拟南芥雄性不育相关基因LDAD1&2的遗传定位(英文)

利用EMS诱变筛选手段分离到一株拟南芥类似花药不开裂雄性不育突变体(like-defective in anther de-hiscence,ldad),其果荚干瘪,花药不能开裂且花粉败育。遗传分析表明,突变体的表型受2个隐性基因控制;细胞学观察发现,在花药发育过程中伴随着小孢子的降解;通过图位克隆初步对ldad的2个突变位点分别定位,一个定位在1号染色体上SSLP标记F22L4与端粒之间171 kb的区间,另一个定位在5号染色体上SSLP标记T10O8与端粒间150 kb的区间内;生物信息学分析显示此区间内未见育性相关的已知基因。该研究的结果对进一步克隆LDAD1&2基因及探讨其在花药发育中的功能具有重要意义。     

拟南芥雄性不育突变体ms1142的遗传定位与功能分析

经EMS诱变野生型拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)群体筛选得到一株雄性不育突变体ms1142, 突变体的果荚短小, 不含种子。细胞学观察和扫描电镜结果表明, 突变体花药发育过程中, 花药中小孢子外壁异常、破裂, 最后没有花粉形成。遗传分析表明, 该突变体为隐性单核基因突变所致; 利用图位克隆的方法将MS1142基因定位于第1条染色体的BAC克隆F16P17上44 kb区间内, 目前尚未见该区间内有雄性不育基因的报道。以上结果结合生物信息学分析表明, MS1142是一个新的调控花药发育的关键基因。该工作为花药发育关键基因MS1142的克隆及功能分析奠定了基础。     

拟南芥RopGEFs家族基因在外源脱落酸处理下的表达分析

ABA不同浓度和不同时间处理拟南芥野生型7天龄幼苗,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,分析小G蛋白ROP10和ROP乌苷酸交换因子RopGEFs基因的表达水平差异。结果表明,RopGEF7-10,12及33没有检测到表达,而RopGEFI-6,11,14ROP10在ABA处理下表现出不同的应答趋势,其中RopGEF5基因的表达变化与ROP10的变化相似。推测RopGEF5有可能在ROP10介导的ABA信号转导途经中起调控作用。     

Evaluation of a cDNA scanning method concerning the fidelity and efficiency of cDNA selection using the YAC CIC3B1-S region of Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 5.

We previously reported a cDNA selection method using DNA latex particles to identify expressed genes in specific regions of genomes and named this cDNA scanning method (Hayashida et al., 1995 Gene 155 161). We applied the cDNA scanning method to the YAC CIC3B1-S DNA on Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 5, and constructed a region-specific sublibrary in which cDNAs for genes on the YAC CIC3B1-S DNA were concentrated. We isolated 545 cDNA clones from the sublibrary, and determined partial sequence of them to produce expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from the YAC region. In total, 74 nonredundant groups of cDNAs were obtained from 545 cDNA clones. Forty-seven percent of these EST clones had significant homology to functional proteins such as protein kinases, LON protease, nucleic acid binding protein and chloride channel protein. We compared the cDNA sequences isolated by the cDNA scanning method to the Arabidopsis genomic sequence corresponding to the YAC CIC3B1-S region, and found that 69% of the selected cDNAs are located in the region. We discuss the fidelity and efficiency of the cDNA scanning method for cloning region-specific cDNAs and its useful application in positional cloning.     

拟南芥白化突变体心口的基因定位与分析

EMS30是拟南芥经甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变得到的白化突变体。该突变体的叶绿体结构存在严重缺陷,同时伴随叶绿素缺失。遗传分析显示EMS30突变体的突变表型受隐性单基因控制。采用图位克隆的方法对EMS30突变基因进行定位的结果显示,该基因位于拟南芥第一条染色体的分子标记F21M12和F14N23之间的96kb区间内,该区间包含25个基因。通过生物信息学分析发现,该区间内有3个基因定位在叶绿体或与叶绿体发育相关。这些结果有助于该基因的克隆,为阐释叶绿体发育提供线索。     

9个拟南芥凝集素类受体激酶基因功能的初步研究

植物凝集素类受体激酶(LecRLK)在植物防御、应答多种生物与非生物胁迫、参与激素调控和生长发育中具有重要的作用。但是该家族大部分成员的功能尚不明了。本文对LecRLK家族中的9个成员进行了生物信息学和相关分子遗传学的初步研究。启动子元件分析结果表明,9个成员均具有多个光和逆境响应元件,暗示其可能参与光信号以及非生物胁迫信号途径的调控。基因芯片及实时定量PCR结果显示,9个LecRLK基因具有明显的时空表达特异性,说明其可能在植物不同生长发育阶段及组织部位发挥着重要调控作用。利用三引物法对9个基因的突变体进行了筛选,最终得到14个纯合缺失突变体材料。上述结果为后续深入开展这些基因的生理功能研究提供参考数据。     

拟南芥丝氨酸羧肽酶类蛋白家族的基因组学分析

基于隐马可夫模型,利用已知丝氨酸羧肽酶（Serine Carboxypeptidases,SCP）氨基酸序列作为训练集,搜索拟南芥全蛋白质组数据库,鉴定了54个推定的SCPL（丝氨酸羧肽酶类,Serine Carboxypeptidase-Like）基因,详细分析了各基因的结构特征、染色体定位与编码的蛋白质序列,发现7个可能最近发生复制事件的基因簇聚区,并且其SCPL基因广泛存在交替剪接方式。系统进化分析表明,88．9％基因编码的蛋白质属于双链羧肽酶Ⅰ或Ⅱ亚族,仅11．1％蛋白质属于单链羧肽酶Ⅲ亚族,暗示SCP蛋白不仅具有独特拓扑结构的催化中心与高度保守的“α/β水解酶折叠”三级结构,其DNA或蛋白质序列特征也可以作为系统进化研究依据。     

新疆北部拟南芥自然居群表型变异与协变

拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)自然居群的表型特征代表其在自然环境下的适应状况, 不同居群间特征的对比可以为了解拟南芥表型变化规律, 进而分析其形成过程和机制提供重要线索。本研究以分布于新疆北部天山、塔尔巴哈台山和阿尔泰山的10个种群的9个表型性状为基础, 对比分析了小尺度、局域尺度和区域尺度环境下原生境拟南芥种群表型性状的变化。结果发现, 不同性状对环境变化的反应不同, 其中株高、株重、根重、根长、单个果实重、果实开裂力度在3种环境尺度下种群间的差异均达到极显著水平, 而分枝数、果实长度的种群间变化不显著, 种群间的表型分化系数较低。不同环境尺度下株重、根重、单株果数均表现出一致的协变格局, 反映了生理功能性状之间整合对拟南芥适应环境的重要性。同时, 各种群间整体的性状协变差异性明显, 根长、单个果实重、分枝数、果实长度、果实开裂力度等特征与其他特征协变具有明显的局部性, 局域尺度和区域尺度环境之间的变化较大。聚类分析发现区域尺度上的不同种群聚合在一起的现象非常突出, 进一步表明拟南芥的表型特征受微环境的强烈影响。Mantel检验表明, 小尺度上10个种群株高、株重、根重、单个果实重、果实长度、果实开裂力度6个性状变化存在显著的空间相关性, 而分枝数、根长的相关性却不显著。因此, 我们认为拟南芥表型变化受小尺度环境的影响强烈, 但在表型层面并非所有性状都与原生境气候存在遗传关联。     

Prenylcysteine methylesterase in Arabidopsis thaliana

Prenylated proteins undergo a series of post-translational modifications, including prenylation, proteolysis, and methylation. Collectively, these modifications generate a prenylcysteine methylester at the carboxyl terminus and modulate protein targeting and function. Prenylcysteine methylation is the only reversible step in this series of modifications. However, prenylcysteine -carboxyl methylesterase (PCME) activity has not been described in plants. We have detected a specific PCME activity in Arabidopsis thaliana membranes that discriminates between biologically relevant and irrelevant prenylcysteine methylester substrates. Furthermore, we have identified an Arabidopsis gene (At5g15860) that encodes measurable PCME activity in recombinant yeast cells with greater specificity for biologically relevant prenylcysteine methylesters than the activity found in Arabidopsis membranes. These results suggest that specific and non-specific esterases catalyze the demethylation of prenylcysteine methylesters in Arabidopsis membranes. Our findings are discussed in the context of prenylcysteine methylation/demethylation as a potential regulatory mechanism for membrane association and function of prenylated proteins in Arabidopsis.     

油菜素内酯不敏感型的拟南芥突变型筛选

自1979年Grove等首次从油菜（＆．wM－。。WL·）花粉中分离出油菜素内酯（brassinolide,BR）以来,人们已在该激素的生理反应和对植物生长发育等方面进行了许多研究（Kalinich等1985,Mandava1988,吴登如和赵硫橘1993）。但由于这类激素在10－'mol／L浓度水平就能诱导大豆、水稻等多种植物细胞的生长和分裂（Sasse1991）,而且在植物体内含量极低,因此用传统的方法研究它的作用方式非常困难。目前,利用激素突变体来研究激素代谢及其分子机制已有不少成功的例子,如生长素（Keily和Bradford1986,Lincoln等1990）、赤霉素（Singh…     

QTL architecture of resistance and tolerance traits in Arabidopsis thaliana in natural environments

Quantitative-genetic approaches have offered significant insights into phenotypic evolution. However, quantitative-genetic analyses fail to provide information about the evolutionary relevance of specific loci. One complex and ecologically relevant trait for plants is their resistance to herbivory because natural enemies can impose significant damage. To illustrate the insights of combined molecular and ecological research, we present the results of a field study mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance and tolerance to natural rabbit herbivory in the genetic model, Arabidopsis thaliana. Replicates of the Ler x Col recombinant inbred lines were planted into field sites simulating natural autumn and spring seasonal germination cohorts. Shortly after flowering, herbivores removed the main flowering inflorescence (apical meristem). We found several main-effect QTL for resistance within each seasonal cohort and significant QTL-season interactions, demonstrating that the loci underlying resistance to a single herbivore differ across seasonal environments. The presence of QTL x environment also shows that variation at specific loci is only available to selection in some environments. Despite significant among-line variance components, no QTL for tolerance were detected. The combined results of the quantitative-genetic and QTL analyses demonstrate that many loci of small effect underlie tolerance to damage by rabbits, and counter the hypothesis of locus-specific tradeoffs between resistance and tolerance. The results also provide insights as to the locus-specific nature of evolutionary constraints, i.e. some loci influence flowering time and resistance in both seasonal cohorts. Our results show how linking molecular-genetic tools with field studies in ecologically relevant settings can clarify the role of specific loci in the evolution of quantitative traits.     

拟南芥RALF多肽家族的功能多样性初步分析

绿色植物中的快速碱化因子(Rapid alkalinization factor,RALF)为一类进化保守的多肽信号分子,以基因家族形式存在。模式植物拟南芥中至少存在35个RALF基因成员,前期研究显示拟南芥RALF家族的部分成员,比如RALF1/23,RALF4/19可分别作为Cr RLK1L类蛋白受体激酶家族成员FERONIA及BUPS1/2的配体,调控细胞伸长、植物免疫应答及双受精等过程,但是RALF家族其他成员是否具有生物学活性,以及不同成员之间是否具有功能性差异均尚不清楚。因此,本研究异源表达了19个代表性的RALF,并对其生物学活性和功能性差异进行了分析。实验结果表明,19个RALF均对根的生长起到不同程度的抑制作用,进一步挑选了部分代表性RALF成员进行了活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)迸发及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)磷酸化实验分析,实验结果表明,我们确证了11个RALF蛋白参与了MAPK信号的响应,同时,证实16个RALF蛋白抑制了由flg22引起的ROS的释放。此外,不同RALF成员在下胚轴细胞伸长上的作用也存在明显差异,比如RALF10促进下胚轴的伸长。以上研究结果表明不同RALF之间既存在功能冗余性,又存在功能性差异。本研究丰富了对RALF功能复杂性和多样性的认识。     

拟南芥室内培养技术

本文报道了室内培养拟南芥的一些简便易行的改进技术.采用我们改进的营养土、蛭石、素沙混合培养介质和直播方式培养拟南芥,并根据其生物学特性在温度、空气湿度、土壤水分和光照等方面给予适当管理,能培养出生长更健壮、更好地满足实验要求的拟南芥植株.此外还介绍了播种、浇水、生育期调节、种子保存、病虫害防治和防混杂等环节的一些技巧措施.与其他培养方法相比,此法不仅简便、效果好,而且适合较简易的培养条件.     

拟南芥Atkin8a和Atkin8b基因表达特性

以拟南芥动蛋白(kinesin)kin-8家族的AtKin8a和AtKin8b这两个动蛋白基因作为研究对象,以组成型表达的肌动蛋白基因(Actin2)作为对照,利用半定量RT-PCR的方法,分析其在拟南芥各器官中的表达状况。结果表明:AtKin8a和AtKin8b基因主要在花器官中特异表达;随后克隆AtKin8a和AtKin8b基因启动子区域并与GUS基因融合,转基因植株花器官GUS染色表明:AtKin8a和AtKin8b基因的表达主要分别在胚珠、花药部位。由此推测它们可能分别在胚珠、花药发育过程中发挥作用。     

拟南芥雄性不育突变体fne的遗传与定位分析

在T-DNA插入突变体Salk_118481株系的群体中,筛选到一株雄性不育突变体,用T-DNA序列上的一对引物进行PCR鉴定表明其基因组中没有T DNA插入。通过背景纯化与遗传分析发现该雄性不育突变体是由单个隐性基因控制的,引起不育的主要原因是在花药发育的第13~14期,花丝不能伸长以完成授粉,故该突变体命名为fne （filament no elongation）。利用图位克隆的方法对FNE基因进行了定位,结果表明FNE基因位于第五条染色体上分子标记MBD2和MMG4之间的97kb区间内。目前该区间内尚未见到控制花丝伸长基因的报道,因此,FNE基因是一个控制花丝伸长的新基因。     

Genetic diversity in Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heynh. investigated by cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers

In this study, we investigated genetic diversity among 37 accessions in Arabidopsis thaliana from Eurasia, North Africa and North America using morphological traits and two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based marker systems: cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Cluster analysis based on genetic similarities calculated from CAPS data grouped the accessions roughly according to their geographical origin: one large group contained accessions from Western, Northern and Southern Europe as well as North Africa, a second group consisted of Eastern European and Asian continental accessions. North American accessions were interspersed into these groups. Contrary to the CAPS analysis, the dendrogram obtained from the ISSR data did not reflect the geographical origin of the accessions, and the calculated genetic distances did not match the CAPS results. This could be attributable to an uneven genomic distribution of ISSR markers as substantiated by a database search for ISSR binding sites in A. thaliana genomic DNA sequence files, or to the ISSR's different mode of evolution. We recommend CAPS markers for diversity analysis in A. thaliana because a careful selection of markers can ascertain an even representation of the entire genome.     

拟南芥VQ基因家族响应抗性相关激素表达谱分析

近年来与WRKY转录因子相互作用的VQ-motif蛋白逐渐引起广泛关注.它是一类植物特异性蛋白,目前在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中已鉴定到34个成员,据其所编码氨基酸的序列相似性构建系统进化树,这34个成员聚集成两大簇.实时定量荧光PCR分析表明在SA(水杨酸),MeJA(茉莉酸甲酯),ACC(乙烯前体),ABA(脱落酸)处理下AtVQ基因家族中有多个成员分别受SA,JA,ET高倍诱导,部分成员受SA,JA,ET中两种激素诱导,其中AtVQ3,AtVQ18,AtVQ23和AtVQ24同时受SA,JA,ET诱导,仅AtVQ27受ABA诱导,推测拟南芥VQ家族成员在抗病方面起作用.     

Genetic and Mapping Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Male Sterile Mutant filament no elongation

To identify new genes important for anther development, we screened for male sterile mutants among a population of Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia (Col) mutagenized by T DNA insertion (provided by ARBC). A male sterile mutant line with normal vegetative and flora development but no seed yield was isolated from Salk_118481 line. T DNA insertion site identification showed that there were no T DNA sequences in the genome of the mutants. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene named filament no elongation because the filament of the mutant remains very short at the 13-14 stage of anther development. The fne gene was mapped to a region of 97kb between the molecular makers MBD2 and MMG4 on chromosome 5 using map based cloning technique. No genes involved filament elongation were reported in this region, so we believe that FNE gene could be a new gene controlling filament elongation in Arabidopsis.     

天山北部拟南芥生存群落特征及其与环境的关系

为了解拟南芥在天山北部的分布状况及环境依赖特点, 分析拟南芥的自然选择特征, 本文对天山北部分布的13个拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)生存群落结构、组成及其与环境关系进行了研究, 并分析了拟南芥与群落主要物种的种间联结性。结果表明: 拟南芥生存的群落结构简单, 其中天山北坡中段的石河子、一四三团、沙湾、独山子地区的8个群落均为草本类型, 优势种相似, 而与伊犁果子沟、额敏和阿勒泰的5个群落差别较大。属的区系成分分析表明世界分布、北温带分布以及地中海、西亚至中亚分布型成分占大多数, 具有典型的地中海旱生植物区系分布特征, 体现了本地拟南芥分布及演化的干旱、半干旱的地理环境特点。采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)将13个群落分为新疆绢蒿–猪毛菜–角果毛茛(Seriphidium kaschgaricum–Salsola collina–Ceratocephalus testiculatus)、新疆绢蒿–猪毛菜(S. kaschgaricum–S. collina)、新疆绢蒿–狭果鹤虱(S. kaschgaricum–Lappula semiglabra)、新疆绢蒿–旱麦草(S. kaschgaricum–Eremopyrum triticeum)、勿忘草–草原苔草(Myosotis sylvatica–Carex liparocarpos)5个群落类型。去势典范对应分析(DCCA)表明纬度、坡向、土壤有机质及pH值是决定天山北部拟南芥种群分布的主导因子。拟南芥分布与群落内其他物种有极强的依赖关系, 与13个群落62个主要物种的种间联结性分析表明, 共有119个正关联性种对, 明显高于72个负关联性种对, 与各群落优势种呈显著正关联。拟南芥种群分布数量在群落间差异较大, 分布于降雨较少的天山中部浅山地带拟南芥种群数量均高于降雨较丰富的天山西部伊犁果子沟地区, 是否发生适应性分化需要深入研究。