食蟹猴心血管病风险因素与心血管病相关基因在外周血白细胞表达的相关性

研究心血管病风险因素和心血管病相关基因表达的相关性有助于心血管病风险预警和早期诊断研究。该文采用温和的动脉粥样硬化膳食(0.053mg胆固醇/千焦、40%的能量来源于脂肪)喂养中老年雄性食蟹猴(Macaca fascicularis)(12个月),根据传统心血管病风险因素筛选低、高风险食蟹猴,然后采用荧光定量PCR技术检测113个心血管病相关基因在正常组、低风险和高风险组食蟹猴外周血白细胞内的表达差异。结果在食蟹猴外周血白细胞中共检测到65个心血管病相关基因,其中低、高风险组有16个基因相对于正常组表达上调(P<0.05),19个基因表达下调(P<0.05),另外,还有15个基因表达模式特异(P<0.05)。此外,还检测到42个心血管病相关基因在人和食蟹猴外周血白细胞内均有效表达,其中22个基因在两者之间表达模式一致。上述结果为进一步研究心血管病风险预警和早期诊断指标,缩小了基因遴选范围。     

食蟹猴糖化血红蛋白水平的调查研究

目的调查食蟹猴群体的HbA1c水平并建立其背景数据库。方法采集后肢静脉血以高效液相色谱法测定176只(雌性88只;雄性88只)食蟹猴的HbA1c值。结果雄性食蟹猴的HbA1c平均值高于雌性食蟹猴(4.80%±0.56%vs.4.61%±0.55%),两者间存在显著性差异(P0.05)。不同年龄段食蟹猴的HbA1c统计结果发现,青年组雌雄性食蟹猴的HbA1c平均值均高于老年组,两个年龄段间的雌性和雄性之间均存在显著性差异(P0.05),而中年组雌性与雄性和其他年龄段间的差异不显著。结论不同性别和年龄段间食蟹猴HbA1c水平具有显著差异性,HbA1c水平与性别和年龄具有相关性。     

食蟹猴的基础血糖值调查

目的 调查圈养食蟹猴基础血糖值情况.方法 采用快速血糖仪对153只6～19岁雄性食蟹猴和87只6～24岁雌性食蟹猴的血糖进行测定.结果 不同性别的食蟹猴血糖值存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),其中雌性食蟹猴血糖平均值为4.09 mmol/L±1.03 mmol/L,雄性食蟹猴血糖平均值为3.32 mmol/L±0.59 mmol/L;不同年龄段的食蟹猴血糖值差异显著(P＜0.05),年龄大的食蟹猴血糖值比年龄小的食蟹猴血糖值整体较高;体重指数与基础血糖值之间无显著相关性.结论 食蟹猴基础血糖值与人类基础血糖值相比,水平较低;性别和年龄是影响食蟹猴血糖值的主要因素.食蟹猴基础血糖值调查为糖尿病动物模型的建立及其相关研究提供了有关血糖值的基础数据参考.     

青少年食蟹猴糖尿病模型的肝脏病理生理学研究

目的通过对胰岛素用量不足条件下链脲佐菌素诱导的青少年食蟹猴1型糖尿病模型肝脏病理生理学的研究,探讨长期高血糖所致青少年食蟹猴肝损伤特点及机制。方法通过静脉注射68 mg/kg的链脲佐菌素,诱导4只3岁的食蟹猴成为1型糖尿病模型,然后经长期的血糖监测和静脉糖耐量实验来评价该模型的可靠性及稳定性,造模4年后,对模型猴进行血生化、PAS染色、苏丹III染色及普通病理和超微病理等指标的检测,另外选取4只健康与模型猴年龄匹配的猴作为正常对照组,同时进行相应的检测。结果与正常对照组比较,糖尿病猴血清学检测指标中总胆汁酸、尿素氮、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、胆碱酯酶、乳酸脱氢酶、总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显升高。组织化学染色结果显示,与正常猴比较,糖尿病猴中央静脉区肝实质细胞肿胀,肝细胞PAS染色（糖原染色）加深,苏丹Ⅲ染色（脂肪染色）阳性细胞增多;电镜结果显示糖尿病猴肝细胞内胞质糖原颗粒增多;线粒体电子密度显著增高,结构不清;窦周隙内含有大量脂滴的肝星状细胞明显增多。结论在长期胰岛素用量不足血糖控制不理想的条件下,青少年食蟹猴1型糖尿病模型肝脏特异性的病理改变是肝糖原贮积和含有大量脂滴的肝星状细胞增生,这些病理改变与非酒精性脂肪肝病的病变特点存在显著不同,但其机制目前尚不清楚。     

运输应激对食蟹猴血清生化指标、丙二醛及总抗氧化能力的影响

目的 研究食蟹猴在长途运输后血浆皮质醇、血清生化指标、丙二醛(MDA)及总抗氧化能力(TAOC)变化情况.方法 对雄性食蟹猴在运输前后不同时间采血,进行血清生化指标、血清MDA及TAOC测定.结果 运输后ALT、AST及LDH显著升高(P<0.05),BUN、CREA、TP及ALB显著下降(P<0.05);ALP、GLU及TBIL升高,TCHO及CK下降,但差异均不显著.除CK与LDH外,其余指标均在第29天时恢复正常.运输后血清MDA逐渐升高(P<0.01),第2天达到峰值,第29天趋于稳定;TAOC逐渐降低,第2天降至最低(P<0.05),第29天趋于稳定.结论 运输不仅可引起多个血清生化指标发生变化,还可以使食蟹猴处于氧化应激状态中;运输后至少应该有29天的适应饲养期,以保证血清生化指标恢复到正常水平及机体氧化与抗氧化状态恢复平衡.     

猕猴的雌激素及骨物理指标、微量元素检测

目的 建立恒河猴和食蟹猴正常的雌激素及骨物理、微量元素指标.方法 选用恒河猴4只(雄性),平均年龄17.5岁.食蟹猴3只(雌性),平均年龄9岁.在测定骨物理指标后,用原子吸收光谱法测定Ca,Fe,Zn,Cu等元素的浓度;同时也检测血清中雌激素(E2)碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和羟脯氨酸的浓度.结果 正常恒河猴血清E2为288.0±143.9(pmol/L)、AKP为2.28±2.71(金氏单位/ml)、羟脯氨酸为10.45±2.60(ug/ml),Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu分别为5.01±1.20(g/g)、18.54±22.30(mg/g)、25.0±17.15(mg/g)、9.38±8.66(mg/g);食蟹猴血清E2为424.33±190.45(pmol/L)、AKP为9.45±2.76(金氏单位/ml)、羟脯氨酸为 16.91±3.00 (ug/ml),Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu分别为8.31±4.13(g/g)、24.32±17.20(mg/g)、50.97±33.63(mg/g)、24.31±17.40(mg/g).结论 恒河猴和食蟹猴的正常雌激素及骨物理、微量元素指标的建立,将为采用猕猴作为动物模型探讨骨质疏松的病因、发病机理提供参考依据.     

重组人促卵泡激素剂量对食蟹猴卵泡发育和排卵同期化的影响

目的优化食蟹猴胚胎移植同步受体的处理技术。方法选择5~9岁月经周期正常的成年雌性食蟹猴37只,于出现月经血的第2~3天,每日肌注重组人促卵泡激素(rh FSH),按超排剂量和方式分2个实验组,超排供体组、超排受体组,另有一组自然受体组(对照组)。结果和结论 2个实验组超排后卵巢反应全部良好,超排供体组和超排受体组超排后卵巢的获卵总数(15.18±6.51 VS.5.67±3.79)和平均排卵数(6.77±3.61 VS.1.00±0.00)差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),但超排受体组和超排供体组的雌二醇(E2)水平浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),变化模式一致,且超排受体组与超排供体组排卵同期化的准确率可达83.33%,而对照组仅为42.85%,两者差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。     

自发性与膳食诱发性食蟹猴2型糖尿病其相关基因的表达比较

采用荧光定量PCR技术对自发性和膳食诱发性T2DM食蟹猴外周血白细胞中36个糖尿病相关基因的表达水平进行分析。在36个基因中,糖尿病组的G6PC、CCR2B、CTLA4等19个基因的表达量与对照组相比存在显著差异(P<0.05),且这些基因在诱发组和自发组中的表达模式基本一致。36个基因中,诱发组基因的表达量普遍高于自发组,但大部分基因表达量在两组中差异不显著,表明诱发性和自发性食蟹猴T2DM模型均可作为糖尿病研究较理想的动物模型。因此,通过高能量膳食诱导的食蟹猴糖尿病模型可以替代自发的糖尿病猴,且基因表达量的变化可为疾病的诊断和治疗提供帮助。     

高脂膳食对小鼠生化及病理形态的影响

目的高脂膳食对机体血液、组织匀浆中各种生化指标的影响,尤其是对胆固醇等脂质代谢的影响,为研究高胆固醇引起的心血管等疾病建立模型。方法将C57BL/6 j小鼠63只随机分为2组。普食组（用普通饲料饲喂）12只,雌雄各6只,高脂组（用高脂饲料饲喂）51只,雌26只、雄25只。单笼饲喂,饲喂期为67 d。观察动物体重、摄食量、比较血液以及肝、肾组织匀浆中有关脂类代谢和抗氧化方面的生化指标以及组织病理学观察。结果高脂组血液中胆固醇（TC）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDLC）均显著高于普食组（P〈0.05）;高脂组肝、肾脏组织匀浆中T-AOC、CuZn-SOD、SOD、AKP、NOS、MDA的水平与普食组相比均无统计学差异;与普食组相比,雄性小鼠摄食量差异显著（P〈0.05）、体重差异不显著;病理观察可见高脂组中肝细胞空泡变性。结论通过高脂膳食成功的建立了高胆固醇血症模型,该模型有可能在胆固醇浓度升高引起的脂质代谢异常、动脉粥样硬化、冠心病和其他代谢性疾病的研究中发挥作用。     

甲硫氨酸诱导高Hcy血症的抗氧化作用研究

为探讨甲硫氨酸在诱导高Hcy血症过程中的抗氧化作用,将Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组和1%甲硫氨酸组,喂养6周后,采用高效液相色谱法测定血清中同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和谷胱甘肽含量(GSH),全自动氨基酸分析仪测定蛋氨酸和牛磺酸含量,转氨酶活性采用试剂盒测定。肝组织丙二醛(MDA)含量采用硫代巴比妥酸法,黄嘌呤氧化酶法和比色法测定肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、总抗氧化能力(FRAP值)和还原性谷胱甘肽含量。结果表明,1%甲硫氨酸组血清Hcy和牛磺酸含量分别为3.56±0.68μmol·L-1和568.68±57.02μmol·L-1,较正常组显著升高(p<0.05)。1%甲硫氨酸组肝组织GSH含量和SOD活性分别为132.19±25.49mg·g-1和6.86±1.46U·mg-1,较正常组103.97±16.30mg·g-1和5.01±1.24U·mg-1显著升高(p<0.05)。1%甲硫氨酸组较正常组肝组织FRAP值亦升高而MDA含量降低。结果表明,甲硫氨酸在诱导高Hcy血症过程中同时具有抗氧化作用。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor