatin riboside and zeatin was registered in the shoots of treated plants. The increase in cytokinin content promoted plant growth (the increased leaf length and width and a faster accumulation of plant fresh and dry weight). Plant treatment with a substance obtained from microorganisms incapable to synthesize hormones resulted in the insignificant growth stimulation. Plant treatment with a substance obtained from cytokinin-producing microorganisms increased leaf chlorophyll content; in this case, the level of chlorophylls was comparable to that observed in the plants treated with a synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine. The role of cytokinins of microbial origin as a factor providing for growth-stimulating effect of bacteria on plants is discussed.     

The role of rhizobacteria in salinity effects on biochemical constituents of the halophyte <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sesuvium portulacastrum</Emphasis>

An experiment was conducted to understand the role of rhizospheric microorganisms in salinity effects on growth, antioxidants, pigments, and ion concentrations in the halophyte Sesuvium portulacastrum L. The plants grown in nonsterilized soil exhibited the enhanced growth rate, suppressed antioxidant enzymes, increased contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids, the greater accumulation of sodium and the reduction in the potassium ion concentration, as compared with the plants grown in microbe-free soil. The dominant microbes identified from the rhizophere soil of nonsterilized plant groups included Bacillus cereus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium xerosis, and Escherichia coli. The work emphasizes the importance of the rhizobacteria that colonize the root at the interface with soil in preventing the deleterious effects caused by salinity through accumulation of sodium and pigments and reduction of antioxidants and potassium.     

植物花青素生物代谢调控

花青素是一类重要的天然色素物质,是植物的主要呈色物质之一,近年来花青素在保健方面的作用越来越受到人们的重视,利用基因工程改造植物花青素相关基因,提高花青素含量已成为研究的热点领域。综述花青素的合成途径、调控机理及转基因方面的研究,重点介绍近年来影响花青素合成的分子因素及外部环境因素的研究现状。     

抗冻蛋白特征、作用机理与预测新进展

抗冻蛋白（antifreezeproteins,AFPs）可以通过抑制冰晶生长保护生物体免受低温冻害,具有重要的生物学意义和应用价值。现在在鱼类、节肢动物、植物及微生物中均发现有AFPs的存在。基于对已有研究文献和相关网络数据的系统调查统计,详细描述了AFPs数据的类别特征,并对其作用机理的研究历史和最新取得的突破性进展作了较为系统的阐述,并对AFPs预测所取得的成果作了介绍,还对AFPs研究的现状和未来研究方向作了讨论和展望。