中国横断山区湍蛙属4个物种有效性的探讨

分布于中国横断山区的景东湍蛙、金江湍蛙、凉山湍蛙和康定湍蛙4种湍蛙的有效性存在不同意见.本文利用形态判别与线粒体COⅠ基因和Cyt b基因计算遗传距离相结合的方法,对这4个种的有效性进行探讨.结果 表明景东湍蛙和金江湍蛙为有效种;凉山湍蛙可能是棕点湍蛙的同物异名;康定湍蛙的有效性需要进一步研究才能确定.     

湍蛙亚科一新属--拟湍蛙属，兼论与近缘属的关系(两栖纲：蛙科)

对台湾产Ｒ．ｓａｕｔｅｒｉ（＝Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｒａｎａ ｓａｕｔｅｒｉ）和Ｒ．ｍｕｌｔｉｄｅｎｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ两个种和产于大陆的趾沟蛙属及其它近缘属物种进行了对比研究。由于台湾两个种的蝌蚪体腹面有吸盘,既不同于林蛙属Ｒａｎａ,也不同于趾沟蛙属Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｒａｎａ和水蛙属Ｈｙｌａｒａｎａ,而类似于湍蛙属Ａｍｏｌｏｐｓ的蝌蚪,但与后者的成体和蝌蚪又明显不同。因此,将上述台湾两个种从Ｒａｎａ中分出,建议定为     

云南高黎贡山发现僜湍蛙和察隅湍蛙

2021年4和5月及7和8月在云南省高黎贡山开展两栖爬行动物调查过程中,采集到无尾目（Anura）蛙科（Ranidae）湍蛙属（Amolops）标本8号,通过形态学与分子系统学鉴定为僜湍蛙（Amolops deng）和察隅湍蛙（A. chayuensis）,为云南省两栖动物分布新纪录种。僜湍蛙雌性体长63.1 ~ 68.5 mm（n = 3）,雄性体长49.3 ~ 52.9 mm（n = 3）,头长大于头宽,鼓膜明显且纵径大于横径,掌突三个,颞褶不显,背侧褶直达胯部,后肢前伸贴体时胫跗关节超过吻端,形态特征与模式标本基本一致;察隅湍蛙雄性体长44.7 ~ 44.8 mm（n = 2）,具咽侧下外声囊,颞褶及背侧褶明显,前后肢均具褐色条纹,形态特征与模式标本基本一致。基于线粒体16S rRNA基因和COI基因片段进行系统发育分析表明,僜湍蛙和察隅湍蛙均和其模式产地西藏的序列聚成单系支。此外,基于16S rRNA计算本次采集的标本与模式产地西藏的序列间遗传距离均较小,僜湍蛙是0.8% ~ 1.2%,察隅湍蛙是0.2%。综上,确定云南高黎贡山采集到的两种湍蛙分别是僜湍蛙和察隅湍蛙。僜湍蛙此前记录仅分布于西藏察隅县和墨脱县,察隅湍蛙仅分布于西藏察隅县和八宿县,僜湍蛙在福贡县和贡山县及察隅湍蛙在贡山县的分布为首次记录;本研究进一步更新了察隅湍蛙分布的海拔海拔范围,较此前纪录低1 385 m高至2 884 m,这提示其有更广阔的生态位。     

云南西部克钦湍蛙的鉴定与描述及克钦湍蛙在中国的分布讨论

2018年9月在云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州采到14号湍蛙属Amolops标本,雄性体长46.4～56.5 mm(n=9),雌性体长74.7～89.7 mm(n=5),个体明显大于西域湍蛙Amolops marmoratus,线粒体基因16S rRNA序列与西域湍蛙序列的平均遗传距离为12.61%,与克钦湍蛙Amolops afghanus的平均遗传距离为0.05%。通过形态学及分子生物学方面的对比研究,确定为克钦湍蛙,并对克钦湍蛙在中国的分布情况进行了讨论。     

云南景东地区四川湍蛙的核型,C—带和Ag—NORs的研究

本文报道了云南景东四川湍蛙的核型：２ｎ＝２６（２０Ｍ＋６ｓＭ），ＮＦ＝５２，５＋８模式，次缢痕以及Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ均位于６ｐｉｎｔｅｒ，Ｃ－带阳性分布于全部染色体的着丝点区域和８ｑｉｎｔｅｒ，但６ｐｉｎｔｅｒ１２ｐｔｅｒ和１３ｑｔｅｒ等处间或也显示Ｃ－带正染。没有发现与性别相关的异形染色体。与采自四川宝兴地区的居群作了比较，并讨论了细胞地理学问题。     

横断山区四种湍蛙的细胞遗传学研究

通过染色体组型分析,C带(BSG技术)分析及一种简便的Ag-NORs带分析,对四川湍蛙、理县湍蛙、棕点湍蛙和棘皮湍蛙的种间关系、染色体的演化及其性染色体等问题进行了初步探讨。结果表明:(1)四川湍蛙、理县湍蛙和棕点湍蛙之间的亲缘关系较近,而它们与棘皮湍蛙的亲缘关系较远;(2)在近缘种的分化中,染色体结构异染色质的变化和臂间倒位是重要的因素之一,这在小型染色体上表现得尤为突出;(三)四川湍蛙具有在形态上分化很明显的性染色体。C带分析表明,此性染色体主要由常染色质构成,但在其Y染色体的长臂上存在明显的中间C带,推测尚处于性染色体分化的初期阶段。     

云南省两栖动物新纪录--棕点湍蛙

20 0 2年 8月 ,笔者在云南省昭通市巧家县东坪乡威宁村进行两栖爬行动物调查时 ,采集到 6号蛙类标本 ,经鉴定为蛙科湍蛙属棕点湍蛙 (Amolopsloloen sis) ,是云南省两栖动物新纪录 ,标本现保存于云南大学生命科学学院生物学系脊椎动物标本室。采集地巧家县东坪乡威宁村地理位置为 1 0 3°0 5′1 0″E ,2 7°1 8′45″N ,海拔 2 2 0 0m左右。生活于灌丛茂密、山溪湍流地带。成蛙白昼多隐蔽在溪流边石下或洞内 ;黄昏时多蹲在水中或岸边石上 ,受惊扰后立即跃入溪水中。省外目前仅分布于四川的部分县市。表 1　棕点湍蛙的量度　　　　　　 (单…     

物种概念及其界定

半世纪以来,物种概念的定义备受关注,不同研究方向的生物学家提出24种不同或至少有分歧的物种概念,根据其不同的物种概念,物种的界定和物种的数量会出现很大的差异。人们普遍认同:物种是进化分离的微居群谱系,但把谱系分离过程中获得的特征如生殖隔离、可鉴定性、单系统发生等视为鉴定物种次级特征却有不同的声音。该文提出统一的物种概念,把谱系进化分离作为物种界定的唯一而又必要的特征,把谱系分离过程中获得的次级特征作为界定谱系分离的证据。鉴于此,物种概念间的分歧就会化解。其一,物种概念化与物种界定明显分开,不再混淆;其二,谱系的次级特征只与物种界定有关,在某种程度上为谱系分离提供证据;第三,若能把合理解释的任何一个特征作为某物种客观存在的证据,这样更多的特征更能确定谱系分离;最后最重要的是,统一物种概念使我们解放思想,扬弃传统的物种界定标准,探求物种界定的新思路。     

贵州省两栖类新记录种——中华湍蛙及其蝌蚪描述

2015—2018年在贵州省梵净山国家级自然保护区和雷公山国家级自然保护区采集到湍蛙属Amolops 3号成体标本及1号蝌蚪标本,经过系统发育分析和形态学比较,确定为中华湍蛙Amolops sinensis,为贵州省两栖动物新记录。另外,本文首次对该种的蝌蚪进行了形态描述。     

湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区华南湍蛙种群监测

2004年5～11月,在湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区,采用标志一重捕法对华南湍蛙种群进行了生态监测,结果发现,华南湍蛙出蛰以后种群开始增加,繁殖期过后种群开始下降。在壶瓶山当气温低于10℃以下时,华南湍蛙就开始进入冬眠期。种群的存活率从出蛰到再次冬眠期间基本上呈直线下降,在8月之前种群中均有新添加的数量,以后未发现。在整个过程中,雌雄性比一般大于1,在繁殖季节基本接近于1。     

A new species of the genus Amolops (Anura: Ranidae) from high-altitude Sichuan,southwestern China,with a discussion on the taxonomic status of Amolops kangtingensis

A new species of the genus Amolops Cope,1865 is described from Xinduqiao,Kangding,Sichuan.It was previously identified as Amolops kangtingensis,which is synonymized to Amolops mantzorum in this study.The new species,Amolops xinduqiao sp.nov.,is distinguished from all other congeners by the following combination of characters:(1) medium body size,adult males SVL 41.2-47.5 mm (n=15,average 43.9 mm),adult females SVL 48.5-56.6 mm (n=15,average 52.5 mm);(2) head length equal to width or slightly wider than long;(3) tympanum small,but distinct;(4) vomerine teeth in two tiny rows,separated by a space about one vomerine teeth row;(5) bony projections on lower jaw absent;(6) dorsolateral folds usually absent;(7) tarsal folds or glands on tarsus absent;(8) circummarginal groove on disc of finger Ⅰ absent;(9) tibiotarsal articulation reaching nostril or beyond;(10) webs of toe Ⅳ reaching to distal articulation,other toes fully webbed to disc;and (11) vocal sac absent in males.     

The Species Delimitation Uncertainty Principle

If, as Einstein said, "it is the theory which decides what we can observe," then "the species problem" could be solved by simply improving our theoretical definition of what a species is. However, because delimiting species entails predicting the historical fate of evolutionary lineages, species appear to behave according to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which states that the most philosophically satisfying definitions of species are the least operational, and as species concepts are modified to become more operational they tend to lose their philosophical integrity. Can species be delimited operationally without losing their philosophical rigor? To mitigate the contingent properties of species that tend to make them difficult for us to delimit, I advocate a set of operations that takes into account the prospective nature of delimiting species. Given the fundamental role of species in studies of evolution and biodiversity, I also suggest that species delimitation proceed within the context of explicit hypothesis testing, like other scientific endeavors. The real challenge is not so much the inherent fallibility of predicting the future but rather adequately sampling and interpreting the evidence available to us in the present.     

A New Species of the Amolops mantzorum Group (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops) from Northwestern Hunan Province,China

We described anew species of the Amolops mantzorum group(Anura:Ranidae) from northwestern Hunan Province,China based on morphological and molecular evidence.The new species differs from its congeners by a combination of the following characteristics:moderate body size of SVL 403-409 mm in adult males(N=3),and 52.6-57.7 mm in adult females(N=3);head length about equal to or larger than head width(HDL/HDW 1.01-1.03);skin on dorsum smooth;dorsolateral folds absent,but developed a series of elongate...     

基因流介导的种间渐渗与物种界定

物种界定是生物学中最基本的问题之一。近年来随着分子生物学技术的进步如分子条形码的发展,物种界定也越来越引起人们的兴趣。界定一个物种或相似的一组物种时最重要的一个原则就是选择适合的分子标记。然而,植物中广泛存在的不完全谱系筛选与种间渐渗却常常会阻碍准确鉴定物种。最近,有关基因流介导的种间渗入和物种界定在理论和实验研究中都取得了重大进展。本文综述了基因流介导的物种形成;评价了种间渐渗与不完全谱系筛选的区别;最后总结出应该利用基因流速度较快的分子标记去鉴定物种。     

Species Delimitation and Analysis of Cryptic Species Diversity in the XXI Century

The potentials and limitations of different approaches to revealing species boundaries and describing cryptic species are discussed. Both the traditional methods of species delimitation, mostly based on morphological analysis, and the approaches using molecular markers are considered. Besides, the prospects of species identification using digital image recognition and machine learning are briefly considered. It is concluded that molecular markers provide very important material for species delimitation; the value of these data increases manifold if they can be compared with information on morphology, geographic distribution, and ecological preferences of the studied taxa. In many cases, only a practicing taxonomist who knows his or her group thoroughly can correctly interpret the molecular data and incorporate them into the existing knowledge system in order to make a taxonomic decision.

     

Description of a New Species of Amolops Cope, 1865(Amphibia: Ranidae) from Nepal and Nomenclatural Validation of Amolops nepalicus Yang, 1991

A new species, Amolops mahabharatensis sp.nov., is described from Mahabharat range(middle mountain) of Nepal. The new species is a member of the A. marmoratus group and is distinguished from its congeners using morphological and molecular data.The new species is diagnosed by having numerous warts on dorsum and flanks, dorsal body greyish olivebrown/light brown, presence of vomerine teeth series,presence of a pair of subgular vocal sacs in males and tadpole with Ⅲ:5+5/1+1:Ⅱ– labial tooth row. In addition,evidenced by the phylogenetic and morphological analyses in this study, Amolops nepalicus is shown to be a valid species. A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 16 S ribosomal gene for six members of the A. marmoratus group suggested that the new species is sister to a clade containing A. nepalicus and A. panhai.The uncorrected genetic divergences between the new species and its closest congeners A. nepalicus, A. panhai and A. marmoratus based on 16 S rRNA gene were 10.5%,11.6%, and 8.6% respectively. The new species showed wide distribution in the Mahabharat range of Nepal.     

Description of a New Species of Amolops (Anura:Ranidae) from Tibet,China

A new species,Amolops pallasitatus sp.nov.is described based on specimens collected from Chentang Town,Dinggyê County,southern Tibet,China.The new species can be distinguished from other known congeners by mitochondrial divergence and morphological characteristics including:(1)medium body size,SVL 70.6–72.3 mm in adult females;(2)skin smooth over the entire body;(3)absence of dorsolateral fold;(4)tympanum small,edge indistinct,less than half of eye diameter;(5)vomerine teeth in two short oblique;(6)circummarginal and transverse grooves absent on disk of the first finger;(7)presence of inner metacarpal tubercle;(8)toes fully webbed,webbing formula Ⅰ0-0~-Ⅱ0-1/2Ⅲ0-1~+Ⅳ1~+-0Ⅴ;(9)absence of outer metatarsal tubercle and tarsal glands;(10)tibiotarsal articulation of the hind limb reaches posterior corners of the eye;(11)dorsum yellow-green,with irregular dark brown blotches without margins;(12)blotches concentrated on the dorsum,less on the flanks.In morphology,Amolops pallasitatus sp.nov.is similar to A.himalayanus and A.formosus,the difference between them is length of hind limbs,web of toe and dorsal colour pattern.The systematic placement of the new species within the genus is unresolved and it is not assigned to any recognized species group,for the lack of convictive evidences.     

DNA Barcoding and Species Boundary Delimitation of Selected Species of Chinese Acridoidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera)

We tested the performance of DNA barcoding in Acridoidea and attempted to solve species boundary delimitation problems in selected groups using COI barcodes. Three analysis methods were applied to reconstruct the phylogeny. K2P distances were used to assess the overlap range between intraspecific variation and interspecific divergence. “Best match (BM)”, “best close match (BCM)”, “all species barcodes (ASB)” and “back-propagation neural networks (BP-based method)” were utilized to test the success rate of species identification. Phylogenetic species concept and network analysis were employed to delimitate the species boundary in eight selected species groups. The results demonstrated that the COI barcode region performed better in phylogenetic reconstruction at genus and species levels than at higher-levels, but showed a little improvement in resolving the higher-level relationships when the third base data or both first and third base data were excluded. Most overlaps and incorrect identifications may be due to imperfect taxonomy, indicating the critical role of taxonomic revision in DNA barcoding study. Species boundary delimitation confirmed the presence of oversplitting in six species groups and suggested that each group should be treated as a single species.