中国云南部分人间鼠疫流行区蚤类区系调查

归纳了中国云南１３个人间鼠疫流行区的调查资料,对调查疫区的蚤类区系进行了研究。总计捕获１２０７７只小兽,隶此齿目、食虫目及攀目３个目中的９科、２９属、４７种。从小兽体表共采芪９３６９只蚤,经分类鉴定,隶属５科、１８属、３３种。３３种蚤及４７种小兽突主均按其分类阶元详细列于文末。结果山区蚤及小兽宿主的种数明显多于坝区。坝区农耕地的优势种相对简单,优势种地位突出,黄胸鼠及印鼠客蚤分别是最重要的宿主及蚤     

滇西四县（市）居民区室内黄胸鼠体表蚤类群落动态的比较研究

滇西四县（市）居民区室内黄胸鼠体表蚤类群落动态的比较研究吴爱国张希昆（云南省流行病防治研究所,大理６７１０００）ＡＣｏｍｐａｒａｔｉｖｅＳｔｙｄｙｏｆｔｈｅＦｌｅａｓＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｏｎＲａｔｕｓｆｌａｖｉｐｅｃｔｕｓｉｎｔｈｅＩｎｄｏｏｒＨ...     

中国云南人间鼠疫流行区印鼠客蚤在其主要宿主黄胸鼠体表的空间分布格局研究(英文)

中国云南人间鼠疫流行区的主要鼠疫传播媒介是印鼠客蚤。其主要宿主为黄胸鼠。应用Iwao方法及其随机偏离度检验 ,对印鼠客蚤在黄胸鼠的不同个体间的空间分布格局进行了研究。根据Iwao方法建立的印鼠客蚤直线回归模型为 :M =α βM =4 0 0 6 4 2 0 153M ,其中的α和 β均明显高于空间分布判定的界线值 0和 1,经随机偏离度检验 ,F =4 5892 ,P <0 0 5。结合α ,β值及随机偏离度检验结果 ,印鼠客蚤在其主要宿主黄胸鼠体表的空间分布型被判定为聚集型分布。印鼠客蚤这种聚集型分布意味着该蚤的个体分布不均匀 ,而是在宿主动物体表形成大小不等的聚集蚤群。印鼠客蚤在黄胸鼠不同个体间的这种不均匀分布提示 :即使接触同一种染疫鼠类动物 ,因鼠体蚤分布极不均匀 ,其传播机会是不均等的。     

褐家鼠和黄胸鼠体型和头骨物种鉴定特征值筛选

明确能有效鉴定区分啮齿动物近似种的体型和头骨特征指标,有利于因地制宜地快速、准确鉴定近似种。我们利用一段725 bp Vkorc1基因序列鉴定了36只同域分布的褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)(n=31)和黄胸鼠(Rattus tanezumi)(n=5)个体,随后分别就这些样本的胴体重、体长、尾长、耳长和后足长及尾长/体长、耳长/体长、后足长/体长和肥满度等指标的21种指标组,及10只褐家鼠和3只黄胸鼠的2种头骨指标组进行了主成分分析及聚类分析,比较了这些指标组对两物种的分类鉴定结果。结果显示,尾长/体长、耳长/体长和肥满度指标组,及上颊齿列基长、下颊齿列基长、听泡长和听泡宽指标组可将两物种完全区分开。结果为使用体型或头骨指标准确鉴定区分这两物种提供了清晰依据和可靠分析手段。     

云南省滇西地区黄胸鼠种群年龄研究初报

1989年4—12月在云南滇西的瑞丽、保山等地,在室内和菜园地用鼠笼、鼠夹捕获黄胸鼠(Rattus flavipectus)788只。所获个体经测量体重、体长、尾长后,取出左右眼球,浸入10％福尔马林溶液中。剪取完整鼠头部,煮沸制作头骨标本。眼球固定2周后剥出晶体,清水洗净,80℃恒温干燥24小时,然后用Libror天平称取50只晶体的干重,精确度到0.1毫克。为减少误差,固定专人测量体长等量度。     

褐家鼠和黄胸鼠染色体C带性质的光密度分析

利用薄层扫描技术,对褐家鼠和黄胸鼠的染色体C带光密度性质进行了定量分析。通过强度与相对积分面积这二个量化指标,认为褐家鼠的结构异染色质含量少于黄胸鼠,在染色体演化中居于更进化的地位。对染色体薄层扫描方法中的测量精度及适用性等方面的特点也进行了讨论。     

黄胸鼠的年龄鉴定和种群年龄组成

本文经晶体干重法鉴定黄胸鼠的年龄,分析其种群年龄组成,并与其他年龄鉴定方法如体重法、体长法、臼齿磨损法进行了比较。     

河流对黄胸鼠遗传格局的影响

河流可能会阻碍陆生动物的迁移并导致其遗传分化,很多研究证明了河流屏障假说,但是也有少数研究不支持这个假说。本研究采集了云南省384只黄胸鼠Rattus tanezumi样本,分别来自于被5条主要河流隔开的6个地理区域。通过对mt DNA和IRBP两个基因的测序分析,检验云南省主要河流对黄胸鼠种群遗传格局的影响。共鉴定得到81个mt DNA单倍型和135个IRBP单倍型,其中很多单倍型都被2个或2个以上区域共享。AMOVA分析显示,大多数的变异源于种群内部或种群之间,只有少数变异(15%)源于6个区域之间。SAMOVA分析将mt DNA种群分成了3组,但每一组都被2个或2个以上的区域共享;对IRBP的分析则没有检测到明显的谱系地理结构。结果表明,河流屏障对黄胸鼠的遗传格局几乎无影响。     

两种鼠蚤在新羽化和吸血后不同时间三种酶的组织化学研究

采用组织化学技术,研究了不等单蚤Monopsyllus anisus (Rothschild)和缓慢细蚤Leptopsylla segnis (Schonherr)新羽化和吸血后24 h、48 h和72 h碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶和三磷酸腺苷酶的分布和活性。显微摄影及定量图像分析结果显示：新羽化蚤碱性和酸性磷酸酶主要存在于中肠、神经细胞核、精子束头部、精巢附腺、射精管、输卵管和受精囊附腺中;三磷酸腺苷酶各组织中均有分布。吸血消化后,两种蚤中肠3种酶活性均有增强;除碱性磷酸酶在消化72 h 后酶活性有所下降外,其余不同消化时间酶活性增强程度上不存在显著差异。两种蚤卵母细胞发育成熟过程中3种酶活性亦见增强。     

黄胸鼠对假海桐和截头石栎种子的贮藏和取食

在西双版纳勐仑地区,以黄胸鼠为研究对象,在半自然围栏条件下,调查比较了黄胸鼠对假海桐和截头石栎两种种子贮藏和取食的差异。采用SPSS for Windows(version 16.0)对数据进行统计分析。结果表明:1)黄胸鼠主要以集中方式贮藏食物,对两种种子均未表现出分散贮藏方式;2)在实验的第2天(自由选择情况下),分别有20.8%的假海桐种子和39.2%的截头石栎种子被集中贮藏,黄胸鼠明显倾向于选择贮藏截头石栎种子(P0.05),分别有4.2%的假海桐种子和0.8%的截头石栎种子被就地取食,但差异不显著(P=0.109);3)贮藏食物被盗窃使黄胸鼠的食物贮藏行为增强,而且对喜好食物(截头石栎种子)的集中贮藏量显著增多(P0.01)。研究结果表明种子大小、种皮厚度影响鼠类对种子的贮藏和取食;提示黄胸鼠在野外条件下对假海桐和截头石栎两种树木的自然更新起着消极作用。     

Identification of Sarcocystis cymruensis in wild Rattus flavipectus and Rattus norvegicus from Peoples Republic of China and its transmission to rats and cats

Sarcocystis cymruensis was initially identified in skeletal muscles of 22 (11.6%) of 189 wild rats (Rattus spp.) captured in 2008 in Anning and Kunming, Peoples Republic of China. Sarcocyst walls were thin (<1 μm) and smooth. Ultrastructurally, the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane had small, osmiophilic knob-like invaginations covered with numerous vesicle-like invaginations toward the interior of the cyst. Domestic cats (Felis catus) fed sarcocysts shed sporocysts measuring 10.3 (9.8-11.0) × 7.6 (7.2-9.5) μm with a prepatent period of 6 to 8 days. Sarcocysts were infective orally to Norway rats, and oocysts and sporocysts developed in the lamina propria of the small intestine of rats fed sarcocysts. Thus, rats were both intermediate and definitive hosts for S. cymruensis.     

Ectoparasites in rodents of the urban region of Belo Horizonte, MG. III. Fleas, Anoplura and Acari indices in Rattus norvegicus norvegicus

The total and specific indices of fleas, lice and mites were determined for ectoparasites on Rattus norvegicus norvegicus capture in urban areas of Belo Horizonte, Minas state, Brazil, from June 1980 to September 1982. In view of the limiting or critical values attributed to flea indices above all the "cheopis" index, proposed by several authors as a complementary measure for bubonic plague surveillance, the community of Belo Horizonte would have been exposed to this infection. The annual total indices ranged from 0.3 to 2.4 and the prevalent flea was Xenopsylla cheopis (99.2%), with the highest indices coinciding with the late dry-cool season. On two occasions, in this period, the community would have remained highly exposed to infection, since the index-limits were superseded: 8.8 (October 1980) and 6.2 (September 1982). It is suggested that preventive measures, such as protection against rat insecticide treatment may be efficiently applied in the late dry-cool season, or previous to the rainy season, before the elimination of rats. Reports on indices of lice and mites are important as they may establish index-limits for certain infections exclusive to rodents.     

中国云南洱海周边褐家鼠的体表寄生虫群落组成

褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus可能是云南省部分鼠疫流行区的储存宿主之一, 其体表的某些寄生虫种类可能是人类疾病的传播媒介。为了解洱海周边地带褐家鼠的体表寄生虫群落, 并对其医学和兽医学的重要性进行描述。用U检验和相关分析的统计方法对2003-2004年采自云南洱海（中国滇西北著名的淡水湖泊）周边地区的431头褐家鼠的体表寄生虫群落进行了研究。用构成比（C）, 侵染率(P)和平均丰富度(A)反映体表寄生虫的流行和密度状况。调查点位于我国11大鼠疫自然疫源地之一, 此地也是我国恙虫病和流行性出血热的流行地区。结果表明: 431头褐家鼠中307头寄生有体表寄生虫, 侵染率为71%。采集到的体表寄生虫有47种, 包括23种恙螨、16种革螨、6种蚤和2种吸虱, 其中16种以前已经被证明是人类疾病的媒介。结果提示褐家鼠的体表寄生虫物种多样性高。     

Epidemiological prediction of the distribution of insects of medical significance: comparative distributions of fleas and sucking lice on the rat host Rattus norvegicus in Yunnan Province, China

Determining the distribution patterns of ectoparasites is important for predicting the spread of vector-borne diseases. A simple epidemiological model was used to compare the distributions of two different taxa of ectoparasitic insects, sucking lice (Insecta: Siphonaptera) and fleas (Insecta: Anoplura), on the same rodent host, Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout (Rodentia: Muridae), in Yunnan Province, China. Correlations between mean abundance and prevalence were determined. Both fleas and sucking lice were aggregated on their hosts, and sucking lice showed a higher degree of aggregation than fleas. The prevalence of both fleas and sucking lice increased with log-transformed mean abundance and a highly linear correlation and modelling efficiency of predicted prevalence against observed prevalence were obtained. The results demonstrate that prevalence can be explained simply by mean abundance.     

云南地区水生经济动物外寄生车轮虫的研究

在对云南地区淡水车轮虫的调查研究过程中,在几大重要水生经济动物,即泥鳅、鲫、鲤、鳙、斑点叉尾鮰及牛蛙蝌蚪上获得8种外寄生车轮虫。其中车轮虫属4种,即虱性车轮虫Trichodina pediculus、杜氏车轮虫T.domerguei、拟黑色车轮虫T.paranigra和适度车轮虫T.modesta;拟车轮虫属1种,即圆形拟车轮虫Paratrichodina rotundiformis;小车轮虫属3种,即周丛小车轮虫Trichodinella epizootica、卡普小车轮虫T.carpi和纤细小车轮虫T.subtilis。采用活体观察、甲基绿-派洛宁染色及干银法,并运用国际统一的特定方法及齿体定位描述法对该8种车轮虫进行了详细的形态学研究。     

云南省古茶树资源调查与分析

为更好地保护和开发利用古茶树资源,2010-2017年对云南省12个地区58个县/市的古茶树资源进行了全面普查,依据《Flora of China》英文修订版分类确立了古茶树资源物种名录,建立初步的古茶树资源数据信息库。以此为基础,利用地理信息系统和统计学分析了云南古茶树资源种类组成、地理分布特征、生境类型及形态多样性。结果表明:云南古茶树种类多,调查共获得古茶树资源分布点474个,记录样本植株2570份,隶属7种6变种;古茶树资源分布广而不均,主要分布于滇西、滇南、滇东南及滇中哀牢山山脉,滇东南是古茶树物种多样性的分布中心,滇西是特有种的分化中心,云南古茶树资源的地理分布可能存在滇西-大理茶(Camellia taliensis(W.W.Sm.)Melch.)、滇南-普洱茶(C.sinensis var.assamica(J.W.Mast.)Kitam.)和滇东南-厚轴茶(C.crassicolumna H.T.Chang)3个现有分布中心;古茶树资源生境复杂多样,可大致分为原生林、次生林和高山旱地等3类,不同生境分布的古茶树种类及其生长状况有差异;古茶树资源具有丰富的形态多样性,其描述型性状多样性指数为0.58~1.48,数值型性状变异系数为4.37%~51.03%,总体上营养器官的变异性高于花部器官。本工作为进一步探讨云南地区古茶树资源的系统演化、多样性保护及合理利用提供了重要的本底资料。此外,根据古茶树资源现状,初步提出了一些保护利用建议。     

Genome Sequence of Bartonella rattimassiliensis,a Bacterium Isolated from European Rattus norvegicus

Bartonella rattimassiliensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium isolated from the blood of Rattus norvegicus in Marseille. The present study reports the draft genome of B. rattimassiliensis strain 15908 (CIP 107705^T).     

Linkage studies of wavy in the Norway rat,Rattus norvegicus

The gene for wavy coat (wv) is shown to assort independently of the albino (c), brown (b), hooded pattern (h) and pink-eyed dilution (p) genes. The c and p genes, known to be in linkage group I, were observed to show a recombination value of 19.9±3.3 per cent.     

The effects of reward quality on risk-sensitivity in Rattus norvegicus

Risk-sensitive foraging theory (RSFT) was developed to explain a choice between a variable (risk-prone) or constant (risk-averse) option. In the RSFT literature, qualitative shifts in risk-sensitivity have been explained by fluctuations in daily caloric energy budget (DEB). The DEB rule describes foragers’ choices as being based on fitness and rate of gain. If the DEB rule is correct, rewards that differ in caloric returns should cause differences in foragers’ sensitivity to risk. However, few studies have explored the influence of reward quality on risk-sensitivity in mammals. The present study was designed to examine the effects of reward quality on risk-sensitivity when reward magnitude, delay to reward, body mass, and response effort were controlled. Results from the current study demonstrated that subjects rewarded with a high calorie reward (i.e., sugar) made significantly fewer choices for a variable option than subjects rewarded with a lower calorie reward (i.e., grain). These results are consistent with the predictions of the DEB rule, and add to the RSFT literature where reward quality was manipulated by describing difference in risk-sensitivity in mammals. Suggestions for future research include an examination of risk-sensitivity where flavor and caloric return are manipulated.