Parameters of the spatial of organization of EEG in persons with various individual characteristics

The relationships between some characteristics of EEG topographic maps and personality traits (extraversion-introversion, sensation-intuition, thinking-feeling, judging-impulsiveness) by the Keirsey's Type Inventory were studied in 46 17-20-year-old men). The most considerable distinctions in the spatial organization of the EEG were observed between the functions sensation and intuition. The high-sensation responders were characterized by higher EEG power in the theta 1, 2 and alpha 1-bands in all derivations and higher coherence (especially in the theta 1, 2 bands most expressed in the frontoparietal areas) as compared with the high-intuition responders. The expression of extraversion was positively correlated with coherence values in the theta 1, 2 and negatively correlated with coherence in the alpha 1, 2 bands. Characteristic EEG patterns for other types of personality traits were also described. The results suggest that some characteristics of brain maps reflect the individual psychological features determined on the basis of Jung's typology.     

The relation of psychological characteristics of alcoholics and indices of discrete omega measurement

As a result of factor analysis of discrete omega measurement data and psychological studies of 62 chronic alcoholic patients the interconnection was found between one of super-slow physiological process in the brain--omega potential and individual-typological characteristics of personality according to the tests of Spilberger-Khanin, Rosenzweig and MMPI. The obtained results allow to consider the methods of discrete omega measurement with psychoemotional load in the form of imitation of alcohol usage as an objective means of express-test of alcoholic patients psychological state.     

支气管哮喘患者心理特征研究进展

支气管哮喘是全球范围内影响巨大的慢性气道炎症性呼吸道疾病,近年来随着空气污染的加剧和吸烟人数的增多,其发病率呈逐年上升的趋势,引起医学界越来越多的关注。支气管哮喘是由遗传因素、生物因素、心理因素等多种发病因素综合影响所致,随着研究的深入,有关心理因素对支气管哮喘的作用取得了重大的进展,其中支气管哮喘患者存在明显的人格特征和情绪障碍,并且患者特有的人格特征以及情绪障碍会对患者的病情和生活质量产生一定的影响。鉴于此,本文就支气管哮喘患者的性格特征、情绪特征以及其对疾病的影响进行简要阐述,以供临床参考。     

Factor structure and clinical correlates of the 61-item Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)

The objective of this study was to assess the factor structure and clinical correlates of a 61-item version of the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), a self-report retrospective measure of childhood problems, experiences, and behavior used in ADHD assessment. Given the currently mostly widely used form of the WURS was derived via a criterion-keyed approach, the study aimed to use latent variable modeling of the 61-item WURS to potentially identify more and more homogeneous set of items reflecting current conceptualizations of ADHD symptoms. Exploratory structural equation modeling was used to generate factor scores which were then correlated with neuropsychological measures of intelligence and executive attention as well as a broad measure of personality and emotional functioning. Support for a modified five-factor model was found: ADHD, disruptive mood and behavior, negative affectivity, social confidence, and academic problems. The ADHD factor differed somewhat from the traditional 25-item WURS short form largely through weaker associations with several measures of personality and psychopathology. This study identified a factor more aligned with DSM-5 conceptualization of ADHD as well as measures of other types of childhood characteristics and symptoms which may prove useful for both research and clinical practice.     

心理护理在A 型性格上消化道出血患者的应用

目的:探讨心理护理应用于A型性格上消化道出血患者的影响。方法:将A型性格上消化道出血患者68例,随机分为观察组(n=34例)和对照组(n=34例)。观察组为实施心理护理组,对照组为非心理护理组。分别观察两组患者的住院时间、二次出血发生率、病死率等指标。结果:两组患者的临床疗效比较,观察组住院时间、二次出血发生率和病死率均明显少于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:心理护理应用于A型性格上消化道出血患者,能够明显较少患者的住院时间,并有效降低了患者二次出血发生率和病死率,其临床效果优于对照组。     

甲状腺乳腺手术病人术前焦虑水平、人格特征对术后恢复的影响分析

目的:探讨甲状腺、乳腺患者术前不同程度的焦虑水平及人格特征对术后恢复的影响。方法:选取我院普外科2010年7月--2011年7月甲状腺乳腺手术病人1500例,采用焦虑自评量表SAS进行焦虑程度评估,采用卡特尔16种人格因素测验(16PF)对患者进行人格特征测定。结果:甲状腺、乳腺患者术前焦虑水平与术后并发症、卧床时间、住院时间、心理适应、镇痛药使用次数五个指标存在关联性,P均<0.05;甲状腺、乳腺患者术后恢复状况与O(忧虑性)、Q4(紧张性)、(I敏感性)、C(稳定性)及A(乐群性)呈现相关性,P均<0.05,与其它因子均无相关性。结论:患者术前焦虑水平及人格特征对术后恢复有一定的影响,护理人员要及时了解患者的心理,及时给予调节和治疗,使患者以积极的心态顺利度过围手术期,保障住院患者的安全,促进患者康复和预后。     

Interrelations between Peculiarities of the Motivational Sphere of a Personality and Characteristics of the Current EEG

In a group of 70 adult subjects of both sexes, we estimated the levels of the need for achievement and its motivation (interpreted as generalized characteristics of the state of the motivational sphere of a personality and diagnosed using questionnaires of Orlov and Mehrabian) and examined the correlations of these estimates with spectral powers (SPs) of the frequency components (rhythms) of the current background EEG (С3 and С4 leads according to the 10–20 system). Despite the fact that naturally high interindividual variability exists, high estimates of the need for achievement correlated with medium values of the SPs of most EEG frequency components (δ, θ, α, and β₁ rhythms), low SPs of the β₂ and γ rhythms, and higher values of the coefficient of reactivity (CR) of the α rhythm. A high level of the need for achievement corresponded to higher SPs of the θ and γ rhythms and high CR of the α rhythm, a medium SP of this EEG component, and lower SPs of the δ and β rhythms. The coefficient of interhemisphere asymmetry of the α rhythm was the highest at low values of the studied psychological indices. Interrelations that we found in our study can be explained as follows: both the characteristics of the need for achievement and motivation typical of a certain personality and the amplitude parameters of the EEG rhythms observed in this individual depend significantly on genetically determined factors (in particular, on neurochemical ones). These peculiarities of neurodynamic constitution of the individual are, to a considerable extent, due to the specificity of organization and functioning of a few neurotransmitter (aminergic, in particular) and neurohumoral systems. Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 61–69, January–February, 2009.     

Personality as a Predictor of Weight Loss Maintenance after Surgery for Morbid Obesity

Objective: Personality characteristics are assumed to underlie health behaviors and, thus, a variety of health outcomes. Our aim was to examine prospectively whether personality traits predict short‐ and long‐term weight loss after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Research Methods and Procedures: Of patients undergoing laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, 168 (143 women, 25 men, 18 to 58 years old, mean 37 years, preoperative BMI 45.9 ± 5.6 kg/m²) completed the Dutch Personality Questionnaire on average 1.5 years before the operation. The relationship between preoperative personality and short‐ and long‐term postoperative weight loss was determined using multilevel regression analysis. Results: The average weight loss of patients progressively increased to 10 BMI points until 18 months after surgery and stabilized thereafter. A lower baseline BMI, being a man, and a higher educational level were associated with a lower weight loss. None of the personality variables was associated with weight outcome at short‐term follow‐up. Six of seven personality variables did not predict long‐term weight outcome. Egoism was associated with less weight loss in the long‐term postoperative period. The effect sizes of the significant predictions were small. Discussion: None of the personality variables predicted short‐term weight outcome, and only one variable showed a small and unexpected association with long‐term weight outcome that needs confirmation. This suggests that personality assessment as intake psychological screening is of little use for the prediction of a poor or successful weight outcome after bariatric surgery.     

Personality assessment in the gorilla and its utility as a management tool

Goals of the Gorilla Species Survival Plan (SSP) include increased captive propagation, maintenance of genetic diversity, and consideration of the psychological well-being of the population. The SSP Propagation Group has attempted to accomplish these goals through recommendations based on assessment of genetic, behavioral, and demographic variables. A need is recognized for the development of a methodology to assess behavioral variables that contribute to the success of animal moves. Personality profiles have been used in the past to aid animal management decisions in laboratory settings. This paper describes personality assessment techniques, reviews historical perspectives on primate personality assessment, and reports on a study to assess gorilla personality. The Gorilla Behavior Index (GBI), a subjective assessment instrument consisting of behaviorally based adjectives, was completed for 298 of 303 captive gorillas over 1 year of age. The results were subjected to common factor analysis, resulting in the identification of four main factors: extroverted, dominant, fearful, and understanding. Frequency distributions were calculated illustrating the ranges of each factor. Potential management uses for the GBI scores are discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

成年野生黄山短尾猴的个性特征类型及其性别差异

社会性动物的个性特征是对环境和社群的适应性结果,对个性的研究是探究群居动物复杂社会关系及其差异的重要内容。相对于个性特征评级法和行为编码法,自然观察法是分析判断野生动物个性特征较为理想的方法之一,最大限度地突出了野生动物的自然属性及个性特征类型。本研究以栖息于安徽黄山的野生短尾猴投食群体鱼鳞坑A1群为研究对象,采用目标动物取样法和全事件记录法,于2015年7月至2016年6月期间采集成年个体自然发生的行为数据,并采用主成分分析方法判断成年个体的个性特征及类型,并分析性别差异。结果表明：成年雄性个体具有5种个性特征,即领导型、内向型、社交型、孤僻型以及受欺凌型,成年雌性个体具有6种个性特征,即领导型、孤僻型、内向型、不安型、神经质型以及友好型。研究结果与已有结果一致,说明自然观察法可能是分析野生动物个性类型的较好 选择,同时,不同性别之间个性类型的差异性进一步显示了野生动物自然属性。本研究为深入理解动物个体水平上的差异性及适应性提供了科学依据。     

Some Interpretations of the "Uznadze Effect" in Modern Cognitive Psychology

The psychological nature of the Uznadze effect (J. Piaget) cannot be examined as one of the special questions having to do with the psychology of perceptual illusions. The study of the psychological nature of the Uznadze effect is linked to the resolution of a number of fundamental problems in the psychological theory of activity and consciousness. This is borne out by the development of the theory of set by the Georgian school of Soviet psychology, founded by D. N. Uznadze. The Uznadze effect in set theory is seen as a manifestation of the general psychological law stating that reactions do not take place at random, but are determined by the internal psychological organization of the individual and by incoming stimuli, and that the constituent factor in this internal organization of the individual is set — a prior orientation, a predisposition of the individual to respond in a specific way [20].     

Relationship between Circadian Typology and Big Five Personality Domains

We explored the relationship between personality, based on the five‐factor model, and circadian preference. To this end, 503 participants (280 females, 223 males) were administered the Morningness‐Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the self‐report version of the Big Five Observer (BFO) to determine circadian preference and personality features, respectively. Morning types scored significantly higher than evening and intermediate types on the conscientiousness factor. Evening types were found to be more neurotic than morning types. With reference to the big five personality model, our data, together with those of all the previous studies, indicate that the conscientiousness domain is the one that best discriminates among the three circadian types. Results are discussed with reference to neurobiological models of personality.     

Making sense of dream experiences: A multidimensional approach to beliefs about dreams.

There exists little research on dream-related beliefs and their role in peoples’ lives. Our aim was to develop a questionnaire (the Inventory of Dream Experiences & Attitudes [IDEA]) to assess dream-related beliefs and investigate their relations to waking-state variables. Seven hundred twenty-five participants completed the IDEA, and 357 participants also completed questionnaires on dreams, personality, and well-being and recorded their dreams for 2 or more consecutive weeks. A factor analysis of the IDEA revealed 7 dimensions: significance, positivity, recall, apprehension, entertainment, continuity, and guidance. Using these dimensions, individuals were classified into three distinct profiles that showed differential relations to measures of personality and well-being. The findings indicate that the IDEA is a useful instrument for researchers and that dream-related beliefs can play important psychological roles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of the character of autonomic response and the emotional and personality features of a human being on reactions of the vestibular system.

A moderate degree (R = 0.37-0.45) of correlation between the values of vestibular reactivity, autonomic response, and emotional and personality characteristics was revealed. A conclusion was made that the following features of the background functional organization of the vestibular system, autonomic and emotional and personality characteristics are space sickness predictors: (1) a high coefficient of enhancement of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) and its asymmetry with an excess of the physiological norm limits, (2) the presence of depressive manifestations, (3) the impulsive and autistic personality type, and (4) a relative sympathetic deficit and/or increased parasympathetic effects at rest and when engaged in activity. [Translated from Fiziologiya Cheloveka, vol. 25, no. 5, 1999 Sep-Oct, p. 57-63]     

Influence of psychological factors on the acceptance of complete dentures

Objectives: To assess the influence of psychological factors on the acceptance of complete dentures in a population wearing dentures judged to be clinically satisfactory. Design: Subjects were asked to complete personality profiles and also to rate their dentures using a denture satisfaction questionnaire. Setting: The survey was conducted in the prosthetics clinic of a teaching hospital. Subjects: Patients were selected from those who had new complete dentures constructed in the department within the previous two years. Intervention and main outcome measures : The personality inventory was a self‐administered questionnaire comprising 240 items covering the five domains of personality. Denture satisfaction was scored on a nine item scale with four Likert type responses to each. Results: A group of 16% consistently complained about their dentures. Statistical analysis showed that personality factors especially Neuroticism had a significant relationship with denture satisfaction. Conclusion: Psychological factors significantly influence denture satisfaction and profiles may provide useful in predicting potential difficult denture wearers.     

大学生人格特征与社交焦虑的相关研究

目的:探讨大学生人格特征与社交焦虑的关系,为高校大学生心理教育工作提供理论依据.方法:采用分层整群抽样的方法,对1600名大学生进行心理测评,测评工具包括社交焦虑量表(IAS)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ).结果:本研究发现,高社交焦虑的大学生为370人,占总体被试的25.6%;女大学生社交焦虑水平高于男大学生,农村、矿区的学生其社交焦虑水平高于城镇学生;逐步多元回归结果发现,内外向、神经质为社交焦虑的有效预测因素,联合解释变异量为23.7%.结论:高社交焦虑的大学生占总体调查人数的25.6%;人格特征、性别、家庭住址是社交焦虑的影响因素;应加强大学生健康个性的培养及社交焦虑的相关干预.     

Alcohol dependence, temper and personality

This review focuses on classical and recent research work in the field of alcohol dependence. Data from psychopathological studies trying to determine a "pre-addictive" personality are exposed. More recent studies assess personality disorders and dimensions of temperament associated to alcohol dependence. Sensation seeking, antisocial personality and novelty seeking appear as the main psychological parameters involved in dependence. Sensation seeking is a dimension of personality often associated to behavioral dependence. Sensation seeking is assessed with a five-component scale including general factor, thrill and adventure seeking, experience-seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility. Patients presenting alcohol dependence have a higher level of sensation seeking. Neurophysiological and genetic studies try to correlate these personality features to biological parameters. Preliminary results of these works are presented and discussed.     

Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour

Disgust is an evolved psychological system for protecting organisms from infection through disease avoidant behaviour. This 'behavioural immune system', present in a diverse array of species, exhibits universal features that orchestrate hygienic behaviour in response to cues of risk of contact with pathogens. However, disgust is also a dynamic adaptive system. Individuals show variation in pathogen avoidance associated with psychological traits like having a neurotic personality, as well as a consequence of being in certain physiological states such as pregnancy or infancy. Three specialized learning mechanisms modify the disgust response: the Garcia effect, evaluative conditioning and the law of contagion. Hygiene behaviour is influenced at the group level through social learning heuristics such as 'copy the frequent'. Finally, group hygiene is extended symbolically to cultural rules about purity and pollution, which create social separations and are enforced as manners. Cooperative hygiene endeavours such as sanitation also reduce pathogen prevalence. Our model allows us to integrate perspectives from psychology, ecology and cultural evolution with those of epidemiology and anthropology. Understanding the nature of disease avoidance psychology at all levels of human organization can inform the design of programmes to improve public health.