共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Frank Marlowe 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2000,11(1):27-42
Menopause is puzzling because life-history theory predicts there should be no selection for outliving one’s reproductive capacity.
Adaptive explanations of menopause offered thus far turn on women’s long-term investment in offspring and grandoffspring,
all variations on the grandmother hypothesis. Here, I offer a very different explanation. The patriarch hypothesis proposes
that once males became capable of maintaining high status and reproductive access beyond their peak physical condition, selection
favored the extension of maximum life span in males. Because the relevant genes were not on the Y chromosome, life span increased
in females as well. However, the female reproductive span was constrained by the depletion of viable oocytes, which resulted
in menopause.
Frank Marlowe, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Harvard University. He conducts research with the Hadza and
his interests include the behavioral ecology of mating systems, life-history theory, and cooperation. 相似文献
2.
The literature on human mate preferences is vast but most data come from studies on college students in complex societies,
who represent a thin slice of cultural variation in an evolutionarily novel environment. Here, I present data on the mate
preferences of men and women in a society of hunter-gatherers, the Hadza of Tanzania. Hadza men value fertility in a mate
more than women do, and women value intelligence more than men do. Women place great importance on men’s foraging, and both
sexes rate character as important. Unlike college students, Hadza men place considerable importance on women being hard-working,
and Hadza women cite looks about as often as men do.
This research was made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation and the Leakey Foundation.
Frank Marlowe (B.A., M.A., M.F.A., Ph.D.) is associate professor in the Department of Anthropology, Harvard University. His
research interests include the behavioral ecology of hunter-gatherers, mating systems, parental care, mate choice, and cooperation. 相似文献
3.
Children’s play is widely believed by educators and social scientists to have a training function that contributes to psychosocial
development as well as the acquisition of skills related to adult competency in task performance. In this paper we examine
these assumptions from the perspective of life-history theory using behavioral observation and household economic data collected
among children in a community in the Okavango Delta of Botswana where people engage in mixed subsistence regimes of dry farming,
foraging, and herding.
We hypothesize that if play contributes to adult competency then time allocation to play will decrease as children approach
adult levels of competence. This hypothesis generates the following predictions: (1) time allocated to play activities that
develop specific productive skills should decline in relation to the proportion of adult competency achieved; (2) children
will spend more time in forms of play that are related to skill development in tasks specific to the subsistence ecology in
which that child participates or expects to participate; and (3) children will spend more time in forms of play that are related
to skill development in tasks clearly related to the gender-specific productive role in the subsistence ecology in which that
child participates or expects to participate.
We contrast these expectations with the alternative hypothesis that if play is not preparatory for adult competence then time
allocated to each play activity should diminish at the same rate. This latter hypothesis generates the following two predictions:
(1) time allocation to play should be unaffected by subsistence regime and (2) patterns of time allocation to play should
track patterns of growth and energy balance.
Results from multiple regression analysis support earlier research in this community showing that trade-offs between immediate
productivity and future returns were a primary determinant of children’s activity patterns. Children whose labor was in greater
demand spent significantly less time playing. In addition, controlling for age and gender, children spent significantly more
time in play activities related to tasks specific to their household subsistence economy. These results are consistent with
the assertion that play is an important factor in the development of adult competency and highlight the important contributions
of an evolutionary ecological perspective in understanding children’s developmental trajectories.
John Bock is an associate professor of anthropology at Cal State Fullerton and Associate Editor of Human Nature. He received a Ph.D. in Anthropology (Human Evolutionary Ecology) from the University of New Mexico in 1995, and from 1995
to 1998 was an Andrew W. Mellon Foundation postdoctoral fellow in demography and epidemiology at the National Centre for Epidemiology
and Population Health at Australian National University. His recent research has focused on the application of life-history
theory to understanding the evolution of the primate and human juvenile period. Bock has been conducting research among the
Okavango Delta peoples of Botswana since 1992, and his current research there is an examination of child development and family
demography in relation to socioecology and the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Other research is focused on health disparities among minorities
and indigenous peoples in Botswana and the United States related to differential access to health care.
Sara E. Johnson is an assistant professor of anthropology at California State University, Fullerton. She received her Ph.D.
in Anthropology (Human Evolutionary Ecology) from the University of New Mexico in 2001. She uses behavioral ecology and life-history
theory to address her research interests in the evolution of primate and human growth; ecological variation and phenotypic
plasticity in growth and development; ecological variation in life course trajectories, including fertility, health, morbidity,
and mortality differentials; food acquisition and production related to nutrition; societal transformation and roles of the
elderly among indigenous peoples; and women’s reproductive and productive roles in both traditional and nontraditional societies.
Over the past 10 years she has conducted research on these issues in several different populations, including chacma baboons
in the Okavango Delta of Botswana, two multiethnic communities of forager/agropastoralists in the Okavango Delta of Botswana,
and among New Mexican men. 相似文献
4.
Robert J. Quinlan 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2001,12(3):169-189
Household structure may have strong effects on reproduction. This study uses household demographic data for 59 women in a
Caribbean village to test evolutionary hypotheses concerning variation in reproductive strategies. Father-absence during childhood,
current household composition, and household economic status are predicted to influence age at first birth, number of mates,
reproductive success, and pair-bond stability. Criterion variables did not associate in a manner indicative of r- and K-strategies.
Father-absence in early childhood had little influence on subsequent reproduction. Household wealth and alloparenting were
positively associated with age at first birth. Alloparenting was negatively associated with reproductive success. Women in
long-term conjugal unions had higher reproductive success than did single women. Number of adult male kin resident in the
household was negatively associated with women’s number of mates.
This research was funded by NSF grants (BNS 8920569 and SBR 9205373) to Mark Flinn and an Earthwatch Center for Field Research
grant to Mark Flinn, Robert Quinlan, and Marsha Quinlan.
Robert Quinlan is currently an assistant researcher at the Research Corporation of the University of Hawai’i. He has a Ph.D.
in Anthropology from the University of Missouri. His research interests include human evolutionary ecology, household demography,
and biomedical anthropology. 相似文献
5.
Previous research in North America has supported the view that male involvement in committed, romantic relationships is associated
with lower testosterone (T) levels. Here, we test the prediction that undergraduate men involved in committed, romantic relationships
(paired) will have lower T levels than men not involved in such relationships (unpaired). Further, we also test whether these
differences are more apparent in samples collected later, rather than earlier, in the day. For this study, 107 undergraduate
men filled out a questionnaire and collected one saliva sample (from which a subject’s T level was measured) at various times
across the day. As in previous studies, men involved in committed, romantic relationships had lower salivary T levels, though
only during later times of the day. Furthermore, additional analysis of the variation among unpaired subjects indicated that
men without prior relationship experience had lower T levels than experienced men. Finally, while paired men as a group had
lower T levels than unpaired men, those men at the earliest stage (less than six months) of a current relationship had higher
T levels than unpaired men as well as men in longer-term relationships. These results suggest that variation in male testosterone
levels may reflect differential behavioral allocation to mating effort.
Peter Gray recently completed his Ph.D. in biological anthropology at Harvard with a dissertation entitled, "Human Male Reproductive
Strategies: Cross-Cultural and Endocrine Aspects." He is now a postdoctoral fellow at Charles Drew University of Medicine
and Science, working with Dr. Shalender Bhasin on human androgen research. Judith Flynn Chapman and Matthew McIntyre are Ph.D.
candidates inbiological anthropology at Harvard University. Judith Flynn Chapman focuses on variation in human ovarian function.
Matthew McIntyre studies the role of testosterone in psychological development.
Terry Burnham is an economist at the Harvard Business School. He studies economic behavior in a framework based in evolution
by natural selection.
Susan Lipson is a Lecturer in Anthropology and director of the Reproductive Ecology Laboratory at Harvard University. Her
research includes work on the effects of age and energy balance on female reproductive function, and on hormonal correlates
of conception and cancer risk.
Peter Ellison is John Cowles Professor of Anthropology and Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University.
He studies hormones, behavior, and the reproductive ecology of humans and nonhuman primates. 相似文献
6.
We hypothesize that juvenile baboons are less efficient foragers than adult baboons owing to their small size, lower level
of knowledge and skill, and/or lesser ability to maintain access to resources. We predict that as resources are more difficult
to extract, juvenile baboons will demonstrate lower efficiency than adults will because of their lower levels of experience.
In addition, we hypothesize that juvenile baboons will be more likely to allocate foraging time to easier-to-extract resources
owing to their greater efficiency in acquiring those resources.
We use feeding efficiency and time allocation data collected on a wild, free-ranging, non-provisioned population of chacma
baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in the Moremi Wildlife Reserve, Okavango Delta, Botswana to test these hypotheses. The major findings of this study are:
1. Juvenile baboons are significantly less efficient foragers than adult baboons primarily for difficult-to-extract resources.
We propose that this age-dependent variation in efficiency is due to differences in memory and other cognitive functions related
to locating food resources, as is indicated by the greater amount of time juvenile baboons spend searching for food. There
is no evidence that smaller body size or competitive disruption influences the differences in return rates found between adult
and juvenile baboons in this study.
2. An individual baboon’s feeding efficiency for a given resource can be used to predict the duration of its foraging bouts
for that resource.
These results contribute both to our understanding of the ontogeny of behavioral development in nonhuman primates, especially
regarding foraging ability, and to current debate within the field of human behavioral ecology regarding the evolution of
the juvenile period in primates and humans.
Sara E. Johnson is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at California State University, Fullerton. She received her Ph.D. in
Anthropology (Human Evolutionary Ecology) from the University of New Mexico in 2001. She uses behavioral ecology and life
history theory to address her research interests in the evolution of primate and human growth; ecological variation and phenotypic
plasticity in growth and development; ecological variation in life course trajectories, including fertility, health, morbidity,
and mortality differentials; food acquisition and production related to nutrition; societal transofmration and roles of the
elderly among indigenous peoples; and women’s reproductive and productive roles in both traditional and nontraditional societies.
For the past decade she has conducted research on these issues in several different populations, including chacma baboons
in the Okavango Delta of Botswana, two multiethnic communities of forager/agropastoralists in the Okavango Delta of Botswana,
and among New Mexican men.
John Bock is Associate Professor of Anthropology at California State University at Fullerton and is Associate Editor of Human Nature. He received a Ph.D. in Anthropology (Human Evolutionary EcologY) from the University of New Mexico in 1995, and from 1995
to 1998 was an Andrew W. Mellon Foundation postdoctoral fellow in demography and epidemiology at the National Centre for Epidemiology
and Population Health at Australian National University. His recent research has focused on applying life history theory to
understanding the evolution of the primate and human juvenile period. Bock has been conducting research among the Okavango
Delta peoples of Botswana since 1992, and his current research there is an examination of child development and family demography
in relation to socioecology and the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Other research is focused on health disparties among minorities and
indigenous peoples in Botswana and the United States related to differential access to health care. 相似文献
7.
Recent evidence suggests that the ratio of the lengths of the second and fourth fingers (2D:4D) may reflect degree of prenatal
androgen exposure in humans. In the present study, we tested the hypotheses that 2D:4D would be associated with ratings of
men’s attractiveness and with levels of behavioral displays during social interactions with potential mates. Our results confirm
that male 2D:4D was significantly negatively correlated with women’s ratings of men’s physical attractiveness and levels of
courtship-like behavior during a brief conversation. These findings provide novel evidence for the organizational effects
of hormones on human male attractiveness and social behavior.
This work was supported by a Hind’s Fund Research Grant from the Committee on Evolutionary Biology at the University of Chicago
to J.R.R. and by NIH grants R01-MH62577 and K02-MH63097 to D.M.
James Roney, Ph.D., is now an assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His research
interests are in human evolutionary psychology and behavioral endocrinology. Dario Maestripieri, Ph.D., is an associate professor
of Human Development at the University of Chicago. He has broad research interests in behavior, development, and evolution. 相似文献
8.
Investment in children is examined using a nationally representative sample of 11,211 black (African) households in South
Africa. I randomly selected one child from each household in the sample and calculated the average genetic relatedness of
the other household members to the focal child. Using multivariate statistical analysis to control for background variables
such as age and sex of child, household size, and socioeconomic status, I examine whether the coefficient of relatedness predicts
greater household expenditures on food, on health care, and on children’s clothing. I also test whether relatedness is associated
with health and schooling outcomes. The results are consistent with an inclusive fitness model: Households invest more in
children who are more closely related. Two exceptions were found: in rural areas, genetic relatedness was negatively associated
with money spent on food and on health care. Explanations for these results are discussed.
Preliminary versions of this paper were presented at the 2003 Human Behavior and Evolution Society annual meeting in Lincoln,
Nebraska, and at the 2003 Human Behavioral Ecology Workshop in Bangor, Maine.
Kermyt G. Anderson is Assistant Professor at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Oklahoma. He received his
Ph.D. from the University of New Mexico in 1999 and was a postdoctoral research fellow at the Population Studies Center at
the University of Michigan for three years. His research focuses on biosocial models of fertility, parental investment, paternity
confidence, marriage/divorce, and children’s outcomes. He is currently involved in a long-term longitudinal survey of young
adults in Cape Town, South Africa, and in several projects examining the effects of HIV/AIDS in the U.S. 相似文献
9.
Patterns of human kinship commonly involve preferential treatment of relatives based on lineal descent (lineages) rather than
degree of genetic relatedness (kindreds), presenting a challenge for inclusive fitness theory. Here, we examine effects of
lineage and kindred characteristics on reproductive success (RS) and number of grandchildren for 130 men and 124 women in
a horticultural community on Dominica. Kindreds had little effect on fitness independently of lineage characteristics. Fitness
increased with the number of lineal relatives residing in the community but decreased beyond an apparently optimal lineage
size, suggesting resource enhancement and competition among kin. Female-biased patrilineage sex ratio was positively associated
with men’s fitness, while male-biased matrilineage sex ratio was positively associated with women’s fitness. Number of brothers
in the community was negatively associated with men’s, but not women’s, fitness. Parents and number of sisters had no effect
on either male or female reproduction; however, women with younger sisters had higher RS, suggesting benefits of kin support
for childcare. In sum, imposed norms for lineage social organization may enhance lineal ancestors’ inclusive fitness at a
cost to individual inclusive fitness.
Research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (BNS 8920569 and SBR 9205373); the University of Missouri
Research Board to MVF; the Earthwatch Center for Field Research to MVF, Marsha B. Quinlan, and RJQ; and the B.S.U. Center
for International Programs and Office of Academic Research and Sponsored Programs to RJQ. Marsha Quinlan and Napoleon Chagnon
provided valuable advice on earlier drafts. Ed Hagen gave generous help with Descent software for kinship analysis. Many friends,
teachers, and consultants in Bwa Mawego contributed generously to this study: the Durand clan—Juranie, Jonah, Elford, Induria,
Margelia, Eugenia, Lillia, Elquimedo, Zexia, Delfine, Wilford, Nathalie, and Sarah; the Warringtons—Martina, Amatus, Onia,
Belltina, Zabius, Sarah-Gene, and Heckery; the Laudats—Eddie, Benedict, and Dellie; the Laurents—Aron and Tito; the Lewises—Eddie,
Melanie, Eulina, Spliffy, Ganjala, Julina, Jalina, and Marietta; Franklin Vigilante; Lawrence Prosper; Edmund Sanderson; Alex
and Tita Alie; and especially Mistress Didi and Mr. McField Coipel.
Rob Quinlan is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Ball State University. His main interests include human evolutionary
ecology, reproductive development, parental care, kinship, and medical anthropology. He has conducted fieldwork in Dominica
since 1993.
Mark Flinn is Associate Professor of Anthropology and Psychological Sciences at the University of Missouri-Columbia. His main
interests include evolutionary theory, childhood stress, family relationships, and health. He has conducted fieldwork in Dominica
every year since 1987. 相似文献
10.
The claim that men prefer women with low waist-to-hip ratios (WHR) has been vigorously disputed. We examine self-report data
from 359 primiparous Polish women (with normal singleton births and healthy infants) and show that WHR correlates with at
least one component of a woman’s biological fitness (her first child’s birth weight, a variable that significantly affects
infant survival rates). However, a woman’s Body Mass Index (BMI) is a better predictor of her child’s neonatal weight in small-bodied
women (<54 kg). The failure to find a preference for low WHR in some traditional populations may thus be a consequence of
the fact that, even in western populations, body mass is a better predictor of fitness in those cases characterized by low
maternal body weight.
Boguslaw Pawłowski Ph.D., D.Sc., is a researcher and lecturer in biological anthropology at the University of Wrocław, Poland.
His research interests focus on mechanisms of human evolution (with special attention to the evolution of subcutaneous fat
tissue distribution) and human mate choice.
Robin Dunbar Ph.D., FBA is British Academy Research Professor of Evolutionary Psychology at the University of Liverpool, England,
and co-Director of the British Academy Centenary Research Project. His research interests focus on the evolutionary and environmental
determinants of social and reproductive strategies, with particular references to humans, nonhuman primates, and ungulates. 相似文献
11.
I. L. Pike 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2000,11(3):207-232
The purpose of this paper is to assess Profet’s (1992) and others’ hypothesis that nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP)
is adaptive. A number of studies have found an association between NVP and a decreased risk for early fetal loss (<20 weeks).
It is assumed that the adaptive benefits of improved survivorship associated with NVP outweigh the minimal nutritional consequences.
However, in populations that experience marginal levels of nutrition, NVP may have important nutritional consequences. To
test these potential consequences, a study on NVP, nutritional status, and pregnancy outcome was conducted among Turkana pastoralists,
who experience seasonal and chronic nutritional stress. Interviews and anthropometric assessments were conducted on 68 pregnant
Turkana women of Kenya during a 1993–1994 field season. The results from the case study suggest that women who experience
NVP do encounter nutritional consequences in the later stages of pregnancy and are more likely to experience poor pregnancy
outcomes. These results suggest that NVP may not be adaptive in all environmental settings, particularly among marginally
nourished populations.
Financial support for the Turkana study was provided by a dissertation fellowship from The Population Council, Wenner-Gren
Foundation, and NSF grants BNS-8718477, and DBS-9207837.
Ivy L. Pike, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Ohio State University. Her research interests include the
evolutionary and ecological context of health, nutrition, and reproduction. She has conducted research among Turkana women
of Kenya and is initiating a project among the Iraqw, an agro-pastoral population of Tanzania. 相似文献
12.
Rebecca Bliege Bird Brian F. Codding Douglas W. Bird 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2009,20(2):105-129
Researchers commonly use long-term average production inequalities to characterize cross-cultural patterns in foraging divisions
of labor, but little is known about how the strategies of individuals shape such inequalities. Here, we explore the factors
that lead to daily variation in how much men produce relative to women among Martu, contemporary foragers of the Western Desert
of Australia. We analyze variation in foraging decisions on temporary foraging camps and find that the percentage of total
camp production provided by each gender varies primarily as a function of men’s average bout successes with large, mobile
prey. When men target large prey, either their success leads to a large proportional contribution to the daily harvest, or
their failure results in no contribution. When both men and women target small reliable prey, production inequalities by gender
are minimized. These results suggest that production inequalities among Martu emerge from stochastic variation in men’s foraging
success on large prey measured against the backdrop of women’s consistent production of small, low-variance resources.
Rebecca Bliege Bird received her Ph.D. from UC Davis in 1996. She is interested in gendered strategies of social and economic production, especially as they relate to altruism and public goods provisioning in prestige competitions. In pursuit of these and other questions related to the socioecology of subsistence, she has worked in Torres Strait among the Meriam and is currently working with Martu in Australia’s Western Desert. Brian F. Codding received his B.S. from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo in 2005 and his M.A. in 2008 from Stanford University, where he is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Anthropology. His current research examines the social ecology of gender-specific foraging in archaeological and ethnographic contexts in California and Western Australia. Douglas W. Bird received his Ph.D. from UC Davis in 1996. His interest in ethnoarchaeology led him to explore the processes of shellmidden formation among Meriam of the Torres Strait. He is currently investigating the politics of hunting among Martu and the way that sharing can, paradoxically, create social hierarchy. 相似文献
Douglas W. BirdEmail: |
Rebecca Bliege Bird received her Ph.D. from UC Davis in 1996. She is interested in gendered strategies of social and economic production, especially as they relate to altruism and public goods provisioning in prestige competitions. In pursuit of these and other questions related to the socioecology of subsistence, she has worked in Torres Strait among the Meriam and is currently working with Martu in Australia’s Western Desert. Brian F. Codding received his B.S. from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo in 2005 and his M.A. in 2008 from Stanford University, where he is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Anthropology. His current research examines the social ecology of gender-specific foraging in archaeological and ethnographic contexts in California and Western Australia. Douglas W. Bird received his Ph.D. from UC Davis in 1996. His interest in ethnoarchaeology led him to explore the processes of shellmidden formation among Meriam of the Torres Strait. He is currently investigating the politics of hunting among Martu and the way that sharing can, paradoxically, create social hierarchy. 相似文献
13.
Here we attempt to define a specifically human ecology within which male reproductive strategies are formulated. By treating
the domestic and public spheres of social life as "ecological niches" that men have been forced to compete within or to avoid
as best they can, we generate a typology of four "social modes" of human male behavior. We then attempt to explain the broad
distribution of social modes within and between human groups based on the relative intensity of scramble and contest competition.
This research was completed with the help of a Lowell M. Durham, Jr. Fellowship at the Tanner Humanities Center, University
of Utah.
Lars Rodseth (Ph.D., University of Michigan 1993) is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Utah. He has
conducted fieldwork in Nepal and Micronesia and is the author of "Distributive Models of Culture: A Sapirian Alternative to
Essentialism," American Anthropologist (1998) 100:55–69.
Shannon A. Novak (Ph.D., University of Utah 1999) is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Indiana State University. She
has conducted fieldwork in Croatia and the United Kingdom and is the author of "Perimortem Processing of Human Remains among
the Great Basin Fremont," International Journal of Osteoachaeology (2000) 10:65–75. 相似文献
14.
Androphilia refers to sexual attraction and arousal to adult males, whereas gynephilia refers to sexual attraction and arousal to adult females. In Independent Samoa, androphilic males, most of whom are effeminate
or transgendered, are referred to as fa’afafine, which means “in the manner of a woman.” Previous research has established that fa’afafine report significantly higher avuncular
tendencies relative to gynephilic men. We hypothesized that Samoan fa’afafine might adopt feminine gender role orientations
with respect to childcare activity. If so, then the fa’afafine’s femininity might be a proximate mechanism for promoting their
elevated avuncular tendencies. Our analyses indicated that fa’afafine had significantly higher willingness to assist in the
childcare of nieces and nephews than childless women, mothers, or men, none of whom differed from each other on this measure.
Thus, femininity does not appear to explain the fa’afafine’s pattern of avuncular tendencies, nor the women’s pattern of materteral
(i.e., aunt-like) tendencies, relative to gynephilic men. We discuss how the fa’afafine “third” gender status might influence
the expression of their elevated avuncular tendencies.
Paul L. Vasey Ph.D, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Lethbridge. His research interests and publications focus on issues pertaining to non-conceptive sexuality as viewed from a bio-social, cross-species, cross-cultural perspective. Each autumn since 2000, he has conducted field research on female homosexual behavior in free-ranging Japanese macaques at Arashiyama, Japan and prior to that he conducted similarly themed research for five years on a captive colony of Japanese macaques derived from the Arashiyama population. Since 2003, he has worked every summer with the fa’afafine community of Independent Samoa, examining developmental and evolutionary aspects of male androphilia. He co-edited (with Volker Sommer) Homosexual Behaviour in Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective (Cambridge University Press). Doug P. VanderLaan M.Sc., is a Ph.D candidate in the Department of Psychology at the University of Lethbridge. He conducts field research in Independent Samoa on the development and evolution of same-sex sexuality in males. He has also conducted field research at Arashiyama, Japan, on same-sex mounting between free-ranging immature male Japanese macaques. Doug was awarded the University of Lethbridge School of Graduate Studies Medal of Merit for his M.Sc. thesis on the mate retention behavior of Canadian men and women in homosexual and heterosexual relationships. 相似文献
Doug P. VanderLaanEmail: |
Paul L. Vasey Ph.D, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Lethbridge. His research interests and publications focus on issues pertaining to non-conceptive sexuality as viewed from a bio-social, cross-species, cross-cultural perspective. Each autumn since 2000, he has conducted field research on female homosexual behavior in free-ranging Japanese macaques at Arashiyama, Japan and prior to that he conducted similarly themed research for five years on a captive colony of Japanese macaques derived from the Arashiyama population. Since 2003, he has worked every summer with the fa’afafine community of Independent Samoa, examining developmental and evolutionary aspects of male androphilia. He co-edited (with Volker Sommer) Homosexual Behaviour in Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective (Cambridge University Press). Doug P. VanderLaan M.Sc., is a Ph.D candidate in the Department of Psychology at the University of Lethbridge. He conducts field research in Independent Samoa on the development and evolution of same-sex sexuality in males. He has also conducted field research at Arashiyama, Japan, on same-sex mounting between free-ranging immature male Japanese macaques. Doug was awarded the University of Lethbridge School of Graduate Studies Medal of Merit for his M.Sc. thesis on the mate retention behavior of Canadian men and women in homosexual and heterosexual relationships. 相似文献
16.
Steven W. Gangestad 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1993,4(3):205-235
Sexual selection processes have received much attention in recent years, attention reflected in interest in human mate preferences.
Among these mate preferences are preferences for physical attractiveness. Preferences in and of themselves, however, do not
fully explain the nature of the relationships that individuals attain. A tacit negotiation process underlies relationship
formation and maintenance. The notion that preferences for physical attractiveness evolved under parasite-driven “good genes”
sexual selection leads to predictions about the nature of trade-offs that individuals make between mates’ physical attractiveness
and investment potential. These predictions and relevant data are explored, with a primary emphasis on women’s preferences
for men’s qualities. In addition, further implications of trade-offs are examined, most notably (a) the impact of environmental variations on the nature of mating and (b) some effects of trade-offs on infidelity and male attempts to control women.
The ideas in this paper were substantially influenced by discussions with Kim Hill and Hilly Kaplan following a preliminary
presentation of work contained herein at a UNM Human Evolutionary Ecology Program colloquium.
Steven W. Gangestad is an associate professor of psychology at the University of New Mexico. His recent research includes
work focused on sexual selection in humans and its implications for general relationship phenomena. His other recent research
concerns the impact of developmental instability on functional asymmetries, interpersonal orientations, and individual differences
in the control of emotional expression. 相似文献
17.
18.
Kinship and reciprocity are two main predictors of altruism. The ultimatum game has been used to study altruism in many small-scale
societies. We used the ultimatum game to examine effects of individuals’ family and kin relations on altruistic behavior in
a kin-based horticultural community in rural Dominica. Results show sex-specific effects of kin on ultimatum game play. Average
coefficient of relatedness to the village was negatively associated with women’s ultimatum game proposals and had little effect
on men’s proposals. Number of brothers in the village was positively associated with men’s ultimatum game proposals and negatively
associated with women’s proposals. Similarly, presence of father in the village was associated with higher proposals by men
and lower proposals by women. We interpret the effect of brothers on men’s proposals as a consequence of local competition
among brothers. We speculate that daughter-biased parental care in this community creates a sense of entitlement among women
with brothers, which may explain the inverse relation between number of brothers and women’s ultimatum game proposals. The
pattern of results may be consistent with how matrifocality affects cultural models of fairness differently along gender and
family lines. 相似文献
19.
Zooarchaeological evidence has often been called on to help researchers determine prehistoric relative abundances of elk (Cervus elaphus) in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Some interpret that evidence as indicating elk were abundant; others interpret it
as indicating elk were rare. Wildlife biologist Charles Kay argues that prehistoric faunal remains recovered from archaeological
sites support his contention that aboriginal hunters depleted elk populations throughout the Intermountain West, including
the Yellowstone area. To support his contention Kay cites differences between modern and prehistoric relative abundances of
artiodactyls, age and sex demographics of ungulates in the prehistoric record indicating selective predation of prime-age
females, and a high degree of fragmentation of artiodactyl bones indicating humans were under nutritional stress. Kay’s data
on taxonomic abundances are time and space averaged and thus mask much variation in elk abundances. When these data are not
lumped they suggest that elk were at some times, in some places, as abundant as they are today. Data on the age-sex demography
of artiodactyl prey are ambiguous or contradict Kay’s predictions. Bone fragmentation data are variously nonexistent or ambiguous.
The zooarchaeological implications of Kay’s aboriginal overkill hypothesis have not yet undergone rigorous testing.
Insightful comments of two anonymous reviewers helped improve this paper.
Lyman earned his Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Washington in 1982. His research interests include the cultural
and natural history of the Pacific northwestern United States. He is presently a professor in, and chair of, the Department
of Anthropology at the University of Missouri-Columbia. 相似文献
20.
Gaines AD 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(1):83-89
While much of Medical Anthropology was and is what we can call “Normal” (following Kuhn) Medical Anthropology, I coined the
term Millennial Medical Anthropology for that branch of the discipline that, in the 1990s, was departing from the Normal research
paradigms and was deserving of a distinct sobriquet. This paper considers the Strong Program in Medical Anthropology’s Millennial
Medical Anthropology and its key subdivisions, the Cultural Studies of Science and Cultural Bioethics. Specifically it considers
Medical Anthropology’s movement from the past into an ethical future wherein Normal Biomedicine, Bioethics and Global Health
are problematized. This provides the basis for the construction of a truly anthropological global health (i.e., Global, Global
Health or Global Health 2.0). 相似文献