“验证绿叶在光下吸收二氧化碳”的实验教学设计

本实验在器材选择、实验过程设计、实验结果分析以及对实验结果的拓展等方面进行了创新,克服了原有实验器材难配备、现象不明显、实验条件易受天气影响等缺点,设计了知识准备实验,并从多方面提高了学生的参与性,使学生更好地理解实验原理并学会观察和分析实验结果,最终认同“绿色植物通过光合作用能吸收二氧化碳”这一事实。     

细菌抗性突变研究中几个经典实验

介绍了变量实验、涂布实验和影印实验等几个经典实验,并对实验进行了简单分析.     

血清蛋白醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳实验教学的优化设计

醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳（PAME）由于其微量、快速、简便、分辨力高等优点,目前已成为高校生化实验常规项目之一,并被广泛应用于血清蛋白、糖蛋白等生物大分子的临床分离与检测。但它也是在生化实验中影响因素较多、较为复杂并难以取得理想效果的实验。实验采用鸡血清蛋白代替价格昂贵的人血清蛋白进行PAME实验教学,并采取措施优化实验条件和程序,从而较好地调控了实验进程,有效地提高了教学的质量和效率。     

利用铜钱草提升植物光合作用系列实验的效率

在光合作用系列实验中,教材中提到的经典实验材料天竺葵、金鱼藻在冬季难觅,影响实验的开设率。阐述了铜钱草在光合作用系列实验中的应用,并通过改进实验装置、实验步骤等,提高实验效率。     

条件位置偏爱实验和自身给药实验及其比较

条件位置偏爱实验(CPP)和自身给药实验(SA)是两类常用的评价药物精神依赖性的方法,本文介绍了二者的实验原理、实验设备和实验方法,并对二者在原理、可信度、实验结果、动物自身影响及神经药理学机制等方面进行了比较。     

几种DNA提取方法的比较

介绍了3种适合中学生物学实验的DNA提取方法。并针对中学实验的特点比较了它们在实验材料、实验步骤、实验时间和实验效果等方面的优缺点,对中学生物学实验的开展提供了基础资料。     

微生物学开放性实验的探索与研究

微生物学是生物工程专业的主干课程,其对学生的实践能力要求很高,目前实验教学中,验证性实验较多,而综合性、设计性实验相对不足的问题很突出。为了更好地提高学生的微生物学实验技能,培养学生在较高的层次上发现问题并解决问题的能力,从2006学年起,微生物学实验课程在原教学计划的基础上增加了一个开放性综合大实验——环境中微生物的分离纯化培养及鉴定大实验,要求学生独立查阅文献、设计实验方案,并在教师的指导下完成整个实验过程,并将此综合实验与学校创新大赛相结合,提高了学生的兴趣和积极性。通过此项训练,学生对微生物学的操作技能有了显著的提高,其独立解决问题及团队协作能力也得以增强。经过5年的实践,证明该模式取得了良好的教学效果。     

浅论实验动物兽医的职责及实践

随着我国实验动物科学和动物试验的迅速发展,实验动物兽医的需求越来越大。实验动物兽医的角色多种多样,广义地讲可以是任何具有兽医资质且从事实验动物管理、繁育、疾病诊断防治、动物试验和研究的人员。通常实验动物兽医是指实验动物临床兽医或实验动物主管兽医。实验动物兽医的天职是确保动物的健康和福利,并支持高质量的动物试验研究。本文从实验动物兽医工作的必要性、实验动物兽医的发展、实验动物兽医的资质、职责等几个方面,并结合合同外包研发机构中兽医的实践阐述了实验动物兽医的工作性质、任务和内容。     

“探究培养液中酵母菌种群数量的变化”实验的改进

“探究培养液中酵母菌种群数量的变化”实验过程复杂、计数困难、硬件设施要求高,导致实验结果误差较大,严重影响实验的开设率。本文采用残翅果蝇替代酵母菌作为实验材料,并通过自制果蝇培养瓶达到活体计数的目的,降低了实验难度,提升了实验的可行性和实效性。     

基于应用型人才培养的微生物学实验教学的改革与探索

以湖南科技学院为例,研究分析了目前该校“微生物学实验”教学中存在的问题,针对学校培养应用型人才目标,做如下改进：优化实验的教学内容,以“加强基础实验、提高实践能力及体现特色”的原则进行;改革实验的教学方法,以探究式、混合式教学为主并结合线上教学;对实验的考核方式进行改革,采用“平时成绩+实验报告+综合评价”评价体系;加强师资队伍建设并改进评价方式。结果表明,改进后学生分析问题、解决问题及创新能力大幅度提升,促进了学生积极思考、发现新现象并及时改进实验技术方法,进而提高学生的学习效果,推进应用型人才的培养。     

Evaluation of experimental genetic management in reintroduced bighorn sheep

Positive demographic responses have been reported in several species where the immigration or supplementation of genetically distinct individuals into wild populations has resulted in a genetic rescue effect. However, rarely have researchers incorporated what could be considerable risk of outbreeding depression into planning for genetic management programs. We assess the genetic effects of an experiment in genetic management involving replicate populations of California bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) in Oregon, USA, which previously experienced poor productivity and numerical declines. In the experiment, two declining populations were supplemented with ewes from a more genetically diverse population of California bighorn sheep in Nevada. We incorporated analysis of genetic samples representing both experimental populations prior to supplementation, samples from the supplemented individuals, and samples collected from both experimental populations approximately one generation after supplementation. We used genetic analyses to assess the integration of supplemented and resident populations by identifying interpopulation hybrids. Further, we incorporated demographic simulations to assess the risk of outbreeding depression as a result of the experimental augmentation. Finally, we used data from microsatellites and mitochondrial sequences to determine if genetic management increased genetic diversity in the experimental populations. Our analyses demonstrated the success of genetic management by documenting interpopulation hybrids, identifying no evidence for outbreeding depression as a result of contact between the genetically distinct supplemented and resident populations, and by identifying increased population-level metrics of genetic diversity in postsupplementation populations compared with presupplementation levels.     

Genetic management of nonhuman primates

Genetic management is widely recognized as a critical component of the overall management of captive nonhuman primate colonies which produce animals for biomedical research. In this paper, we review the roles of conservation-oriented genetic management, research-oriented genetic management, genetic management at the level of taxomomic class, genetic management at the level of the population, and quantitative genetic analysis in comprehensive genetic management programs for nonhuman primate colonies. We conclude that genetic management is crucial for maintaining nonhuman primate populations suitable for genetic research on normal and disease-related phenotypes. In addition, for research programs that do not have specific genetic objectives, genetic management is essential to facilitate the selection of samples of well-matched unrelated animals for experimental purposes.     

强化实验教学管理 提高组织学与胚胎学实验教学效果

组织学与胚胎学（组胚）是医学教育重要的基础课程。随着医学教育改革的深入发展,我们通过适时调整实验教学大纲,在科室合作、教师培养、集体备课、多媒体教学、开放实验室、和实验教学档案管理等方面加强了对实验教学的管理,以提高组胚实验教学效果。     

基于生产工艺管理的生物工程综合性实验设计

生物工程综合性实验课程以企业人才需求为导向,解决实际生产过程中的复杂工程问题为教学目标,利用两步酶转化法制备L-天冬氨酸和L-丙氨酸的工艺路线,结合生物工程专业生产工艺管理的特点,借鉴生产企业现场管理经验,实施四班三运转的实验运行方式。成绩考核加入交接班总结评价与团队协作评价,该课程设置了包含多门专业核心课程原理、方法与实验技术和企业生产管理模式的新型生物工程综合性实验教学内容,并通过教学实践,持续改进,形成完整的实验教学过程与考核机制。生物工程综合性实验课程取得了良好的教学效果,促进了生物工程专业实验教学的发展。     

Testing solutions in grass-dominated landscapes: a review of current research

In this paper we review the experimental development of agri-environment measures for use on grasslands. Sward structure has been shown to have a strong influence on birds' ability to forage in grasslands, but the effects of food abundance on foraging behaviour are poorly understood and this hinders development of grassland conservation measures. The experiments described have a dual purpose: to investigate the foraging ecology of birds on grasslands and to test candidate management measures. Most of the work featured focuses on increasing invertebrate food resources during the summer by increasing habitat heterogeneity. We also identify important gaps in the habitats provided by existing or experimental measures, where similar dual-purpose experiments are required.     

Effects of plant diversity,community composition and environmental parameters on productivity in montane European grasslands

In the past years, a number of studies have used experimental plant communities to test if biodiversity influences ecosystem functioning such as productivity. It has been argued, however, that the results achieved in experimental studies may have little predictive value for species loss in natural ecosystems. Studies in natural ecosystems have been equivocal, mainly because in natural ecosystems differences in diversity are often confounded with differences in land use history or abiotic parameters. In this study, we investigated the effect of plant diversity on ecosystem functioning in semi-natural grasslands. In an area of 10×20 km, we selected 78 sites and tested the effects of various measures of diversity and plant community composition on productivity. We separated the effects of plant diversity on ecosystem functioning from potentially confounding effects of community composition, management or environmental parameters, using multivariate statistical analyses. In the investigated grasslands, simple measures of biodiversity were insignificant predictors of productivity. However, plant community composition explained productivity very well (R²=0.31) and was a better predictor than environmental variables (soil and site characteristics) or management regime. Thus, complex measures such as community composition and structure are important drivers for ecosystem functions in semi-natural grasslands. Furthermore, our data show that it is difficult to extrapolate results from experimental studies to semi-natural ecosystems, although there is a need to investigate natural ecosystems to fully understand the relationship of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.     

Cutting edge: conventional dendritic cells are the critical APC required for the induction of experimental cerebral malaria

Cerebral malaria (CM) is a serious complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection, causing significant morbidity and mortality among young children and nonimmune adults in the developing world. Although previous work on experimental CM has identified T cells as key mediators of pathology, the APCs and subsets therein required to initiate immunopathology remain unknown. In this study, we show that conventional dendritic cells but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells are required for the induction of malaria parasite-specific CD4+ T cell responses and subsequent experimental CM. These data have important implications for the development of malaria vaccines and the therapeutic management of CM.     

Ecology after 100 years: Progress and pseudo-progress

Has the science of ecology fulfilled the promises made by the originators of ecological science at the start of the last century? What should ecology achieve? Have good policies for environmental management flowed out of ecological science? These important questions are rarely discussed by ecologists working on detailed studies of individual systems. Until we decide what we wish to achieve as ecologists we cannot define progress toward those goals. Ecologists desire to achieve an understanding of how the natural world operates, how humans have modified the natural world, and how to alleviate problems arising from human actions. Ecologists have made impressive gains over the past century in achieving these goals, but this progress has been uneven. Some sub-disciplines of ecology are well developed empirically and theoretically, while others languish for reasons that are not always clear. Fundamental problems can be lost to view as ecologists fiddle with unimportant pseudo-problems. Bandwagons develop and disappear with limited success in addressing problems. The public demands progress from all the sciences, and as time moves along and problems get worse, more rapid progress is demanded. The result for ecology has too often been poor, short-term science and poor management decisions. But since the science is rarely repeated and the management results may be a generation or two down the line, it is difficult for the public or for scientists to decide how good or bad the scientific advice has been. In ecology over the past 100 years we have made solid achievements in behavioural ecology, population dynamics, and ecological methods, we have made some progress in understanding community and ecosystem dynamics, but we have made less useful progress in developing theoretical ecology, landscape ecology, and natural resource management. The key to increasing progress is to adopt a systems approach with explicit hypotheses, theoretical models, and field experiments on a scale defined by the problem. With continuous feedback between problems, possible solutions, relevant theory and experimental data we can achieve our scientific goals.     

Shigella infection in macaque colonies: case report of an eradication and control program

A primate colony comprising three distinct but interrelated units had long-term history of undiagnosed diarrhea and associated deaths for many years. In 1989, the clinical problem was recognized as a confounding factor for the experimental work, and steps were taken to eradicate the disease. This was done by a combined approach involving improved sample collection techniques and microbiological methods, treatment of all animals in the colony, and improvement in management. These management changes included alterations in basic facility and cage design, disinfection procedures, and continuous routine microbiological sampling of all groups of animals on a random basis, as well as sampling of those suspected to be at risk for stress-associated Shigella shedding. Using this approach, we have eliminated clinical cases of shigellosis and have not have any further isolations of Shigella from this colony.     

Seed dispersal and establishment of endangered plants on Oceanic Islands: the Janzen-Connell model, and the use of ecological analogues

Background

The Janzen-Connell model states that plant-specific natural enemies may have a disproportionately large negative effect on progeny close to maternal trees. The majority of experimental and theoretical studies addressing the Janzen-Connell model have explored how it can explain existing patterns of species diversity in tropical mainland areas. Very few studies have investigated how the model''s predictions apply to isolated oceanic islands, or to the conservation management of endangered plants. Here, we provide the first experimental investigation of the predictions of the Janzen-Connell model on an oceanic island, in a conservation context. In addition, we experimentally evaluate the use of ecological analogue animals to resurrect the functional component of extinct frugivores that could have dispersed seeds away from maternal trees.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In Mauritius, we investigated seed germination and seedling survival patterns of the critically endangered endemic plant Syzygium mamillatum (Myrtaceae) in relation to proximity to maternal trees. We found strong negative effects of proximity to maternal trees on growth and survival of seedlings. We successfully used giant Aldabran tortoises as ecological analogues for extinct Mauritian frugivores. Effects of gut-passage were negative at the seed germination stage, but seedlings from gut-passed seeds grew taller, had more leaves, and suffered less damage from natural enemies than any of the other seedlings.

Conclusions/Significance

We provide the first experimental evidence of a distance-dependent Janzen-Connell effect on an oceanic island. Our results potentially have serious implications for the conservation management of rare plant species on oceanic islands, which harbour a disproportionately large fraction of the world''s endemic and endangered plants. Furthermore, in contrast to recent controversy about the use of non-indigenous extant megafauna for re-wilding projects in North America and elsewhere, we argue that Mauritius and other oceanic islands are ideal study systems in which to empirically explore the use of ecological analogue species in restoration ecology.