细胞外囊泡在非酒精脂肪肝发病机制及诊断治疗中的作用

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)是21世纪全球最重要的公共健康问题之一,也是我国愈来愈重要的慢性肝病问题。细胞间通讯在NAFLD病理进程中发挥重要作用。细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs)是近年来备受关注的细胞间通讯方式。EVs携带脂质、蛋白质、DNA、mRNA以及非编码RNA等作为信号分子在细胞间的物质和信息交流中起重要作用,参与了多个生理病理过程。目前细胞外囊泡在非酒精脂肪肝发病机制及诊断治疗中的作用方面的研究非常有限,但初步研究显示, EVs在NAFLD病程发展中发挥重要作用。因此,该文重点关注EVs参与NAFLD病程机制研究,并对其在NAFLD防治中的潜在诊疗价值作简要综述。     

非酒精性脂肪肝发病机制和治疗的研究进展

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)已成为全球最常见肝病之一,其发病率仍然有继续增加的趋势。NAFLD是一类包含单纯性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH)等疾病的临床病理综合征,并可能进一步进展为肝硬化、肝衰竭和肝细胞性肝癌,威胁人类健康。目前NAFLD的发病机制尚不完全清楚,并且尚没有理想的有效治疗药物。该文主要就NAFLD的发病机制和治疗的研究进展进行综述,为NAFLD的基础研究和临床治疗提供相关的参考。     

NAFLD患者肠粘膜机械屏障损伤的研究

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是慢性肝损伤的主要病因之一。据估计,大约有20%的成人有非酒精性脂肪性肝病,2%-3%发展成非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)。NASH是NAFLD的渐进形式,并可能导致肝硬化和肝细胞癌。NAFLD不仅增加了肝病患者死亡率,作为代谢综合征,还增加了肥胖、2型糖尿病及高脂血症的发病率。肌球蛋白轻链激酶(MLCK)是细胞收缩的关键酶,可使肌球蛋白轻链磷酸化(MLC),促使肌动蛋白收缩,破坏细胞间的紧密连接蛋白,使细胞骨架收缩,进而使肠上皮通透性增加,肠粘膜机械屏障遭到破坏,致使NAFLD的病情进一步发展。MLCK在NAFLD的发生及发展中起着重要作用。NAFLD严重威胁人类健康,影响人们的生活质量及生存质量。为NAFLD患者寻找崭新的治疗方法是极其必要的。     

Kupffer细胞在非酒精性脂肪肝病中的作用

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)是一种无过量饮酒史、以肝细胞脂肪变性和脂肪贮积为特征的临床病理综合征。Kupffer细胞是位于肝脏中的特殊巨噬细胞,是先天免疫中的重要组成部分,在肝脏疾病中起关键作用。多项研究表明,Kupffer细胞在NAFLD的发生发展过程中起重要作用。本文总结了Kuffer细胞在NAFLD疾病发生发展中的多重作用,旨在为NAFLD的治疗提供一个有效的靶点。     

非酒精性脂肪肝与胰岛素抵抗

自1958年Ludwig首次发现非酒精性脂肪肝(Nonalcoholic fattyliverdisease,NAFLD)以来,时至今日,NAFLD已成为全球范围内普遍存在的具有流行病学特征的顽疾,是一种越来越引起人们重视和认识的慢性肝病。其发病机制的研究已近半个世纪,几个潜在的机制已经明确,其中,胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)是目前为止在NAFLD发病中最重要的环节。非酒精性脂肪肝(Nonalcoholicfattyliverdisease,NAFLD)是一种无过量饮酒史(或酒精摄入量小于20克/天)致肝实质细胞脂肪变性和脂肪贮积,并以肝细胞脂肪变、气球样变、弥漫性肝小叶轻度炎症和(或)…     

细胞因子和脂肪细胞因子在非酒精性脂肪肝中研究新进展

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是遗传-环境-代谢应激相关因素所致的以肝细胞脂肪变性为主的临床病理综合征,其发生、发展均与细胞因子及脂肪细胞因子密切相关.本文回顾了肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,INF-α)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、脂联素等经典因子与NAFLD的关系研究新进展,并介绍了视黄醇结合蛋白4(retinol binding protein4,RBP4)、apelin、visfatin等新脂肪细胞因子在NAFLD中的作用.     

PPARs在非酒精性脂肪性肝病发病机制中的作用

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是西方国家最常见的慢性肝脏疾病,其疾病谱包括肝脂肪变性,脂肪性肝炎,进一步的肝纤维化、肝硬化,甚至肝细胞性肝癌。其发病机制尚未明确,通常解释为"二次打击"学说。然而新的研究发现非甘油三酯在肝脏的沉积,而是脂肪酸(fatty acids,FAs)及其代谢产物等可能对肝脏有毒性作用。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs)是配体激活的转录因子,是核受体超家族成员之一,具有调节脂质及糖代谢、抗炎和抗纤维化作用,尤其在FAs储存及分解代谢中起到核心作用,与NAFLD的发生发展密切相关,可能作为治疗NAFLD有效靶点。本文将对PPARs在NAFLD发病机制中的作用做一综述。     

N-3多不饱和脂肪酸对非酒精性脂肪肝病的治疗作用

随着肥胖,2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)等代谢性疾病患病率的日益增长,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的患病率也逐渐升高。胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症、血浆游离脂肪酸升高、肝炎症、氧化应激、肠道微生物失调等在NAFLD进展中起着关键作用。越来越多的证据支持N-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,N-3 PUFA),主要是二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)对代谢性疾病的治疗潜力。本文我们综述了NAFLD的病因、危险因素及发病机制,重点介绍了N-3PUFA作为NAFLD潜在治疗方法在预防NAFLD发病中的作用。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发病机制及治疗进展

近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高,脂肪性肝病的发病率明显上升,且患病年龄趋于低龄化,已经成为严重危害我国人民健康的常见疾病,我国非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发病率明显高于酒精性脂肪性肝病。本文主要对NAFLD的发病机制及相关治疗进展做简要的综述。NAFLD的发病机制与胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激、代谢综合征、脂肪细胞因子的作用、内质网应激、及铁超载等多种因素有关。NAFLD的治疗可以从防治原发病或相关危险因素、基础治疗(行为或生活方式干预;调整饮食;运动疗法)、药物治疗以及手术治疗等方面进行。了解国际上NAFLD的发病机制以及相关治疗进展,对遏制非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发生、发展趋势有着十分重要的意义。     

天然药物对非酒精性脂肪肝的作用

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)是世界上最常见的慢性肝病,是由环境、遗传背景以及代谢应激之间相互作用产生的多因素疾病。所涉及到的机制复杂,目前已经证实的治疗NAFLD最有效的方法是,饮食干预和锻炼以减轻体重,尚未有专门用于治疗NAFLD的药物。大量的体内外实验证实,多种天然药物可以通过各种机制来干预NAFLD,且疗效显著。本文主要总结了近年来常用天然药物防治NAFLD的研究进展,为进一步的新药研发提供信息。     

Embryo and Endosperm Function and Failure inSolanumSpecies and Hybrids

Although the importance of the endosperm as a food store inmany angiosperm seeds is well known, its significance duringearly embryogenesis has been neglected. In many interspecifichybrids, and in some other situations, embryos do not developfully and abort. It has often been stated that this is causedby the endosperm failing to conduct sufficient nutrients tothe embryo, but seldom has it been suggested that the endospermactively controls most of the early stages of morphogenesisof the embryo. Information gleaned from a broad survey of theliterature, combined with additional evidence presented here,obtained fromSolanum incanumand interspecific hybrids, indicatethat the endosperm is dynamic and very active in regulatingearly embryo development. This requires highly integrated geneticcontrol of rapidly changing metabolism in the endosperm. Ininterspecific hybrids, lack of coordination may cause unbalancedproduction of growth regulating substances by the endospermand hence abortion of the embryo, or even unregulated productionof nucleases and proteases resulting firstly in autolysis ofthe endosperm and then digestion of the embryo. The endospermmay thus serve to detect inappropriate hybridization of speciesor ploidy levels and so prevent waste of resources by producingseeds that would result in sterile hybrids or unthrifty subsequentgenerations. This discriminatory function of the endosperm hasdiminished during evolution and domestication of the crop plantSolanummelongenaL.Copyright 1998 Annals of Botany Company Solanum, embryo morphogenesis, endosperm, hybrid, seed development.     

Pragmatic Women and Body Politics and Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Postcolonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific

Pragmatic Women and Body Politics. Margaret Lock and Patricia A. Kaufert. eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xii +364 pp.
Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Postcolonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific. Kalpana Ram and Margaret Jolly. eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xiv. 305 pp.     

HIFs and tumors--causes and consequences

For most organisms oxygen is essential fo life. When oxygen levels drop below those required to maintain the minimum physiological oxygen requirement of an organism or tissue it is termed hypoxia. To counter act possible deleterious effects of such a state, an immediate molecular response is initiated causing adaptation responses aimed at cell survival. This response is mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha- and a beta-subunit. HIF-1 alpha protein is stabilized under hypoxic conditions and therefore confers selectivity to this response. Hypoxia is characteristic of tumors, mainly because of impaired blood supply resulting from abnormal growth. Over the past few years enormous progress has been made in the attempt to understand how the activation of the physiological response to hypoxia influences neoplastic growth. In this review some aspects of HIF-1 pathway activation in tumors and the consequences for pathophysiology and treatment of neoplasia are discussed.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Morphological and constitutional features and self-esteem in children and adolescents

Studies of human constitution and mental features are traditionally among the main concepts of anthropological research. In this research, we attempted to discover connections between morphological and constitutional features and self-esteem in children and adolescents. Such a connection was discovered in some studied age groups. The obtained results could serve as a basis for further studies in this field.