克氏原螯虾

从形态、习性、繁殖和幼体发育等7个方面介绍了克氏原螯虾的生物学特性,指出它对人类有益的方面,以及对水利、农业、淡水养殖业的危害及其可能造成食用者食物中毒的不利方面。     

罗氏沼虾与克氏原螯虾血细胞的比较研究

对罗氏沼虾与克氏原螫虾血细胞的分类与组成进行了染色观察比较研究。根据染色后光镜下血细胞的核质比、颗粒的大小和数量等来对血细胞进行分类,罗氏沼虾与克氏原螯虾的血细胞均可分为透明细胞、半颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞三类;其血细胞浓度分别为1.02±0.21×10⁷ Ind·ml^-1和0.85±0.15×10⁷Ind·ml^-1。2种虾血细胞的颗粒形态存在显著差异;透明细胞、半颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞占血细胞总量的百分比在罗氏沼虾为21.3±6.3%,45.7±2.5%,33.0±6.8%:在克氏原螯虾为12.0±5.8%、49.5±5.1%和38.5±9.5%。     

克氏原螯虾幼体发育的初步研究

在实验条件下观察了克氏原螯虾的幼体发育。详细描述了第一至第三龄幼体发育的形态特征。     

武汉地区克氏原螯虾繁殖期的研究

为探究武汉地区克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)繁殖期的问题,采用石蜡切片的方法,对武汉地区自然群体中克氏原螯虾雌雄成体的生殖腺进行了周年观察研究。结果表明,武汉地区成年克氏原螯虾的卵母细胞发育不同步,在4~5月以及9~10月的卵巢中都有大量成熟期的卵子,同时也含有少量卵黄发生前期或初期的卵母细胞。6~7月和11月都可见产后恢复期的卵巢,内含少量未产出的正在退化的过熟卵和一些卵黄发生前期或初期的卵母细胞。精巢发育的年周期变化没有卵巢变化的那么明显,但也可以看到,在4~6月和9~10月,含精子细胞和精子的精小管的比例大大增加,而在其他时期,含精原细胞和精母细胞的精小管比例较多。这些结果提示,武汉地区克氏原螯虾一年有两个繁殖高峰期,一个在4~5月,另一个在9~10月。     

外来种克氏原螯虾的危害及其防治

克氏原螯虾作为外来入侵种,已经对其所入侵的栖息地土著动物、植被、土壤结构等生态环境构成了严重威胁。针对我国一些拟引入养殖或正在大面积推广养殖该螯虾的现状,提出防治该物种的一些探索性对策,对拟将引种的地区,必须持慎重态度,进行生态安全评估,制定预警措施     

克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)血细胞染色方法的研究

甲壳类血细胞的形态和分类是甲壳类免疫学研究的基础.本文选择三种甲壳类血细胞的常用染料:瑞氏染液、姬姆萨染液和瑞氏-姬姆萨混合染液,研究它们对于克氏原螯虾血细胞的染色效果.通过改变染色时间、染色温度、分色方式以及分色时间等染色条件,观察、比较不同染色条件下血细胞内的颗粒、细胞核和细胞质的着色情况,以及细胞整体轮廓清晰程度,确定适用于克氏原螯虾血细胞染色的理想染色方法,并建立相应的操作程序.     

克氏原螯虾一种新型甲壳素基因的鉴定和抑菌功能研究

抗菌肽是无脊椎动物非特异性免疫系统中重要的免疫因子,抗菌肽具有良好且广谱的抗菌活性,并且不易产生耐药性,有望替代传统抗生素药物发挥功能.甲壳素(Crustin)是目前甲壳类动物中研究比较广泛的一类抗菌肽家族.研究鉴定了来自克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)中的一种新型Crustin基因,命名为Pc-C...     

克氏原螯虾的入侵生态学研究进展

克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)原产于美国南部和墨西哥北部,是一个著名入侵物种,作为一种水产经济资源物种在世界各地扩散。克氏原螯虾抗逆性强,所具有的广泛生境适应性、生长迅速、高生殖率等特点使它们迅速建立野生种群。近10余年的研究认为,克氏原螯虾通过捕食和资源竞争等机制严重威胁引入地的水生植物、无脊椎动物、两栖类等的生存,显著降低引入地的生物多样性。当前,由于克氏原螯虾的经济价值高,它会借助于人力的作用而继续扩散。为认清和减少克氏原螯虾对引入地的生态影响,应加强以下方面的研究:1)在中国开展克氏原螯虾的生态危害的调查和研究;2)克氏原螯虾种群调节和控制对策研究;3)被入侵地的生态恢复工作。     

克氏原螯虾用芽孢杆菌的特性及其安全性评价

为评估克氏原螯虾用产芽孢益生菌的特性和安全,本研究从市售益生菌产品中分离到19株芽孢杆菌属成员.通过测定抗菌活性、产纤维素酶活性、温度对生长影响来评价其益生菌的特性;通过测定芽孢对高温、低pH、胆汁酸盐的耐受、自聚集性和表面疏水性等评价其稳定性;通过溶血活性、抗生素敏感性、小鼠攻毒试验、克氏原螯虾饲养试验等评价其安全性.以抗菌和产纤维素酶活性、低温(15℃)生长快和无溶血活性这四项指标为标准进行筛选,结果表明:只有3株芽孢杆菌(B8,B20,B27)可成为益生菌候选株.在15℃低温时生长迅速、抗菌和产纤维素酶活性高的2株解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B14和B40)有溶血活性,能引起克氏原螯虾的肠炎,并导致肠道菌群中气单胞菌丰度显著上升.因此,在克氏原螯虾用芽孢杆菌益生菌的选择中,不仅要关注益生功能,更要考虑其安全性.本研究结果为芽孢杆菌在动物保护产品中科学评价和合理使用提供参考.     

养殖条件下克氏原螯虾亲虾的形态性状研究

为了解人工养殖的克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)亲虾的生长和形态性状,为人工放养亲本的选择提供参考依据,测定了342尾体重大于20 g的克氏原螯虾的体重(W)、全长(TL)、头胸甲长(CL)、头胸甲宽(CW)、螯足长(ChL)和螯足宽(ChW),比较了雌性和雄性生长和形态参数的差异性,模拟了各参数间的回归方程,并探讨了各参数间的相关性。结果显示,雌性个体体重、螯足长和螯足宽的均值显著低于雄性,而头胸甲长和头胸甲宽的均值则显著高于雄性,全长和丰满度在雌雄之间差异不显著。雌性和雄性个体的优势全长范围均为90～119. 99 mm,优势体重范围分别为20. 0～39. 9 g和30. 0～44. 9 g。克氏原螯虾全长-体重的关系为W_♀=0. 000 01×TL~(3. 381 3)、W_♂=0. 000 01×TL~(3. 230 9),雌性和雄性均为正异速生长;头胸甲长-体重的关系为W_♀=0. 000 1×CL~(3. 215 5)、W_♂=0. 000 2×CL~(3. 179 8);头胸甲长-全长的关系为TL_♀=2. 928 6+2. 027×CL、TL_♂=-5. 036 9+2. 370 1×CL;头胸甲宽-头胸甲长的关系为CL_♀=5. 479 2+1. 942 3×CW、CL_♂=9. 646 8+1. 765 6×CW;螯足宽-螯足长的关系为ChL_♀=-13. 721+6. 679×ChW、ChL_♂=-4. 828+6. 148 7×CW。相关性分析表明,总体上6个参数之间均有显著的正相关关系,其中与体重相关性较高的为全长和头胸甲长与宽。     

安徽三大水系入侵物种克氏原螯虾的种群遗传格局

克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)是长江中下游地区较为常见的外来物种, 目前已经扩散到安徽境内的主要水系。我们采集了安徽境内长江、淮河和新安江三大流域的4个地区9个地点的182个样本, 利用9对微卫星分子标记, 通过PCR扩增和微卫星分型, 分析了其种群遗传多样性水平和遗传结构, 构建了地方种群的遗传距离格局。结果表明本研究区域克氏原螯虾种群遗传多样性处于较高水平, 总的期望杂合度(H_E)和观测杂合度(H_O)分别为0.78和0.36。望江种群遗传多样性最高(期望杂合度为0.76), 肥西种群遗传多样性最低(期望杂合度为0.56)。克氏原螯虾种群显示了极强的杂合子缺失, 人为捕捞可能是造成其种群私有等位基因数目较多和杂合子缺失的主要原因。地方种群分化系数(F_st)与地理距离呈显著正相关(r= 0.33, P< 0.05), 望江种群和城东湖种群存在明显的跳跃性扩散(jump dispersal)。因此, 水系间的交流是种群扩散的主要途径, 人为贸易促使克氏原螯虾种群在不同地区的交流, 对其种群扩散也有一定的作用。     

长江下游地区4个克氏原螯虾群体的遗传多样性分析

为了对长江下游地区克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)群体的遗传多样性状况进行本底调查, 本文利用17对微卫星引物对南京(NJ)、盱眙(XY)、合肥(HF)、南昌(NC)4个克氏原螯虾地理群体进行了遗传多样性研究。结果表明, 4个地理群体的平均观测杂合度为0.4322–0.4826、平均期望杂合度为0.4024–0.6121、平均多态信息含量为0.3408–0.5624, 4个克氏原螯虾群体的遗传多样性处于中等水平, 其中南京群体遗传多样性最高, 合肥群体最低; 4个克氏原螯虾群体的基因流为1.3729–5.9161, 遗传分化指数为0.0405–0.1540, 群体间基因流水平较高, 群体间遗传分化程度较小。聚类结果显示4个群体可分为2支: 南京、南昌、盱眙三个群体聚为一支, 合肥群体独自成一支。以上结果将为克氏原螯虾遗传育种、资源保护和利用提供一定的理论依据。     

Eleven polymorphic microsatellites isolated from red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

Eleven microsatellites were isolated from a genomic DNA library enriched for CA- and GA-repeats, and were characterized in 48 individuals of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. All 11 microsatellites were polymorphic with an average of allele number of 6.6 per locus. Genotypic distributions of these 11 markers were found to be in conformance with the expectations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. All 11 markers were unlinked. These markers are being used to study the invasion routine, genetic diversity and population structure of the species P. clarkii.     

切除眼柄对加速克氏原螯虾卵巢发育进程的组织学研究

应用组织切片和透射电镜技术研究眼柄切除对加速克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)卵巢发育进程的影响。实验分成4组,选取眼柄切除15 d和30 d两个时间点进行。切除眼柄30 d后,雌虾体长增长显著,从(11.50±2.30)cm增长至(18.20±3.40)cm(P0.05),性腺指数(GSI)从4.56%±2.81%增长至8.05%±2.51%(P0.05),体重和螯肢长也有所增长(P0.05)。电镜观察发现卵母细胞从发育Ⅱ期迅速度过Ⅲ期进入到Ⅵ期阶段,卵母细胞体积变大,变圆;液泡压缩变小;卵黄颗粒加速积累,逐渐占满整个胞内空间;滤泡细胞胞质从黏稠变稀薄。这些结果表明,切除眼柄在短期内显著加快卵母细胞内卵黄颗粒的积累,并且加快个体生长。     

Crayfish invading Europe: the case study of Procambarus clarkii

The red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, native to northeastern Mexico and southcentral USA, is today the dominant macroinvertebrate in several European countries. While the first introduction of this species into Spain is well-documented, little is known about its pathways of invasion and the reason for its rapid spread in several European countries. Study of the biology of the species has revealed a number of properties that makes this crayfish a successful invader. Procambarus clarkii exhibits properties characteristic of an r-selected species, including early maturity at small body size, rapid growth rates, large numbers of offspring at a given parental size, and relatively short life spans. It is also plastic in its life cycle, able to disperse widely in the habitat and to tolerate environmental extremes. It displays generalist and opportunistic feeding habits, consuming macrophytes and preying on amphibians. Procambarus clarkii can also replace indigenous crayfish by a combination of mechanisms, including competitive exclusion and transmission of the fungus-like Aphanomyces astaci, responsible for the crayfish plague. Finally, this species shows a wide behavioral flexibility when coping with new types of predators. The results of these studies, combined with the increasing information available in the scientific literature on this and other crayfish species, will help us understand invasions in this taxon and make predictions about the identity of future crayfish invaders.     

克氏原螯虾精巢与输精管组织细胞原代培养方法初探

将剪碎的克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)精巢与输精管组织块分别接种于含20?S、双抗以及添加了适量无机盐等的M199-MK、MEM、S20、Grace’s和L-15培养基中,25℃恒温静置培养。结果表明,在Grace’s培养基中,只有少量组织块贴壁。在其余培养基中,大多数组织块能在1～2周内逐渐贴壁,L-15和S20培养基培养效果最好。组织块贴壁后,一些成纤维细胞和上皮样细胞逐渐从组织块迁移出来。传代后组织块可继续贴壁并重新迁移出一些成纤维细胞与少量上皮样细胞。添加部分草鱼细胞系PSF或斜纹夜蛾细胞系Sl驯化的培养基进行培养,驯化培养基:新鲜培养基=1:5(v/v),结果表明,Sl驯化培养基能促进细胞的迁移。组织块一般可离体培养2～4个月,但是都未能形成细胞单层。胰蛋白酶消化后分散的虾细胞不能贴壁。     

Methyl farnesoate controls adult male morphogenesis in the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

Adult male crayfish Procambarus clarkii exist in two morphotypes. They continue to molt as adults, switching between Form Is and Form IIs. Form Is are primary reproductive types, with large chelae and spines on the ischiopodites of the third and fourth pair of walking legs. Form IIs are non-reproductive types with smaller chelae and no spines on the ischiopodites. We investigated the hormonal control of these transitions in two ways, by eyestalk ablation and by methyl farnesoate (MF) treatments. Eyestalk ablation accelerates molting and increases MF levels in the blood. MF is a hormone that regulates both reproduction and morphogenesis. MF concentrations were determined in two ways. The hemolymph samples were extracted first, then purified, using normal phase HPLC. The fractions containing MF were collected and analyzed for MF concentration, utilizing both internal and external standards by GC/MS. The other hemolymph samples were analyzed from individual animals by HPLC. The concentrations of ecdysteroids were determined by radioimmunoassay. In the control animals, 4 out of 4 untreated Form I males molted into Form II, while 6 out of 7 Form IIs molted into Form Is. Eight of 8 ablated Form Is molted into Form IIs as expected, while 5 of 5 ablated Form IIs molted into Form IIs, instead of Form Is. MF treatment of intact animals resulted in 6 of 7 Form Is becoming Form IIs and 5 of 6 Form IIs becoming Form IIs. These results were highly significant in comparison of Form I and IIs in each treatment (eyestalk intact, eyestalk ablated and eyestalk intact with MF) by a chi square analysis, P = 0.006, P < 0.0005, and P = 0.013, respectively. MF premolt blood levels suggested that Form IIs were produced in the presence of 1.3 ng/ml MF, while Form Is result from MF levels less than 0.5 ng/ml. Since both eyestalk ablation and MF treatment resulted in the failure of Form IIs becoming Form Is, it was concluded that the control of morphogenesis of primary reproductives (Form Is) depends on a low level of MF prior to the molt, while Form IIs are formed in the presence of increased levels of MF.